Global compilation of benthic data sets I

Approaches to quantify the organic carbon accumulation on a global scale generally do not consider the small-scale variability of sedimentary and oceanographic boundary conditions along continental margins. In this study, we present a new approach to regionalize the total organic carbon (TOC) content in surface sediments (<5 cm sediment depth). It is based on a compilation of more than 5500 single measurements from various sources. Global TOC distribution was determined by the application of a combined qualitative and quantitative-geostatistical method. Overall, 33 benthic TOC-based provinces were defined and used to process the global distribution pattern of the TOC content in surface sediments in a 1°x1° grid resolution. Regional dependencies of data points within each single province are expressed by modeled semi-variograms. Measured and estimated TOC values show good correlation, emphasizing the reasonable applicability of the method. The accumulation of organic carbon in marine surface sediments is a key parameter in the control of mineralization processes and the material exchange between the sediment and the ocean water. Our approach will help to improve global budgets of nutrient and carbon cycles.

(Table 2) Petrophysical, petrological, and geochemical characteristics of ODP Hole 163-990A sediments

Ocean Drilling Program Hole 990A penetrated 131 m of subaerially emplaced Paleocene flood basalts on the Southeast Greenland margin with a recovery of 74%. Shipboard P-wave velocity (Vp), density, and magnetic susceptibility were measured with 2- to 15-cm intervals on the core. Individual flow units were divided into four zones based on the observed petrophysical characteristics. From the top, these are Zone I (<7 m thick with a Vp of ~2.5 km/s), Zone II (3-5 m thick with a strongly increasing Vp from 2.5 to 5.5 km/s), Zone III (up to 20 m thick with a Vp of ~5.5-6.0 km/s), and Zone IV (<2 m thick with a strongly decreasing Vp from 6.0 to 2.5 km/s). Eighteen samples were selected from three of the fourteen penetrated basalt units for geochemical, petrological, and petrophysical studies focusing on the altered, low-velocity upper lava Zones I and II. Zone I is strongly altered to >50% clay minerals (smectite) and iron hydroxides, and the petrophysical properties are primarily determined by the clay properties. Zone II is intermediately altered with 5%-20% clay minerals, where the petrophysical properties are a function of both the degree of alteration and porosity variations. Shipboard and shore-based measurements of the same samples show that storage permanently lowers the elastic moduli of basalt from Zones I to III. This is related to the presence of even small quantities of swelling clays. The data show that alteration processes are important in determining the overall seismic properties of flood basalt constructions. The degree and depth of alteration is dependent on the primary lava flow emplacement structures and environment. Thus, the interplay of primary emplacement and secondary alteration structures determine the elastic properties of basalt piles. Rock property theories for sand-clay systems are further used to model the physical property variations in these altered crystalline rocks.

Chemical composition of samples from DSDP Holes 16-163 and 17-164

Considerable postsedimentational alteration of fine dispersed minerals in Cretaceous sedimentary sequences was found in three deep-sea drillholes (163, 164, 169). Original Fe-montmorillonites formed from basalts were converted during lithification to mixed-layer montmorillonite-hydromicas and then to pure hydromicas (celadonites). An assumption that the minerals were originally of authigenic-diagenetic composition is based on a broad spectrum of other diagenetic minerals present: silica group from opal A to opal CT and quartz, clinoptilolite and palygorskite. In addition, quartz-hydromica ratio is strikingly atypical of aeolian transport.

The Affordable Care Act and the Transformation of US Health Care

The neoliberal period was accompanied by a momentous transformation within the US health care system.  As the result of a number of political and historical dynamics, the healthcare law signed by President Barack Obama in 2010 ‑the Affordable Care Act (ACA)‑ drew less on universal models from abroad than it did on earlier conservative healthcare reform proposals. This was in part the result of the influence of powerful corporate healthcare interests. While the ACA expands healthcare coverage, it does so incompletely and unevenly, with persistent uninsurance and disparities in access based on insurance status. Additionally, the law accommodates an overall shift towards a consumerist model of care characterized by high cost sharing at time of use. Finally, the law encourages the further consolidation of the healthcare sector, for instance into units named “Accountable Care Organizations” that closely resemble the health maintenance organizations favored by managed care advocates. The overall effect has been to maintain a fragmented system that is neither equitable nor efficient. A single payer universal system would, in contrast, help transform healthcare into a social right.

