Discovering Math APIs by Mining Unit Tests

In today's API-rich world, programmer productivity depends heavily on the programmer's ability to discover the required APIs. In this paper, we present a technique and tool, called MATHFINDER, to discover APIs for mathematical computations by mining unit tests of API methods. Given a math expression, MATHFINDER synthesizes pseudo-code to compute the expression by mapping its subexpressions to API method calls. For each subexpression, MATHFINDER searches for a method such that there is a mapping between method inputs and variables of the subexpression. The subexpression, when evaluated on the test inputs of the method under this mapping, should produce results that match the method output on a large number of tests. We implemented MATHFINDER as an Eclipse plugin for discovery of third-party Java APIs and performed a user study to evaluate its effectiveness. In the study, the use of MATHFINDER resulted in a 2x improvement in programmer productivity. In 96% of the subexpressions queried for in the study, MATHFINDER retrieved the desired API methods as the top-most result. The top-most pseudo-code snippet to implement the entire expression was correct in 93% of the cases. Since the number of methods and unit tests to mine could be large in practice, we also implement MATHFINDER in a MapReduce framework and evaluate its scalability and response time.

Assessing impact of material transition and thermal comfort models on embodied and operational energy in vernacular dwellings (India)

Vernacular dwellings are well-suited climate-responsive designs that adopt local materials and skills to support comfortable indoor environments in response to local climatic conditions. These naturally-ventilated passive dwellings have enabled civilizations to sustain even in extreme climatic conditions. The design and physiological resilience of the inhabitants have coevolved to be attuned to local climatic and environmental conditions. Such adaptations have perplexed modern theories in human thermal-comfort that have evolved in the era of electricity and air-conditioned buildings. Vernacular local building elements like rubble walls and mud roofs are given way to burnt brick walls and reinforced cement concrete tin roofs. Over 60% of Indian population is rural, and implications of such transitions on thermal comfort and energy in buildings are crucial to understand. Types of energy use associated with a buildings life cycle include its embodied energy, operational and maintenance energy, demolition and disposal energy. Embodied Energy (EE) represents total energy consumption for construction of building, i.e., embodied energy of building materials, material transportation energy and building construction energy. Embodied energy of building materials forms major contribution to embodied energy in buildings. Operational energy (OE) in buildings mainly contributed by space conditioning and lighting requirements, depends on the climatic conditions of the region and comfort requirements of the building occupants. Less energy intensive natural materials are used for traditional buildings and the EE of traditional buildings is low. Transition in use of materials causes significant impact on embodied energy of vernacular dwellings. Use of manufactured, energy intensive materials like brick, cement, steel, glass etc. contributes to high embodied energy in these dwellings. This paper studies the increase in EE of the dwelling attributed to change in wall materials. Climatic location significantly influences operational energy in dwellings. Buildings located in regions experiencing extreme climatic conditions would require more operational energy to satisfy the heating and cooling energy demands throughout the year. Traditional buildings adopt passive techniques or non-mechanical methods for space conditioning to overcome the vagaries of extreme climatic variations and hence less operational energy. This study assesses operational energy in traditional dwelling with regard to change in wall material and climatic location. OE in the dwellings has been assessed for hot-dry, warm humid and moderate climatic zones. Choice of thermal comfort models is yet another factor which greatly influences operational energy assessment in buildings. The paper adopts two popular thermal-comfort models, viz., ASHRAE comfort standards and TSI by Sharma and Ali to investigate thermal comfort aspects and impact of these comfort models on OE assessment in traditional dwellings. A naturally ventilated vernacular dwelling in Sugganahalli, a village close to Bangalore (India), set in warm - humid climate is considered for present investigations on impact of transition in building materials, change in climatic location and choice of thermal comfort models on energy in buildings. The study includes a rigorous real time monitoring of the thermal performance of the dwelling. Dynamic simulation models validated by measured data have also been adopted to determine the impact of the transition from vernacular to modern material-configurations. Results of the study and appraisal for appropriate thermal comfort standards for computing operational energy has been presented and discussed in this paper. (c) 2014 K.I. Praseeda. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Temporally distinct roles of ATM and ROS in genotoxic- stress-dependent induction and maintenance of cellular senescence

Cells exposed to genotoxic stress induce cellular senescence through a DNA damage response (DDR) pathway regulated by ATM kinase and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that the regulatory roles for ATM kinase and ROS differ during induction and maintenance of cellular senescence. Cells treated with different genotoxic agents were analyzed using specific pathway markers and inhibitors to determine that ATM kinase activation is directly proportional to the dose of the genotoxic stress and that senescence initiation is not dependent on ROS or the p53 status of cells. Cells in which ROS was quenched still activated ATM and initiated the DDR when insulted, and progressed normally to senescence. By contrast, maintenance of a viable senescent state required the presence of ROS as well as activated ATM. Inhibition or removal of either of the components caused cell death in senescent cells, through a deregulated ATM-ROS axis. Overall, our work demonstrates existence of an intricate temporal hierarchy between genotoxic stress, DDR and ROS in cellular senescence. Our model reports the existence of different stages of cellular senescence with distinct regulatory networks.

