Journal du commerce, de politique et de littérature

1818/10/15 (Numéro 449).

The effects of location, feedstock availability, and supply-chain logistics on the greenhouse gas emissions of forest-biomass energy utilization in Finland

Forest biomass represents a geographically distributed feedstock, and geographical location affects the greenhouse gas (GHG) performance of a given forest-bioenergy system in several ways. For example, biomass availability, forest operations, transportation possibilities and the distances involved, biomass end-use possibilities, fossil reference systems, and forest carbon balances all depend to some extent on location. The overall objective of this thesis was to assess the GHG emissions derived from supply and energy-utilization chains of forest biomass in Finland, with a specific focus on the effect of location in relation to forest biomass’s availability and the transportation possibilities. Biomass availability and transportation-network assessments were conducted through utilization of geographical information system methods, and the GHG emissions were assessed by means of lifecycle assessment. The thesis is based on four papers in which forest biomass supply on industrial scale was assessed. The feedstocks assessed in this thesis include harvesting residues, smalldiameter energy wood and stumps. The principal implication of the findings in this thesis is that in Finland, the location and availability of biomass in the proximity of a given energyutilization or energy-conversion plant is not a decisive factor in supply-chain GHG emissions or the possible GHG savings to be achieved with forest-biomass energy use. Therefore, for the greatest GHG reductions with limited forest-biomass resources, energy utilization of forest biomass in Finland should be directed to the locations where most GHG savings are achieved through replacement of fossil fuels. Furthermore, one should prioritize the types of forest biomass with the lowest direct supply-chain GHG emissions (e.g., from transport and comminution) and the lowest indirect ones (in particular, soil carbon-stock losses), regardless of location. In this respect, the best combination is to use harvesting residues in combined heat and power production, replacing peat or coal.

Suurmies historian piilossa?

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Distribuição de espécies arbóreo-arbustivas ao longo de um gradiente de solos e topografia em um trecho de floresta ripária do rio São Francisco em Três Marias, MG, Brasil

Foi realizado um levantamento da comunidade arbóreo-arbustiva, da topografia e dos solos de um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual aluvial e estacional decidual submontana, com o objetivo de verificar as possíveis correlações entre variações da estrutura fisionômica e da diversidade e composição de espécies e variações do regime de água e fertilidade química dos solos. O fragmento florestal, com área de 12 ha localiza-se à margem direita do Rio São Francisco (18º05'26" S e 45º10'54" W), no município de Três Marias, MG. Foram realizados um levantamento plani-altimétrico da área e uma classificação detalhada dos solos da floresta. Foram alocadas 50 parcelas de 15 X 15 m para amostrar os indivíduos arbóreo-arbustivos com diâmetro à altura do solo (DAS) > 5 cm. Amostras do solo superficial (0-20 cm de profundidade) foram coletadas nas parcelas para análises das propriedades químicas e texturais. Foram registrados nas parcelas 1.449 indivíduos distribuídos em 117 espécies, 83 gêneros e 33 famílias, bem como três subgrupos de solos e cinco classes de drenagem. A análise de correspondência canônica (CCA) das variáveis ambientais e da abundância das espécies indicou que estas se distribuem no fragmento sob forte influência de drenagem e fertilidade química dos solos, sugerindo que a disponibilidade de água e de nutrientes minerais são as principais variáveis ambientais que determinam a distribuição das espécies na floresta.

Photocytotoxicity of a 5-nitrofuran-ethenyl-quinoline antiseptic (Quinifuryl) to P388 mouse leukemia cells

Quinifuryl (MW 449.52), 2-(5'-nitro-2'-furanyl)ethenyl-4-{N-[4'-(N,N-diethylamino)-1'-methylbutyl]carbamoyl} quinoline, is a water soluble representative of a family of 5-nitrofuran-ethenyl-quinoline drugs which has been shown to be highly toxic to various lines of transformed cells in the dark. In the present study, the toxicity of Quinifuryl to P388 mouse leukemia cells was compared in the dark and under illumination with visible light (390-500 nm). Illumination of water solutions of Quinifuryl (at concentrations ranging from 0.09 to 9.0 µg/ml) in the presence of P388 cells resulted in its photodecomposition and was accompanied by elevated cytotoxicity. A significant capacity to kill P388 cells was detected at a drug concentration as low as 0.09 µg/ml. The toxic effect detected at this drug concentration under illumination exceeded the effect observed in the dark by more than three times. Moreover, the general toxic effect of Quinifuryl, which included cell proliferation arrest, was nearly 100%. Both dose- and time-dependent toxic effects were measured under illumination. The LC50 value of Quinifuryl during incubation with P388 cells was ~0.45 µg/ml under illumination for 60 min and >12 µg/ml in the dark. We have demonstrated that the final products of the Quinifuryl photolysis are not toxic, which means that the short-lived intermediates of Quinifuryl photodecomposition are responsible for the phototoxicity of this compound. The data obtained in the present study are the first to indicate photocytotoxicity of a nitroheterocyclic compound and demonstrate the possibility of its application as a photosensitizer drug for photochemotherapy.

Evaluation of total carotenoids, alpha- and beta-carotene in carrots (Daucus carota L.) during home processing

This study aims to analyze the influence of dehydration and different preparation methods during home processing related toalpha-carotene, beta-carotene and total carotenoids stability in carrots. Vitamin A values were evaluated after different treatments. Thus, carrots were submitted to steam cooking, water cooking with and without pressure, moist/dry cooking and conventional dehydration. Determination of alpha- and beta-carotenes was made by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (conditions were developed by us) using spectrophotometric detection visible-UV at 470 nm; a RP-18 column and methanol: acetonitrile: ethyl acetate (80: 10: 10) as mobile phase. Total carotenoids quantification was made by 449 nm spectrophotometer. The retention of the analyzed carotenoids ranged from 60.13 to 85.64%. Water cooking without pressure promoted higher retention levels of alpha- and beta-carotene and vitamin A values, while water cooking with pressure promoted higher retention levels of total carotenoids. Dehydration promoted the highest carotenoid losses. The results showed that, among the routinely utilized methods under domestic condition, cooking without pressure, if performed under controlled time and temperature, is the best method as it reduces losses in the amount of alpha- and beta-carotene, the main carotenoids present in the carrots. Despite the significant carotenoid losses, carrots prepared through domestic methods, remain a rich source of provitamin A.

Stasi-tutkimus Suomessa : vastine Kimmo Elon artikkeliin

Vastine dosentti Kimmo Elon artikkeliin "Tapaus Pakaslahti" ja tiedustelututkimuksen metodiikka" (HAik 2/2014).

L'Écho de Paris

1885/06/03 (Numéro 449).

Michel Kohlhaas / Kleist ; [traduit par L. Koch]

Collection : Les auteurs allemands expliqués d'après une méthode nouvelle par deux traductions françaises, l'une littérale et juxtalinéaire, l'autre correcte et précédée du texte allemand