Resolución 163 del 02 de octubre de 2012: por la cual se resuelve un trámite de revocatoria directa

Doctrina

Resolución 163 del 23 de julio de 2007: Por la cual se ordena la revocatoria de una multa impuesta por a un proponente

Doctrina

Características preferidas por hombres y mujeres que buscan pareja estable de su mismo sexo

Las preferencias en elección de pareja de hombres y mujeres interesados en establecer relaciones a largo plazo con personas de su mismo sexo biológico ha sido un tema de interés para el análisis evolucionista, ya que existe debate frente a los resultados de las investigaciones y los planteamientos de las teorías de inversión parental y estrategias sexuales. Con el objetivo de identificar qué características son preferidas por hombres y mujeres interesados en establecer una relación a largo plazo con personas de su mismo sexo biológico y contribuir a esta discusión, se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo en el que analizamos el contenido de 732 perfiles de hombres y mujeres (H=491; M=241) que buscaban una relación estable con parejas de su mismo sexo biológico. Las categorías analizadas fueron: edad, atractivo físico (apariencia, contextura, estatura y peso), estatus socioeconómico (situación laboral, nivel educativo y zona de residencia buscada), estado civil, número de hijos y hábitos saludables (fumar y beber). Los resultados encontrados muestran que los hombres presentan rangos amplios en las características deseadas en una pareja (edad=16.87; estatura=11.37; peso=15.23) y además buscan personas menores a la edad ofrecida (M=-4.17 años). En las mujeres se encontró que los rangos son más restringidos (edad=13.85; estatura=9.83; peso=12.77) y además prefieren parejas mayores (M=2.89 años). A nivel general, se evidencia que los resultados encontrados en la mayoría de las variables podrían indicar congruencia con los planteamientos de la teoría de inversión parental y estrategias sexuales; sin embargo, en otras variables los resultados no son claros.

A CUIABÁ-SANTARÉM (BR-163) NO CONTEXTO DA OCUPAÇÃO DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA

Las décadas de 1970 y 1980 fueron marcadas por la disminución rápida de las superficies ocupadas por las florestas tropicales. Este fenómeno es particularmente espectacular en Brasil donde se estima que 551.000 km2 de la floresta amazónica fueron destruidos para una mise en valeur agrícola (agropecuaria). El caso de Mato Grosso es muy revelador de esa evolución en razón de la extensión de las superficies conquistadas por la agricultura en detrimento de la floresta y también en función de la diversidad de los paisajes preexistentes y de las formas actuales de ocupación de los llamados “espacios vacíos”. La Amazonía Mato-Grossense es la porción del territorio que se extiende al norte del paralelo 16º S y cuyo drenaje es en gran parte dominado por los principales afluentes del río Amazonas: Araguaia, Xingu, Teles Pires/Tapajós, Madeira/Guaporé. En la década de 1970 el gobierno brasileño transformó en proyecto de estrategia militar la ocupación territorial de la Amazonía, aplicando como doctrina los eslóganes: (a) Seguridad y Desarrollo e (b) Integrar para no entregar, ya que temía la influencia del modelo Cubano, materializado en América Latina a partir de la presencia notoria del Che Guevara en Bolivia. Entre 1970 y 1974 el Instituto Nacional de Colonización y Reforma Agraria (INCRA) dio prioridad al asentamiento de colonos pobres en los estados de Rondonia y Mato Grosso, conforme la propuesta del proyecto POLONOROESTE, atendiendo tres objetivos básicos: (1) Objetivo Económico: promover la agricultura teniendo como meta el aumento de la producción de alimentos para abastecer el mercado interno y para la exportación; (2) Objetivo Demográfico: frenar el éxodo rural y reorientar, para la Amazonía, el flujo que se dirigía para las grandes metrópolis del Sureste de Brasil; (3) Objetivo Social: disminuir las tensiones sociales provocadas por el latifundio en el Nordeste y por el minifundio en el Sur del país. Como estrategias de ocupación una serie de programas especiales de desarrollo del Gobierno Federal fueron implementados, entre los cuales destacamos: -         Pavimentación de la carretera BR-163, uniendo Campo Grande/MS a Cuiabá/MT; -         Pavimentación de la carretera BR-364, uniendo Goiás/GO a Cuiabá/MT; -         Creación de la Universidad Federal de Mato Grosso; -         Extensión de la primera gran línea de transmisión de energía eléctrica desde Cachoeira Dourada/MS até Cuiaba/MT; -         Implementación de programas especiales para la ocupación del “cerrado”[1]/POLOCENTRO que financió la ocupación de 1 millón de hectáreas de “cerrados” por la agropecuaria en el Norte de Mato Grosso; -         La pequeña producción de subsistencia de Mato Grosso sufrió los primeros impactos de los colonos gauchos y paranaenses. La metodología adoptada para investigar como esas acciones definen/redefinen las dinámicas territoriales y, evidentemente, se plasman en el paisaje motivando una serie de impactos socioambientales, consiste en investigaciones de campo (observaciones empíricas, entrevistas, tomadas de fotos y filmes) y en los análisis de imágenes LANDSAT TM. Partiendo del presupuesto de que esas transformaciones acontecen, raramente de manera completamente espontánea y anárquica, es posible identificar las estructuras espaciales suficientemente recurrentes para que el estudio de toda esa región se preste a una tentativa de definir las configuraciones espaciales típicas, sus lógicas de funcionamiento y sus evoluciones temporales. El objetivo mayor es diagnosticar el estado actual de la ocupación del suelo, así como pronosticar las alteraciones futuras. La colonización agrícola y su corolario de deforestación – promedio anual de 20.000 km2 – está en plena dinámica con el apoyo de los gobiernos – Federal y Estadual -, de los avances tecnológicos y de grandes grupos capitalistas (nacionales e internacionales). [1] Tipo de sabana brasileña.

