Los ejemplos transversales : propuesta de trabajo sobre La pipa de la paz.

Ejemplar fotocopiado

Fronteras de la Ciencia : formación ciudadana en secundaria.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Los poliedros estrellados como centro de interés.

Con el fin de renovar la didáctica de la Geometría, se propone la construcción de poliedros estrellados como medio didáctico, debido al interés que despierta en los alumnos. Se describen algunos poliedros como: el dodecaedro de tercera especie, el dodecaedro estrellado de séptima especie y el icosaedro estrellado de séptima especie.

La educación multicultural de los niños gitanos de Madrid.

Hallar la respuesta a la siguiente cuestión: +la escolarización conjunta de niños gitanos y payos en los colegios madrileños de EGB está mejorando la aceptación mutua? +qué factores condicionan esta aceptación?. Establecer las líneas base que puedan orientar los proyectos educativos de centros escolares con población multicultural. Analizar la comunicación interpersonal entre los niños de ambas culturas en los centros de EGB. Hipótesis principal: la convivencia organizada entre grupos de niños gitanos y payos en la escuela reduce el rechazo y/o incrementa la aceptación mutua entre los mismos. Planteamiento de 3 subhipótesis. 1523 niños, entre ellos 87 gitanos, de los cursos 2., 5. y 7. de EGB, de 24 colegios madrileños. 110 Padres, 108 profesores y 24 directores. 5 partes. En la primera conceptualizan los modelos teóricos de educación multicultural e intercultural. En la segunda abordan el estudio de la población gitana española: su historia, su cultura, su situación actual y su escolarización. En la tercera realizan un estudio transversal sobre los alumnos gitanos y payos. En la cuarta elaboran recomendaciones para mejorar la política educativa de la población gitana. En la quinta trazan las líneas de acción para mejorar en los centros escolares la acogida y la atención a los niños gitanos y a las minorías étnicas. Las variables utilizadas son: explícitas en la hipótesis y subhipótesis, individuales de los alumnos, de las familias, grupales en la escuela, del profesorado, de currículum, del centro escolar y del entorno. Cuestinarios sobre organización escolar, educación multicultural, escolaridad, clima escolar, situación familiar, relaciones escuela-comunidad. Promedios, análisis log-lineal, significación estadística, índices de correlación, tablas. 1. La hipótesis principal queda solo parcialmente confirmada: la mera convivencia de gitanos y payos en las clases no es bastante eficaz para aumentar la aceptación mutua y disminuir el rechazo, si no existe una intervención educativa intencional y adecuada que incremente las relaciones de cooperación entre los escolares. 2. La atención a la cultura gitana en las escuelas estudiadas es escasa: sólo un 27 por ciento de los profesores afirman realizar adaptaciones curriculares. Las escuelas madrileñas están alejadas del modelo multicultural. 3. Aportan un estudio de la situación escolar del pueblo gitano con propuestas de política educativa. 4. Se formulan orientaciones para incorporar la educación multicultural en los proyectos educativos y curriculares de los centros escolares. (Consultar los restantes resultados del estudio experimental en la propia investigación).

La finalización de la clase de historia en bachillerato.

El artículo forma parte de una sección de la revista dedicada a experiencias de aula.- Resumen tomado parcialmente de la publicación.

Qual o impacto no desempenho cognitivo pela aplicação do plano nacional de matemática adaptado a uma criança com défice cognitivo ligeiro

Este trabalho encontra-se inserido na modalidade de projecto de investigação acção e pretende ajudar um aluno, matriculado no 2º ano de escolaridade do 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, actualmente com nove anos, com défice cognitivo ligeiro, a obter melhores resultados ao nível do desempenho cognitivo. Adoptámos uma abordagem qualitativa, com recurso a instrumentos de recolha de dados como, entrevista, observação participativa, o diário de campo e a avaliação diagnóstica WISC III. Com este estudo, proporcionámos ao aluno a possibilidade de trabalhar conteúdos programáticos no âmbito da matemática, com recurso a estratégias pedagógicas recomendadas pelo Ministério da Educação, no Novo Plano Nacional de Matemática. Utilizámos estratégias de aprendizagem que procurassem satisfazer as necessidades do aluno, com acesso a experiências activas, com respeito pelo seu ritmo de trabalho, também, através da repetição constante dos conteúdos. Permitimos ao aluno que fizesse aprendizagem de forma cooperativa, de modo a que se garantisse sempre a motivação, durante todo o processo. Após a intervenção, procedemos a um balanço dos resultados obtidos nas actividades e a uma avaliação final das suas capacidades cognitivas.

