Non-classical HLA-E gene variability in Brazilians: a nearly invariable locus surrounded by the most variable genes in the human genome

The non-classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes present a very low rate of variation. So far, only 10 HLA-E alleles encoding three proteins have been described, but only two are frequently found in worldwide populations. Because of its historical background, Brazilians are very suitable for population genetic studies. Therefore, 104 bone marrow donors from Brazil were evaluated for HLA-E exons 14. Seven variation sites were found, including two known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions +424 and +756 and five new SNPs at positions +170 (intron 1), +1294 (intron 3), +1625, +1645 and +1857 (exon 4). Haplotyping analysis did show eight haplotypes, three of them known as E*01:01:01, E*01:03:01 and E*01:03:02:01 and five HLA-E new alleles that carry the new variation sites. The HLA-E*01:01:01 allele was the predominant haplotype (62.50%), followed by E*01:03:02:01 (24.52%). Selective neutrality tests have disclosed an interesting pattern of selective pressures in which balancing selection is probably shaping allele frequency distributions at an SNP at exon 3 (codon 107), sequence diversity at exon 4 and the non-coding regions is facing significant purifying pressure. Even in an admixed population such as the Brazilian one, the HLA-E locus is very conserved, presenting few polymorphic SNPs in the coding region.

Blinda personers icke-verbala kommunikation : studier om kroppsspråk, icke-verbal samtalsreglering och icke-verbala uttryck

The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of grown-up blind people’s non-verbal communication, including body expressions and paralinguistic (voice) expressions. More specifically, the thesis includes the following three studies: Blind people’s different forms of body expressions, blind people’s non-verbal conversation regulation and blind people’s experience of their own non-verbal expressions. The focus has been on the blind participants’ competence and on their subjective perspectives. I have also compared congenitally and adventitiously blind in all of the studies. The approach is mainly phenomenological and the qualitative empirical phenomenological psychological method is the primary methodological source of inspiration. Fourteen blind persons (and also some sigthed persons) participated. They have no other obvious disability than the blindness and their ages vary between 18 and 54. Data in the first two studies consisted of video recordings and data in the last study consisted of interviews. The overall results can be summarized in the following three points: 1. There are (almost) only similarities between the congenitally blind and adventitiously blind persons concerning their paralinguistic expressions. 2. There are mainly similarities between the two groups with respect to the occurrences of different body expressive forms. 3. There are also some differences between the groups. For example, the congenitally blind persons seem to have a limited ability to use the body in an abstract and symbolic way and they often mentioned that they have been told that their body expressions deviate from sighted people’s norms. But the persons in both groups also struggle to see themselves as unique persons who express themselves on the basis of their conditions and their previous experiences.

Per un approccio semiotico ai videogiochi tra memoria culturale e memoria corporea

La tesi propone un approccio semiotico ai videogiochi e indaga le relazioni tra videogioco, memoria e senso, a partire dall’analisi di un ampio corpus di videogiochi, trasversale rispetto ai generi. Il lavoro intende mostrare la proficuità di un incontro tra semiotica e videogiochi sotto un duplice punto di vista: da un lato i videogiochi, in quanto oggetti “nuovi”, rappresentano un buon banco di prova per la teoria e la metodologia semiotica; dall’altro lato la semiotica permette di comprendere meglio i videogiochi, ricostruendo i meccanismi semiotici che contribuiscono a generare gli effetti di senso tipici di questa forma testuale (es. immersività, interattività, flusso…). Il lavoro si propone quindi il duplice obiettivo di individuare le peculiarità del videogioco in quanto oggetto di analisi semiotica (cap. 1) e i meccanismi che in diversi generi videoludici portano alla creazione di effetti di senso peculiari e alla costruzione di una nuova memoria (capp. 3, 4, 5). Il primo capitolo è dedicato a una riflessione teorica e metodologica che intende preparare il campo per l’analisi, provando a “testare” modelli, concetti e strumenti più o meno assestati con lo scopo di riconoscere lo statuto semiotico dei videogiochi e di individuare il modo migliore per analizzarli semioticamente. Inoltre nel cap. 1 si affrontano, ancora in un’ottica generale, le dinamiche tra memoria del gioco e memoria del giocatore e l’importanza dei processi di apprendimento per l’interpretazione videoludica. Gli ultimi tre capitoli sono invece dedicati ai risultati delle analisi, condotte su un corpus ampio di videogiochi, affiancato da un corpus “di controllo” costituito da video di partite concrete, immagini user-generated, interfacce fisiche di gioco e “discorsi su” i videogiochi inseriti nel corpus principale. Il terzo capitolo individua i meccanismi semiotici che contribuiscono a costruire, de-costruire e ricostruire l’identità del giocatore nel corso della partita. Il quarto capitolo affronta la relazione tra tempo del gioco e tempo del giocatore, concentrandosi sulle modalità di configurazione del tempo in atto nei diversi generi videoludici. L’ultimo capitolo è dedicato all’approfondimento di un aspetto particolare della testualità videoludica: la capacità dei videogiochi di generare esperienze embodied, cioè esperienze ‘incarnate’ e ‘situate’.