[climacteric Syndrome In A Northeastern Brazilian City: A Household Survey].

To assess the prevalence of Climacteric Syndrome (CS) in women from a municipality of Northeastern Brazil which is less developed socioeconomically. A prospective household survey was performed in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil with 1,210 climacteric women aged 45 to 60 years. Interviews were applied using previously tested standard questionnaires from April to July 2008. The severity of climacteric symptoms was analyzed by circulatory and psychological indexes and the latter were associated with menopausal status. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to assess the relation among climacteric symptoms. Most patients were 55 to 60 years old (35.3%), mulatto (37.9%), with 9-11 years of schooling (39.8%), with a partner (56%), Catholic (73.9%) and belonged to the socioeconomic class C (51.1%). The prevalence of CS was 85.9%, and hot flashes (56.4%) and sweating (50.4%) were the most prevalent symptoms. The most frequent psychological symptoms were nervousness (45%) and emotional liability (44.8%). The severity of vasomotor and psychological symptoms was significantly higher during the peri and postmenopausal period (p<0.05). Vaginal dryness (62.7%) was the most prevalent urogenital complaint. The prevalence of CS was high among women from São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.

Chitosan/tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles Loaded With Paraquat Herbicide: An Environmentally Safer Alternative For Weed Control.

Paraquat is a fast acting nonselective contact herbicide that is extensively used worldwide. However, the aqueous solubility and soil sorption of this compound can cause problems of toxicity in nontarget organisms. This work investigates the preparation and characterization of nanoparticles composed of chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to produce an efficient herbicidal formulation that was less toxic and could be used for safer control of weeds in agriculture. The toxicities of the formulations were evaluated using cell culture viability assays and the Allium cepa chromosome aberration test. The herbicidal activity was investigated in cultivations of maize (Zea mays) and mustard (Brassica sp.), and soil sorption of the nanoencapsulated herbicide was measured. The efficiency association of paraquat with the nanoparticles was 62.6 ± 0.7%. Encapsulation of the herbicide resulted in changes in its diffusion and release as well as its sorption by soil. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays showed that the nanoencapsulated herbicide was less toxic than the pure compound, indicating its potential to control weeds while at the same time reducing environmental impacts. Measurements of herbicidal activity showed that the effectiveness of paraquat was preserved after encapsulation. It was concluded that the encapsulation of paraquat in nanoparticles can provide a useful means of reducing adverse impacts on human health and the environment, and that the formulation therefore has potential for use in agriculture.