An effective course of study for teaching hearing-impaired children TTY/TDD skills

This paper includes a course of study for teaching hearing impaired children about the use of TTY/TDD.

Insurgencia festiva en Oruro-Bolivia. Entre muertos, tolqas, "diablos", morenos y otros "demonios"

A partir de un giro epistémico en mi propio modo de reflexionar y de relacionarme con la dinámica festiva en Oruro, por la necesidad de una comprensión diferente de aquella dinámica, se ha logrado producir un itinerario a partir del cual se recoge el desplazamiento de Francisco Pizarro desde Panamá hasta Cajamarca entre 1523 y 1532. Así, se ha logrado comprender de otro modo el proceso de conquista y los dispositivos instalados para la dominación. Entonces recién fue posible mostrar la consecuencia del “Carnaval”, como encubrimiento festivo en el espacio de Oruro, conocido también como la Serranía Sagrada de los Urus. Junto con lo anterior se ha detectado procesos contestatarios a la dominación colonial, desplegados desde formas locales de producción y reproducción de la vida desde el siglo XVI, de las cuales la última y la más relevante es la insurgencia festiva del Anata Andino en el espacio festivo de Oruro que ha sido consecuencia de la acumulación política en la población indígena asentada en la región adyacente a esta ciudad. La particularidad de la temática, que aborda el proceso de instalación de la idea de “Carnaval” y la fundación de un espacio urbano apropiándose de otro y subsumiéndolo desde la Fiesta Patronal, ha servido para mostrar lo festivo y lo político de manera integral, donde lo cultural se reproduce como práctica y lo político se manifiesta como Horizonte de sentido en conflicto entre dominación y liberación.

A glacier inventory for the Buordakh Massif, Cherskiy Range, northeast Siberia, and evidence for recent glacier recession

The Buordakh Massif, in the Cherskiy Range of northeast Siberia, contains mountains over 3000 in and, despite its and climate, numerous glaciers. This paper presents a glacier inventory for the region and documents some 80 glaciers, which range in size from 0.1 to 10.4 km(2) (total glacierized area is ca. 70 km(2)). The inventory is based on mapping derived from Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery from August 2001, augmented with data from field investigations obtained at that time. The glaciers in this region are of the 'firn-less,' cold, continental type, and their mass balance relies heavily on the formation of superimposed ice. The most recent glacier maximum extents have also been delineated, and these are believed to date from the Little Ice Age (ca. A.D. 1550-1850). Glacier areal extent has reduced by some 14.8 km(2) (ca. 17%) since this most. recent maximum. Of the 80 glaciers catalogued, 49 have undergone a measurable retreat from their most recent maximum extent.

Morphology, biomass and nutrient status of fine roots of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) as influenced by seasonal fluctuations in soil moisture and soil solution chemistry

A field monitoring study was carried out to follow the changes of fine root morphology, biomass and nutrient status in relation to seasonal changes in soil solution chemistry and moisture regime in a mature Scots pine stand on acid soil. Seasonal and yearly fluctuations in soil moisture and soil solution chemistry have been observed. Changes in soil moisture accounted for some of the changes in the soil solution chemistry. The results showed that when natural acidification in the soil occurs with low pH (3.5-4.2) and high aluminium concentration in the soil solution (> 3-10 mg l(-1)), fine root longevity and distribution could be affected. However, fine root growth of Scots pine may not be negatively influenced by adverse soil chemical conditions if soil moisture is not a limiting factor for root growth. In contrast, dry soil conditions increase Scots pine susceptibility to soil acidification and this could significantly reduce fine root growth and increase root mortality. It is therefore important to study seasonal fluctuations of the environmental variables when investigating and modelling cause-effect relationships.