Spaltspuranlyse von Uranoxidpartikeln

Kerntechnische Anlagen werden weltweit vonInspektoren der Atomenergiebehörden kontrolliert.Dabei werden in den Anlagen Wischtestproben genommen,die anschließend auf darin enthaltene Staubpartikeluntersucht werden. Die Zusammensetzung dieser Partikel- vor allem der U-235-Anreicherungsgrad in Uranoxidpartikeln -lassen wichtige Rückschlüsse auf die in den Anlagen durchgeführten Operationen zu. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein einfaches Screening-Verfahrenzur Lokalisierung von Uranoxidpartikeln in Wischtestprobenentwickelt. Dieses Verfahren basiert auf dem Prinzip derSpaltspuranalyse und erlaubt eine grobe Abschätzung desU-235-Anreicherungsgrades in Uranoxidpartikeln beibekanntem Partikeldurchmesser durch Auszählen der Spaltspuren je Partikel. Zur Entwicklung und Kalibrierung dieser Methode wurdenUranoxidpartikel mit definiertem Durchmesser und definierter Isotopenzusammensetzung hergestellt und mitder Rasterelektronenmikroskopie sowie der Sekundärionenmassenspektroskopie charakterisiert.

Differentielle Expression und molekulare Evolution von Mollusken-Hämocyanin

Molekularbiologische und biochemische Untersuchungen an den zwei Gastropoden-Arten Haliotis tuberculata und Haliotis asinina zeigten, dass diese jeweils zwei unterscheidbare Hämocyanin-Isoformen (HtH1/HaH1 und HtH2/HaH2) besitzen, die in unterschiedlichen Mengen in der Hämolymphe vorkommen. In situ-Hybridisierungsversuche an H. asinina ergaben, dass die beiden Hämocyanin-Isoformen sowohl entwicklungsspezifisch als auch gewebsspezifisch exprimiert werden. Die Transkription der Hämocyanin-Gene setzt bereits 9 Stunden nach der Befruchtung ein und ist von diesem Zeitpunkt an in allen Stadien der Larvalentwicklung nachweisbar. Während dieser Entwicklungsphase sind die Expressionsmuster der beiden Isoformen weitgehend überlappend, wohingegen in adulten Tieren in verschiedenen Geweben isoformspezifische Expressionsmuster auftreten. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf funktionelle Unterschiede der beiden Hämocyanin-Isoformen hin, und somit darauf, dass Hämocyanin neben dem Transport von Sauerstoff noch weitere Funktionen ausüben könnte (Streit et al., 2005). Weiterhin wurden Untersuchungen zur Primär- und Sekundärstruktur der Hämocyanine aus H. tuberculata und zwei weiteren Arten (Megathura crenulata und Aplysia californica) durchgeführt. Von den Vetigastropoden M. crenulata und H. tuberculata konnten die für die beiden Hämocyanin-Isoformen kodierenden cDNA-Sequenzen vervollständigt werden. Von HtH1 und HtH2 wurden zudem die Gensequenzen komplettiert. Die Sequenzen des KLH1-Gens wurden bis auf 24 bp der 5’UTR und die für das Signalpeptid 1 kodierenden 33 bp ermittelt. Erstmals ist es gelungen, Promotorsequenzen von Mollusken-Hämocyanin-Genen zu