Space-Time Coded Spatial Modulated Physical Layer Network Coding for Two-Way Relaying

Using the spatial modulation approach, where only one transmit antenna is active at a time, we propose two transmission schemes for two-way relay channel using physical layer network coding with space time coding using coordinate interleaved orthogonal designs (CIODs). It is shown that using two uncorrelated transmit antennas at the nodes, but using only one RF transmit chain and space-time coding across these antennas can give a better performance without using any extra resources and without increasing the hardware implementation cost and complexity. In the first transmission scheme, two antennas are used only at the relay, adaptive network coding (ANC) is employed at the relay and the relay transmits a CIOD space time block code (STBC). This gives a better performance compared to an existing ANC scheme for two-way relay channel which uses one antenna each at all the three nodes. It is shown that for this scheme at high SNR the average end-to-end symbol error probability (SEP) is upper bounded by twice the SEP of a point-to-point fading channel. In the second transmission scheme, two transmit antennas are used at all the three nodes, CIOD STBCs are transmitted in multiple access and broadcast phases. This scheme provides a diversity order of two for the average end-to-end SEP with an increased decoding complexity of O(M-3) for an arbitrary signal set and O(M-2 root M) for square QAM signal set. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes performs better than the existing ANC schemes under perfect and imperfect channel state information.

Evaluación de la producción de biomasa de dos cultivares de Panicum virgatum (L.) durante el período de implantación y el primer año de producción

La Argentina vive, desde hace unos años, un claro desplazamiento de la ganadería hacia zonas marginales, en las cuales imperan condiciones edáficas y climáticas que son generadoras de estrés para una amplia cantidad de forrajeras utilizadas. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el rendimiento de Panicum virgatum (L.). Esta especie forrajera de metabolismo C4 fue descrita como tolerante a condiciones marginales de crecimiento. Fueron evaluados los cvs. Shawnee y Trailblazer. El experimento se condujo en dos ambientes: I) en el predio perteneciente a la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Católica Argentina (Lat.34°34´S, 58°26´O) en el cual se evaluó el rendimiento de ambas variedades sembradas a una distancia de 17,5 cm entre hileras y II) en Luján (Buenos Aires, Lat.34°32´S, 59°16´O) en un suelo Argiudol típico, evaluando solamente al cv. Shawnee a dos distintos distanciamientos entre hileras (17,5 y 35 cm). Ambos sitios experimentales se prepararon según un sistema de labranza convencional. Las siembras se efectuaron los días 3 y 5 de octubre de 2008 (ambiente 1 y 2 respectivamente) en forma manual y con un distanciamiento dentro de la hilera de 5cm y una profundidad de 1cm. El arreglo experimental consistió en un DCA con tres repeticiones. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron mediante un Análisis de la Varianza. Se tomó como criterio de defoliación una altura del follaje de 60cm y dejando una altura remanente de 15cm luego del corte En el ambiente 1, el rendimiento acumulado no difirió estadísticamente entre los genotipos estudiados en las dos campañas evaluadas. Durante el primer año, la producción (expresada en kg MS ha-1 ± EEM) del cv. Shawnee fue de 6.293,33 ± 673,42 mientras que el cv. Trailblazer produjo 5.072,38 ± 1.011,85. En cambio, durante el segundo año se observó un marcado incremento en la producción acumulada registrándose valores de 10.590,48 ± 638,31 y 8.857,14 ± 2187,41 para los cv Trailblazer y Shawnee respectivamente. En el ambiente 2, no se observaron diferencias en el rendimiento del cultivo sembrado a 17,5cm o 35 cm de distancia entre hileras. En efecto, con una separación de 17.5 cm se registró una producción de 8.302,85 ± 342,92 y 26.095,24 ± 3780,99 (año 1 y 2 respectivamente) mientras que a 35 cm se observaron 6.054,28± 1.216,01 y 29.428,57± 5.735,67 (año 1 y 2 respectivamente).Se observó la formación de estructuras reproductivas en ambos genotipos demostrando la adaptabilidad de esta especie a nuestra latitud. Los resultados presentados señalan la utilidad de continuar la evaluación de esta especie incluyendo su evaluación en ambientes donde la misma sea capaz de expresar la tolerancia a los factores abióticos generadores de estrés y su respuesta a otras variables de manejo agronómico.