Failure to regulate: counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression

Although depressed mood is a normal occurrence in response to adversity in all individuals, what distinguishes those who are vulnerable to major depressive disorder (MDD) is their inability to effectively regulate negative mood when it arises. Investigating the neural underpinnings of adaptive emotion regulation and the extent to which such processes are compromised in MDD may be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of depression. We report results from a functional magnetic resonance imaging study demonstrating left-lateralized activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) when downregulating negative affect in nondepressed individuals, whereas depressed individuals showed bilateral PFC activation. Furthermore, during an effortful affective reappraisal task, nondepressed individuals showed an inverse relationship between activation in left ventrolateral PFC and the amygdala that is mediated by the ventromedial PFC (VMPFC). No such relationship was found for depressed individuals, who instead show a positive association between VMPFC and amygdala. Pupil dilation data suggest that those depressed patients who expend more effort to reappraise negative stimuli are characterized by accentuated activation in the amygdala, insula, and thalamus, whereas nondepressed individuals exhibit the opposite pattern. These findings indicate that a key feature underlying the pathophysiology of major depression is the counterproductive engagement of right prefrontal cortex and the lack of engagement of left lateral-ventromedial prefrontal circuitry important for the downregulation of amygdala responses to negative stimuli.

Perceived controllability modulates the neural response to pain

The response to painful stimulation depends not only on peripheral nociceptive input but also on the cognitive and affective context in which pain occurs. One contextual variable that affects the neural and behavioral response to nociceptive stimulation is the degree to which pain is perceived to be controllable. Previous studies indicate that perceived controllability affects pain tolerance, learning and motivation, and the ability to cope with intractable pain, suggesting that it has profound effects on neural pain processing. To date, however, no neuroimaging studies have assessed these effects. We manipulated the subjects' belief that they had control over a nociceptive stimulus, while the stimulus itself was held constant. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that pain that was perceived to be controllable resulted in attenuated activation in the three neural areas most consistently linked with pain processing: the anterior cingulate, insular, and secondary somatosensory cortices. This suggests that activation at these sites is modulated by cognitive variables, such as perceived controllability, and that pain imaging studies may therefore overestimate the degree to which these responses are stimulus driven and generalizable across cognitive contexts. [References: 28]

Amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex are inversely coupled during regulation of negative affect and predict the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion among older adults

Among younger adults, the ability to willfully regulate negative affect, enabling effective responses to stressful experiences, engages regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. Because regions of PFC and the amygdala are known to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, here we test whether PFC and amygdala responses during emotion regulation predict the diurnal pattern of salivary cortisol secretion. We also test whether PFC and amygdala regions are engaged during emotion regulation in older (62- to 64-year-old) rather than younger individuals. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging as participants regulated (increased or decreased) their affective responses or attended to negative picture stimuli. We also collected saliva samples for 1 week at home for cortisol assay. Consistent with previous work in younger samples, increasing negative affect resulted in ventral lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsomedial regions of PFC and amygdala activation. In contrast to previous work, decreasing negative affect did not produce the predicted robust pattern of higher PFC and lower amygdala activation. Individuals demonstrating the predicted effect (decrease s attend in the amygdala), however, exhibited higher signal in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) for the same contrast. Furthermore, participants displaying higher VMPFC and lower amygdala signal when decreasing compared with the attention control condition evidenced steeper, more normative declines in cortisol over the course of the day. Individual differences yielded the predicted link between brain function while reducing negative affect in the laboratory and diurnal regulation of endocrine activity in the home environment.

Right ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices mediate adaptive decisions under ambiguity by integrating choice utility and outcome evaluation.

The Iowa gambling task (IGT) is one of the most influential behavioral paradigms in reward-related decision making and has been, most notably, associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex function. However, performance in the IGT relies on a complex set of cognitive subprocesses, in particular integrating information about the outcome of choices into a continuously updated decision strategy under ambiguous conditions. The complexity of the task has made it difficult for neuroimaging studies to disentangle the underlying neurocognitive processes. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging in combination with a novel adaptation of the task, which allowed us to examine separately activation associated with the moment of decision or the evaluation of decision outcomes. Importantly, using whole-brain regression analyses with individual performance, in combination with the choice/outcome history of individual subjects, we aimed to identify the neural overlap between areas that are involved in the evaluation of outcomes and in the progressive discrimination of the relative value of available choice options, thus mapping the two fundamental cognitive processes that lead to adaptive decision making. We show that activation in right ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was predictive of adaptive performance, in both discriminating disadvantageous from advantageous decisions and confirming negative decision outcomes. We propose that these two prefrontal areas mediate shifting away from disadvantageous choices through their sensitivity to accumulating negative outcomes. These findings provide functional evidence of the underlying processes by which these prefrontal subregions drive adaptive choice in the task, namely through contingency-sensitive outcome evaluation.