sequenzieren. Für HtH2 wurden 181 bp und für KLH2 906 bp des Promotors analysiert. Beide Gensequenzen weisen das konservierte Sequenzmotiv der TATA-Box auf. Wie bei H. tuberculata treten auch bei M. crenulata die beiden Isoformen in unterschiedlichen Mengenverhältnissen in der Hämolymphe auf. In den bisher analysierten Sequenzen dieser beiden Gastropoden konnten keine regulatorischen Elemente identifiziert werden, welche die differentielle Expression bedingen könnten. Die Genstruktur des Hämocyanins von A. californica konnte ebenfalls aufgeklärt werden. Die kodierenden Bereiche des AcH-Gens werden durch insgesamt 45 interne Introns fragmentiert. Im Gen liegen neun Insertionspositionen vor, in denen paraloge Introns inserieren. Zudem sind neun Introns ortholog zu internen Introns anderer Mollusken-Hämocyanin-Gene. Im Fall der paralogen und orthologen Introns handelt es sich um sehr ursprüngliche Introns, die bereits vor der Radiation der Mollusken inserierten. Damit widerlegen diese Ergebnisse die bisherige Annahme („Intron late”-Hypothese), der zufolge die Insertion interner Introns erst nach der Trennung der Gastropoden und Cephalopoden eingesetzt haben soll. Im Zuge dieser Sequenzanalysen ergaben sich zudem Hinweise auf die Existenz einer weiteren AcH-Isoform, da 13 Fragmente ermittelt wurden, die in den kodierenden Bereichen Sequenzunterschiede von bis zu 20% zu AcH 1 aufweisen. Die detaillierten Studien der Haliotis-Hämocyanine deckten einen weitreichenden phylogenetischen Informationsgehalt der Hämocyanin-Sequenzen auf. In weiterführenden Analysen wurden Teilsequenzen der Hämocyanin-Gene von 12 verschiedenen Haliotis-Arten amplifiziert. Der daraus rekonstruierte Stammbaum liefert entsprechend spezifischer Indels eine deutliche Auftrennung der Haliotidae in eine nordpazifische und eine europäischaustralasische Abstammungslinie. Anhand dieser Analyse lassen sich der phylogeographische Ursprung der Haliotiden aufzeigen (Streit et al., 2006) und deren Wanderungsbewegungen nachvollziehen. Hämocyanin-Daten wurden des Weiteren für phylogenetische Analysen auf höherem taxonomischem Niveau eingesetzt. Innerhalb der Klasse der Polyplacophoren wurden interfamiliäre Verwandtschaftsverhältnisse rekonstruiert. Für diese Analyse wurden Teilsequenzen der Hämocyanin-Gene 17 unterschiedlicher Arten ermittelt. Die phylogenetische Untersuchung zeigt, dass sich die Polyplacophoren eindeutig in die beiden Ordnungen der Lepidopleurida und Chitonida auftrennen, da die Chitonida eine spezifische „Deletion” aufweisen. Anhand dieses Merkmals kann auch Callochiton bouveti, der diese „Deletion” besitzt und dessen phylogenetische Einordnung bisweilen umstritten war, eindeutig den Chitonida zugeordnet werden. Innerhalb der Chitonida bilden sowohl die Chitonina als auch die Acanthochitonina monophyletische Gruppen.

