A soil-based microbial biofilm exposed to 2,4-D: bacterial community development and establishment of conjugative plasmid pJP4

A soil suspension was used as a source to initiate the development of microbial communities in flow cells irrigated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (25 mu g ml(-1)). Culturable bacterial members of the community were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and found to be members of the genera Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Collimonas and Rhodococcus. A 2,4-D degrading donor strain, Pseudomonas putida SM 1443 (pJP4::gfp), was inoculated into flow cell chambers containing 2-day old biofilm communities. Transfer of pJP4::gfp from the donor to the bacterial community was detectable as GFP fluorescing cells and images were captured using confocal scanning laser microscopy (GFP fluorescence was repressed in the donor due to the presence of a chromosomally located lacl(q) repressor gene). Approximately 5-10 transconjugant microcolonies, 20-40 mu m in diameter, could be seen to develop in each chamber. A 2,4-D degrading transconjugant strain was isolated from the flow cell system belonging to the genus Burkholderia.

Rhizodeposits of Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne: Their comparative effects on 2,4-D mineralization in two contrasting soils

Rhizosphere enhanced biodegradation of organic pollutants has been reported frequently and a stimulatory role for specific components of rhizodeposits postulated. As rhizodeposit composition is a function of plant species and soil type, we compared the effect of Lolium perenne and Trifolium pratense grown in two different soils (a sandy silt loam: pH 4, 2.8% OC, no previous 2,4-D exposure and a silt loam: pH 6.5, 4.3% OC, previous 2,4-D exposure) on the mineralization of the herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). We investigated the relationship of mineralization kinetics to dehydrogenase activity, most probable number of 2,4-D degraders (MPN2,4-D) and 2,4-D degrader composition (using sequence analysis of the gene encoding alpha-ketoglutarate/2,4-D dioxygenase (tfdA)). There were significant (P < 0.01) plant-soil interaction effects on MPN2,4-D and 2,4-D mineralization kinetics (e.g. T pratense rhizodeposits enhanced the maximum mineralization rate by 30% in the acid sandy silt loam soil, but not in the neutral silt loam soil). Differences in mineralization kinetics could not be ascribed to 2,4-D degrader composition as both soils had tfdA sequences which clustered with tfdAs representative of two distinct classes of 2,4-D degrader: canonical R. eutropha JMP134-like and oligotrophic alpha-proteobacterial-like. Other explanations for the differential rhizodeposit effect between soils and plants (e.g. nutrient competition effects) are discussed. Our findings stress that complexity of soil-plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere make the occurrence and extent of rhizosphere-enhanced xenobiotic degradation difficult to predict.

Metabolic memory effect of the saturated fatty acid, palmitate, in monocytes

Hyperglycaemia has a deferred detrimental effect on glucose metabolism, termed "metabolic memory". Elevated saturated fatty acids promote insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and associated atherosclerotic complications, but their effect on "metabolic memory" is unknown. Therefore we investigated whether basal and insulin-stimulated (10(-6)M for 12h) glucose (2-deoxy-D-[(3)H]-glucose) uptake was affected by palmitate pre-treatment human THP-1 monocytes. Palmitate-induced a time-dependent and concentration-dependent inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, showing almost complete abolition of the insulin-stimulatory effect with 300 microM palmitate. Basal glucose uptake was unaffected by palmitate. When palmitate was washed out, the inhibitory effect on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake persisted for at least 60 h.

Oleate protects against palmitate-induced insulin resistance in L6 myotubes

Oleate has been shown to protect against palmitate-induced insulin resistance. The present study investigates mechanisms involved in the interaction between oleate and palmitate on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by L6 skeletal muscle cells. L6 myotubes were cultured for 6 h with palmitate or oleate alone, and combinations of palmitate with oleate, with and without phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibition. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, measured by uptake of 2-deoxy-d-[3H]glucose, was almost completely prevented by 300 microm-palmitate. Cells incubated with oleate up to 750 micromol/l maintained a significant increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Co-incubation of 50-300 microm-oleate with 300 microm-palmitate partially prevented the decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake associated with palmitate. Adding the PI3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin (10- 7 mol/l) or LY294002 (25 micromol/l) to 50 microm-oleate plus 300 microm-palmitate significantly reduced the beneficial effect of oleate against palmitate-induced insulin resistance, indicating that activation of PI3-kinase is involved in the protective effect of oleate. Thus, the prevention of palmitate-induced insulin resistance by oleate in L6 muscle cells is associated with the ability of oleate to maintain insulin signalling through PI3-kinase.