Language model cross adaptation for LVCSR system combination

State-of-the-art large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems often combine outputs from multiple subsystems developed at different sites. Cross system adaptation can be used as an alternative to direct hypothesis level combination schemes such as ROVER. In normal cross adaptation it is assumed that useful diversity among systems exists only at acoustic level. However, complimentary features among complex LVCSR systems also manifest themselves in other layers of modelling hierarchy, e.g., subword and word level. It is thus interesting to also cross adapt language models (LM) to capture them. In this paper cross adaptation of multi-level LMs modelling both syllable and word sequences was investigated to improve LVCSR system combination. Significant error rate gains up to 6.7% rel. were obtained over ROVER and acoustic model only cross adaptation when combining 13 Chinese LVCSR subsystems used in the 2010 DARPA GALE evaluation. © 2010 ISCA.

海上固定式导管架平台疲劳寿命评估及程序系统

使用疲劳分析与断裂力学结合的方法，对海上固定式导管架平台结构的疲劳裂纹，从形成到扩展至其损伤容限或贯穿管壁厚的整个过程，进行了分析评估。在486微机上构造了一个计算机分析程序系统(ASFPOS)，对某一固定式导管架平台进行了分析评估，给出了结构的疲劳寿命。

地幔对流模拟实验

模拟实验是当前地幔对流研究中的一个重要手段,一个重要组成部分。本文着重介绍近年来关于地幔热对流模拟实验研究发展概况。从相似参数出发,讨论了实验装置,测试手段,并对实验结果和今后发展趋势作了评述。

等离子体氯化氧化法太白反应器流场的数值模拟

本文提出了等离子体氯化氧化法钛白反应器流程的物理化学流体动力学模型,用k-ε方程描述湍流运动,用Partankar-spalaing发展的SIMPLER方法对控制方程求解,就三种情况即a)有化学反应,壁面绝热,b)有化学反应,壁面温度T_w=450k,c)无化学反应,壁面绝热,给出了反应器中的速度场,温度场和浓度分布,对钛白生产的物理化学过程作了数值模拟,所得结果可作为有关工程设计的理论依据。

扩硼Si在连续CO_2激光辐照后的特性

本文研究了高温高浓度扩硼Si在连续CO_2激光辐照后表面薄层电阻随激光功率密度和扫描速度的变化.实验发现,一定功率密度和扫描速度的CO_2激光辐照可使扩硼Si的载流子面密度提高到原来的一倍半到三倍左右.

Cidadania, mídia e política : relacionamento sociedade civil, meios de comunicação e parlamento

Seminário nacional realizado pela Comissão de Legislação Participativa com o objetivo de promover debates com a sociedade sobre questões atuais.

El parlamento abierto em la era de la Internet : ¿Puede el pueblo colaborar com el Legislativo en la elaboración de las leyes?

¿Es viable la coexistencia de acciones de participación y deliberación con el ejercicio de la representación parlamentaria? ¿De qué manera la tecnologia de la información y comunicación ha auxiliado el proceso de interacción entre la sociedad y el parlamento en el cotidiano dei legislativo? ¿Estamos cercanos a un sistema híbrido de democracia representativa y participativa con la incorporación en la agenda legislativa de maneras efectivas de coproducción de leyes? Esta obra intenta responder a estas preguntas, además de evaluar otras experiencias intemacionales con este mismo objetivo. El libro tiene como base el estudio de dos casos en especial de prácticas participativas digitales desarrolladas por parlamentos: el programa e-Democracia de la Cámara de Diputados brasileños y el proyecto Senador Virtual dei Senado chileno. El texto se desarrolla mediante el análisis sistemático de los aspectos institucionales que abarcan elementos organizacionales y políticos, así como de los aspectos sociales comprometidos en la aplicación de la democracia digital en parlamentos. La investigación indica que estos proyectos, en el punto en que se encontraban en el año 2010 presentaron resultados aunque incipientes en lo que concieme a la mejoría de la representatividad en la toma de decisiones, de agregación de inteligencia colectiva, en el proceso legislativo y de la transparencia por parte de la actuación parlamentaria, elementos apreciados por la democracia participativa y deliberativa. No obstante, dichas experiencias poseen el mérito de contribuir con la construcción gradual de mecanismos participativos más efectivos y complementarios ai sistema político.