"Il carceriere di sé medesimo" di Lodovico Adimari e Alessandro Melani, Firenze 1681. Dalla «comedia» di Pedro Calderón de la Barca al «drama per musica» italiano di fine Seicento

Questo lavoro è imperniato sullo studio di uno dei melodrammi più interessanti della fine del XVII secolo: “Il carceriere di sé medesimo” di Lodovico Adimari (1644-1708) e Alessandro Melani (1639-1703), allestito per la prima volta a Firenze nel 1681, e ripreso nel giro di una ventina d’anni a Reggio (1684), a Bologna (1697) e a Vienna (1702). L’opera vanta un’origine drammatica di spicco: risale infatti alla commedia “Guardarse a sí mismo” di Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600-1681) mediata dal “Geôlier de soi-mesme” di Thomas Corneille (1625-1709), e presenta qualità poetiche e musicali evidenti, assicurate dai nomi del poeta Lodovico Adimari e del compositore Alessandro Melani. A ciò si aggiungano una tradizione articolata in quattro allestimenti, nonché un elevato numero di testimoni superstiti: cinque edizioni del libretto (testimoniate da numerosi esemplari) e il numero fortunatissimo di tre partiture manoscritte, conservate a Parigi, Bologna e Modena. La tesi contiene l’edizione critica del “Carceriere di sé medesimo” di Adimari con tutte le varianti accumulatesi nella riedizione del libretto e nella copiatura della partitura, l’analisi del dramma, a partire dal confronto tra i testi di Calderón, Corneille e Adimari, e lo studio delle sue componenti drammatiche, formali e contenutistiche. Si aggiunge uno studio sul contesto storico-musicale degli allestimenti di Firenze, Reggio, Bologna e Vienna, nonché l’edizione dei restanti tre drammi di Adimari: la commedia “Le gare dell’amore e dell’amicizia” (1679), e il dramma per musica “L’amante di sua figlia” (1684).

Early repolarization, left ventricular diastolic function, and left atrial size in professional soccer players

Recent data have suggested a relation among long-term endurance sport practice, left atrial remodeling, and atrial fibrillation. We investigated the influence of an increased vagal tone, represented by the early repolarization (ER) pattern, on diastolic function and left atrial size in professional soccer players. Fifty-four consecutive athletes underwent electrocardiography, echocardiography, and exercise testing as part of their preparticipation screening. Athletes were divided into 2 groups according to presence or absence of an ER pattern, defined as a ST-segment elevation at the J-point (STE) > or =0.1 mm in 2 leads. For linear comparisons average STE was calculated. Mean age was 24 +/- 4 years. Twenty-five athletes (46%) showed an ER pattern. Athletes with an ER pattern had a significant lower heart rate (54 +/- 9 vs 62 +/- 11 beats/min, p = 0.024), an increased E/e' ratio (6.1 +/- 1.2 vs 5.1 +/- 1.0, p = 0.002), and larger volumes of the left atrium (25.6 +/- 7.3 vs 21.8 +/- 5.0 ml/m(2), p = 0.031) compared to athletes without an ER pattern. There were no significant differences concerning maximum workload, left ventricular dimensions, and systolic function. Univariate regression analysis revealed significant correlations among age, STE, and left atrial volume. In a stepwise multivariate regression analysis age, STE and e' contributed independently to left atrial size (r = 0.659, p <0.001). In conclusion, athletes with an ER pattern had an increased E/e' ratio, reflecting a higher left atrial filling pressure, contributing to left atrial remodeling over time.

Subjective cognitive complaints one year after ceasing adjuvant endocrine treatment for early-stage breast cancer

Background:In the BIG 1-98 trial objective cognitive function improved in postmenopausal women 1 year after cessation of adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer. This report evaluates changes in subjective cognitive function (SCF).Methods:One hundred postmenopausal women, randomised to receive 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen, letrozole, or a sequence of the two, completed self-reported measures on SCF, psychological distress, fatigue, and quality of life during the fifth year of trial treatment (year 5) and 1 year after treatment completion (year 6). Changes between years 5 and 6 were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Subjective cognitive function and its correlates were explored.Results:Subjective cognitive function and the other patient-reported outcomes did not change significantly after cessation of endocrine therapy with the exception of improvement for hot flushes (P=0.0005). No difference in changes was found between women taking tamoxifen or letrozole. Subjective cognitive function was the only psychosocial outcome with a substantial correlation between year 5 and 6 (Spearman's R=0.80). Correlations between SCF and the other patient-reported outcomes were generally low.Conclusion:Improved objective cognitive function but not SCF occur following cessation of adjuvant endocrine therapy in the BIG 1-98 trial. The substantial correlation of SCF scores over time may represent a stable attribute.British Journal of Cancer advance online publication, 24 April 2012; doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.156 www.bjcancer.com.