Utilidade do PET/CT na caracterização do nódulo solitário pulmonar

Introdução – O cancro de pulmão/traqueia e brônquios é a principal causa de morte por neoplasia na União Europeia. A técnica de duas aquisições de imagem em tempos diferentes no Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) tem sido referenciada em alguns artigos como uma mais-valia no diagnóstico do cancro do pulmão. O objectivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar a eficiência diagnóstica do PET/CT com a aquisição das duas imagens em tempos diferentes na caracterização do nódulo solitário pulmonar (NSP), tendo em conta a histologia e o tamanho do nódulo. Metodologia – Foram analisados 115 NSP, num total de 110 pacientes, dos quais 65 nódulos eram malignos. Adquiriram-se duas imagens, a primeira a um tempo médio de 52 minutos e a segunda a um tempo médio de 125 minutos após administração do 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxi-D-glucose (18F-FDG). Para a análise das imagens obteve-se o standard uptake value máximo (SUVmax) e a percentagem de variação dos SUVmax (%variação). Resultados – A %variação apresenta valores de eficiência diagnóstica superiores à análise dos SUVmax em separado. Existem também diferenças significativas na histologia e no SUVmax, registando-se um aumento do SUVmax2 comparativamente ao SUVmax1 nas patologias malignas. Conclusão – A técnica da aquisição de duas imagens em tempos diferentes mostrou ser mais eficaz na caracterização do NSP do que a análise de apenas uma imagem.

Factores que influenciam a estabilidade da 18F-FDG

Introdução – A ausência de um ciclotrão para produção da 2-[18F]Flúor-2-deoxi-D-glucose (18F-FDG) é, actualmente, uma realidade para a maior parte dos centros onde se realizam exames de Tomografia por Emissão de Positrões (TEP), sendo importante garantir a qualidade deste radiofármaco desde o momento da sua síntese até à administração ao doente. O objectivo do estudo é demonstrar a influência dos parâmetros temperatura, pH, concentração radioactiva (CR) e tempo na pureza radioquímica da 18F-FDG. Metodologia – Analisou-se o pH e a pureza radioquímica [por cromatografia em camada fina (CCF)] de seis amostras de 18F-FDG com diferentes CR e em diferentes tempos e temperaturas. Resultados – Registou-se um aumento da percentagem de 18F- aquando do aumento do tempo. Contudo, os resultados não comprovam que a diluição das amostras diminui a degradação do 18F-FDG. No entanto, comparando apenas as amostras diluídas (185 e 740 MBq/ml), observa-se uma relação positiva entre a CR e a percentagem de 18F-. Verificou-se ainda um aumento da percentagem de 18F- nas temperaturas mais elevadas. Conclusão – Sugere-se a diluição das amostras de 18F-FDG e que o tempo de armazenamento não seja muito longo. As amostras devem ainda encontrar-se a temperatura e pH estáveis.

Avaliação da viabilidade miocárdica pós-enfarte: Gated-SPECT versus Gated-PET

Mestrado em Medicina Nuclear - Ramo de especialização: Tomografia por Emissão de Positrões

Fusão de imagens PET-TC na avaliação do carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço

OBJETIVO: Os autores estabeleceram uma metodologia para avaliar carcinoma espinocelular de cabeça e pescoço, identificando e distinguindo áreas de grande atividade metabólica dentro da neoplasia, associando dados simultaneamente adquiridos, obtidos por diferentes modalidades de aquisição de imagens, combinando informações metabólicas e anatômicas num único exame. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: A população estudada consistiu de 17 pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular pertencentes aos arquivos do Departamento de Imagem do Hospital do Câncer, São Paulo. As imagens de tomografia computadorizada (TC) e da tomografia por emissão de pósitrons (PET) com 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxi-d-glucose (18F-FDG-PET) foram simultaneamente adquiridas utilizando aparelho não dedicado. Os dados originais foram transferidos para uma estação de trabalho independente com o programa Entegra 2NT para gerar a fusão de imagens da PET e TC. RESULTADOS: Os achados foram definidos como positivos na presença de focos com aumento da concentração do radiofármaco em áreas não relacionadas à sua distribuição normal. CONCLUSÃO: A fusão de imagens simultaneamente adquiridas num único exame (18F-FDG-PET e TC) possibilitou o mapeamento topográfico metabólico das lesões estudadas e foi possível localizar áreas de maior atividade metabólica dentro do próprio tumor, verificando recidivas ou metástases, possibilitando aumentar as opções quanto ao planejamento radioterápico ou cirúrgico.

The lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas spp: structure-activity relationships.

Marine microorganisms, including Aeromonas, are a source of compounds for drug development that have generated great expectations in the last decades. Aeromonas infections produce septicaemia, and ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases in fish. Among the pathogenic factors associated with Aeromonas, the lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a surface glyconconjugate unique to Gram-negative bacteria consisting of lipid A (lipid anchor of the molecule), core oligosaccharide and O-specific polysaccharide (O antigen), are key elicitors of innate immune responses. The chemical structure of these three parts has been characterized in Aeromonas. Based on the high variability of repeated units of O-polysaccharides, a total of 97 O-serogroups have been described in Aeromonas species, of which four of them (O:11; O:16; O:18 and O:34) account for more than 60% of the septicemia cases. The core of LPS is subdivided into two regions, the inner (highly conserved) and the outer core. The inner core of Aeromonas LPS is characterized by the presence of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic (ketodeoxyoctonic) acid (Kdo) and L-glycero-D-manno-Heptoses (L,D-Hep), which are linked to the outer core, characterized by the presence of Glc, GlcN, Gal, and GalNAc (in Aeromonas salmonicida), D,D-Hep (in Aeromonas salmonicida), and L,D-Hep (in Aeromonas hydrophila). The biological relevance of these differences in the distal part of the outer core among these species has not been fully assessed to date. The inner core is attached to the lipid A, a highly conserved structure that confers endotoxic properties to the LPS when the molecule is released in blood from lysed bacteria, thus inducing a major systemic inflammatory response known as septic or endotoxic shock. In Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida the Lipid A components contain three major lipid A molecules, differing in acylation patterns corresponding to tetra-, penta- and hexaacylated lipid A species and comprising of 4′-monophosphorylated β-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose-(1→6)-2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose disaccharide. In the present review, we discuss the structure-activity relationships of Aeromonas LPS, focusing on its role in bacterial pathogenesis and its possible applications.

The lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas spp: structure-activity relationships

Marine microorganisms, including Aeromonas, are a source of compds. for drug development that have generated great expectations in the last decades. Aeromonas infections produce septicemia, and ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases in fish. Among the pathogenic factors assocd. with Aeromonas, the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)​, a surface glyconconjugate unique to Gram-​neg. bacteria consisting of lipid A (lipid anchor of the mol.)​, core oligosaccharide and O-​specific polysaccharide (O antigen)​, are key elicitors of innate immune responses. The chem. structure of these three parts has been characterized in Aeromonas. Based on the high variability of repeated units of O-​polysaccharides, a total of 97 O-​serogroups have been described in Aeromonas species, of which four of them (O:11; O:16; O:18 and O:34) account for more than 60​% of the septicemia cases. The core of LPS is subdivided into two regions, the inner (highly conserved) and the outer core. The inner core of Aeromonas LPS is characterized by the presence of 3-​deoxy-​d-​manno-​oct-​2-​ulosonic (ketodeoxyoctonic) acid (Kdo) and l-​glycero-​d-​manno-​Heptoses (l,​d-​Hep)​, which are linked to the outer core, characterized by the presence of Glc, GlcN, Gal, and GalNAc (in Aeromonas salmonicida)​, d,​d-​Hep (in Aeromonas salmonicida)​, and l,​d-​Hep (in Aeromonas hydrophila)​. The biol. relevance of these differences in the distal part of the outer core among these species has not been fully assessed to date. The inner core is attached to the lipid A, a highly conserved structure that confers endotoxic properties to the LPS when the mol. is released in blood from lysed bacteria, thus inducing a major systemic inflammatory response known as septic or endotoxic shock. In Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida the Lipid A components contain three major lipid A mols., differing in acylation patterns corresponding to tetra-​, penta- and hexa-​acylated lipid A species and comprising of 4'-​monophosphorylated β-​2-​amino-​2-​deoxy-​d-​glucopyranose-​(1→6)​-​2-​amino-​2-​deoxy-​d-​glucopyranose disaccharide. In the present review, we discuss the structure-​activity relationships of Aeromonas LPS, focusing on its role in bacterial pathogenesis and its possible applications.

The lipopolysaccharide of Aeromonas spp: structure-activity relationships

Marine microorganisms, including Aeromonas, are a source of compds. for drug development that have generated great expectations in the last decades. Aeromonas infections produce septicemia, and ulcerative and haemorrhagic diseases in fish. Among the pathogenic factors assocd. with Aeromonas, the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)​, a surface glyconconjugate unique to Gram-​neg. bacteria consisting of lipid A (lipid anchor of the mol.)​, core oligosaccharide and O-​specific polysaccharide (O antigen)​, are key elicitors of innate immune responses. The chem. structure of these three parts has been characterized in Aeromonas. Based on the high variability of repeated units of O-​polysaccharides, a total of 97 O-​serogroups have been described in Aeromonas species, of which four of them (O:11; O:16; O:18 and O:34) account for more than 60​% of the septicemia cases. The core of LPS is subdivided into two regions, the inner (highly conserved) and the outer core. The inner core of Aeromonas LPS is characterized by the presence of 3-​deoxy-​d-​manno-​oct-​2-​ulosonic (ketodeoxyoctonic) acid (Kdo) and l-​glycero-​d-​manno-​Heptoses (l,​d-​Hep)​, which are linked to the outer core, characterized by the presence of Glc, GlcN, Gal, and GalNAc (in Aeromonas salmonicida)​, d,​d-​Hep (in Aeromonas salmonicida)​, and l,​d-​Hep (in Aeromonas hydrophila)​. The biol. relevance of these differences in the distal part of the outer core among these species has not been fully assessed to date. The inner core is attached to the lipid A, a highly conserved structure that confers endotoxic properties to the LPS when the mol. is released in blood from lysed bacteria, thus inducing a major systemic inflammatory response known as septic or endotoxic shock. In Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida the Lipid A components contain three major lipid A mols., differing in acylation patterns corresponding to tetra-​, penta- and hexa-​acylated lipid A species and comprising of 4'-​monophosphorylated β-​2-​amino-​2-​deoxy-​d-​glucopyranose-​(1→6)​-​2-​amino-​2-​deoxy-​d-​glucopyranose disaccharide. In the present review, we discuss the structure-​activity relationships of Aeromonas LPS, focusing on its role in bacterial pathogenesis and its possible applications.