Detrital Zircon Evidence for Mixing of Mazatzal Province Age Detritus With Yavapai Age (ca. 1700-1740 Ma) and Older Detritus in the ca. 1650 Ma Mazatzal Province of Central New Mexico, USA

Preliminary detrital zircon age distributions from Mazatzal crustal province quartzite and schist exposed in the Manzano Mountains and Pedernal Hills of central New Mexico are consistent with a mixture of detritus from Mazatzal age (ca. 1650 Ma), Yavapai age (ca. 1720 Ma.), and older sources. A quartzite sample from the Blue Springs Formation in the Manzano Mountains yielding 67 concordant grain analyses shows two dominant age peaks of 1737 Ma and 1791 Ma with a minimum peak age of 1652 Ma. Quartzite and micaceous quartzite samples from near Pedernal Peak give unimodal peak ages of ca. 1695 Ma and 1738 Ma with minimum detrital zircon ages of ca. 1625 Ma and 1680 Ma, respectively. A schist sample from the southern exposures of the Pedernal Hills area gives a unimodal peak age of 1680 Ma with a minimum age of ca. 1635 Ma. Minor amounts of older detritus (>1800 Ma) possibly reflect Trans-Hudson, Wyoming, Mojave Province, and older Archean sources and aid in locating potential source terrains for these detrital zircon. The Blue Springs Formation metarhyolite from near the top of the Proterozoic section in the Manzano Mountains yields 71 concordant grains that show a preliminary U-Pb zircon crystallization age of 1621 ¿ 5 Ma, which provides a minimum age constraint for deposition in the Manzano Mountains. Normalized probability plots from this study are similar to previously reported age distributions in the Burro and San Andres Mountains in southern New Mexico and suggest that Yavapai Province age detritus was deposited and intermingled with Mazatzal Province age detritus across much of the Mazatzal crustal province in New Mexico. This data shows that the tectonic evolution of southwestern Laurentia is associated with multiple orogenic events. Regional metamorphism and deformation in the area must postdate the Mazatzal Orogeny and ca. 1610 Ma ¿ 1620 Ma rhyolite crystallization and is attributed to the Mesoproterozoic ca. 1400 ¿ 1480 Ma Picuris Orogeny.

Insular volume abnormalities associated with different transition probabilities to psychosis

Background Although individuals vulnerable to psychosis show brain volumetric abnormalities, structural alterations underlying different probabilities for later transition are unknown. The present study addresses this issue by means of voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Method We investigated grey matter volume (GMV) abnormalities by comparing four neuroleptic-free groups: individuals with first episode of psychosis (FEP) and with at-risk mental state (ARMS), with either long-term (ARMS-LT) or short-term ARMS (ARMS-ST), compared to the healthy control (HC) group. Using three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we examined 16 FEP, 31 ARMS, clinically followed up for on average 3 months (ARMS-ST, n=18) and 4.5 years (ARMS-LT, n=13), and 19 HC. Results The ARMS-ST group showed less GMV in the right and left insula compared to the ARMS-LT (Cohen's d 1.67) and FEP groups (Cohen's d 1.81) respectively. These GMV differences were correlated positively with global functioning in the whole ARMS group. Insular alterations were associated with negative symptomatology in the whole ARMS group, and also with hallucinations in the ARMS-ST and ARMS-LT subgroups. We found a significant effect of previous antipsychotic medication use on GMV abnormalities in the FEP group. Conclusions GMV abnormalities in subjects at high clinical risk for psychosis are associated with negative and positive psychotic symptoms, and global functioning. Alterations in the right insula are associated with a higher risk for transition to psychosis, and thus may be related to different transition probabilities.