O-GlcNAcylation Contributes to Augmented Vascular Reactivity Induced by Endothelin 1

O-GlcNAcylation augments vascular contractile responses, and O-GlcNAc-proteins are increased in the vasculature of deoxycorticosterone-acetate salt rats. Because endothelin 1 (ET-1) plays a major role in vascular dysfunction associated with salt-sensitive forms of hypertension, we hypothesized that ET-1-induced changes in vascular contractile responses are mediated by O-GlcNAc modification of proteins. Incubation of rat aortas with ET-1 (0.1 mu mol/L) produced a time-dependent increase in O-GlcNAc levels and decreased expression of O-GlcNAc transferase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, key enzymes in the O-GlcNAcylation process. Overnight treatment of aortas with ET-1 increased phenylephrine vasoconstriction (maximal effect [in moles]: 19 +/- 5 versus 11 +/- 2 vehicle). ET-1 effects were not observed when vessels were previously instilled with anti-O-GlcNAc transferase antibody or after incubation with an O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitor (3-[2-adamantanylethyl]-2-[{4-chlorophenyl}azamethylene]-4-oxo-1,3-thiazaperhyd roine-6-carboxylic acid; 100 mu mol/L). Aortas from deoxycorticosterone-acetate salt rats, which exhibit increased prepro-ET-1, displayed increased contractions to phenylephrine and augmented levels of O-GlcNAc proteins. Treatment of deoxycorticosterone-acetate salt rats with an endothelin A antagonist abrogated augmented vascular levels of O-GlcNAc and prevented increased phenylephrine vasoconstriction. Aortas from rats chronically infused with low doses of ET-1 (2 pmol/kg per minute) exhibited increased O-GlcNAc proteins and enhanced phenylephrine responses (maximal effect [in moles]: 18 +/- 2 versus 10 +/- 3 control). These changes are similar to those induced by O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene) amino-N-phenylcarbamate, an inhibitor of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Systolic blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury) was similar between control and ET-1-infused rats (117 +/- 3 versus 123 +/- 4 mm Hg; respectively). We conclude that ET-1 indeed augments O-GlcNAc levels and that this modification contributes to the vascular changes induced by this peptide. Increased vascular O-GlcNAcylation by ET-1 may represent a mechanism for hypertension-associated vascular dysfunction or other pathological conditions associated with increased levels of ET-1. (Hypertension. 2010; 55: 180-188.)

Double-strand DNA cleavage induced by oxindole-Schiff base copper(II) complexes with potential antitumor activity

Some oxindole-Schiff base copper(II) complexes have already shown potential antitumor activity towards different cells, inducing apoptosis in a process modulated by the ligand, and having nuclei and mitochondria as main targets. Here, three novel copper(II) complexes with analogous ligands were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic techniques, having their reactivity compared to the so far most active complex in this class. Cytotoxicity experiments carried out toward human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells confirmed its proapoptosis property. DNA cleavage studies were then performed in the presence of these complexes, in order to verify the influence of ligand structural features in its nuclease activity. All of them were able to cause double-strand DNA scissions, giving rise to nicked circular Form II and linear Form III species, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, DNA Form II was also detected in the absence of peroxide when the most active complex, [Cu(isaepy)(2)](2+) 1, was used. In an effort to better elucidate their interactions with DNA, solutions of the different complexes titrated with DNA had their absorption spectra monitored. An absorbance hyperchromism observed at 260 nm pointed to the intercalation of these complexes into the DNA structure. Further, investigations of 2-deoxy-D-ribose (DR) oxidation catalyzed by each of those complexes, using 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) method, and detection of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation by spin-trapping EPR, suggested that their mechanism of action in performing efficiently DNA cleavage occurs preferentially, but not only by oxidative pathways. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.