Effects of acute normovolemic anemia on hemodynamic parameters and acid-base balance in dogs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and acid-base status of dogs subjected to acute normovolemic anemia. The dogs (n = 10) were evaluated 15 minutes and 24 hours after induction of anemia (hematocrit below 18) with blood withdrawal and simultaneously replacement of same volume of Ringer's lactate solution and hydroxyethyl starch-based solution in a 2:1 ratio. The cardiac output was measured by Doppler echocardiography and blood pressure by oscillometric device, and posteriorly hemodynamic parameters were calculated. The anemic groups had increase in cardiac index (P <.05) (3.82 ± 1.05 to 5.86 ± 1.49 and 5.81 ± 1.63 L/min m) and decreases (P <.05) in the indices of total peripheral resistance (6797.81 ± 3060.22 to 3220.14 ± 1275.02 and 3887.74 ± 1394.89 dinaseg/cm 5× m2) and oxygen delivery (7942.84 ± 3344.00 to 4021.68 ± 1627.00 and 4430.82 ± 1402.61 mL/min× m 2), respectively. There were no significant changes in pH, but PaO2 and SaO2 values were increased, and PaCO2 reduced in anemic dogs (P <.05). Therefore, acute normovolemic anemia can create significant hemodynamic changes and despite some hemogasometric changes, there were no changes in the acid-base status in dogs. Copyright © 2011 Tatiana Champion et al.

Structural reforms, macroeconomic fluctuations and income distribution in Brazil

Includes bibliography

Informe de la Primera Reunión sobre Cooperación Marítima Regional entre Países Sudamericanos, México y Panamá = Report of the First Meeting on Regional Maritime Co-operation among South American Countries, Mexico and Panama

Presenta las resoluciones adoptadas en la reunion que tuvo por objetivo promover la cooperacion regional, con la colaboracion de organismos internacionales, para enfrentar los problemas maritimos de la region. Incluye lista de participantes y de documentos presentados.

Empresas líderes en desarrollo, aplicación y difusión de tecnologías ambientalmente racionales en América Latina: el caso de ALUAR Aluminio Argentino SAIC

Incluye Bibliografía

Aldosterone Blockade Reduces Mortality without Changing Cardiac Remodeling in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Interactions between restorative dentistry and periodontics: preparation and cementation of an onlay in Empress (Part III)

The relentless pursuit by cosmetic dentistry brought the evolution of materials ceramics. The IPS-Empress system was upgrading of indirect restorations based on lithium disilicate. The ceramic restoration posterior allow a new esthetic approach due to its translucency and resistance without any weakening of the remaining dental element, being an option more conservative when compared to conventional prosthetic restorations.

Improvement of submerged culture conditions to produce colorants by Penicillium purpurogenum

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genomic alterations in patients showing multiple primary tumors and family history of cancer

Multiple primary tumors (MPT) are a major cause of mortality and morbidity among patients that have survived after the treatment of a first cancer. It has been proposed that after the first primary tumor, high risk of a subsequent tumor could be associated with radiotherapy used as treatment for the first cancer. Other potential risk factors include unhealthy lifestyle, genetic predisposition, aging, environmental determinants or an interaction between these factors. However, an association between the presence of MPT and family history of cancer in cases without clinical and molecular evidence of a known hereditary cancer syndrome is rarely described. Genomic DNA from 12 patients with at least two primary tumors and without mutations on TP53 was evaluated by CytoScan HD Array (Affymetrix). Chromosome Analysis Suite (ChAS) software v.2.0.1 was used considering at least 50 markers for gains; 25 for losses and a minimum of 5Mb for cnLOHs. Data from 1038 phenotypically healthy individuals (Affymetrix) and from Database of Genomic Variants were used as reference. Only alterations found in <1% (rare) or never described (new rare) in the reference population were considered. All cases, except one, presented a family history of cancer. Five cases developed MTP after radiotherapy and only one was located in the same treated area. It was detected 67 rare and 15 new rare genomic alterations encompassing 5.906 genes: 17 losses, 29 gains, and 36 cnLOH. X chromosome presented the higher number of alterations. Two patients with breast cancer presented a large deletion/cnLOH on 7q21. Enrichment analysis revealed 1275 genes associated with breast cancer (p= 0.001), which was diagnosed in 6 patients and their family members (all negative for BRCA1/2 or TP53 mutations). cnLOHs accounted for 44% of all the alterations. A significant proportion of cases (11/12) presented family history of cancer and the patients were not submitted to radiotherapy (7/12). We demonstrated the presence of rare genomic alterations in patients with MPT suggesting their involvement in the MPT development. cnLOH may arise as a new mechanism associated with the risk to develop MPT. All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

A Land-Use and Water-Quality History of White Rock Lake Reservoir, Dallas, Texas, Based on Paleolimnological Analyses

White Rock Lake reservoir in Dallas, Texas contains a 150-cm sediment record of silty clay that documents land-use changes since its construction in 1912. Pollen analysis corroborates historical evidence that between 1912 and 1950 the watershed was primarily agricultural. Land disturbance by plowing coupled with strong and variable spring precipitation caused large amounts of sediment to enter the lake during this period. Diatoms were not preserved at this time probably because of low productivity compared to diatom dissolution by warm, alkaline water prior to burial in the sediments. After 1956, the watershed became progressively urbanized. Erosion decreased, land stabilized, and pollen of riparian trees increased as the lake water became somewhat less turbid. By 1986 the sediment record indicates that diatom productivity had increased beyond rates of diatom destruction. Neither increased nutrients nor reduced pesticides can account for increased diatom productivity, but grain size studies imply that before 1986 diatoms were light limited by high levels of turbidity. This study documents how reservoirs may relate to land-use practices and how watershed management could extend reservoir life and improve water quality.

Increased IgE serum levels are unrelated to allergic and parasitic diseases in patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the IgE serum levels in juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients and to evaluate possible associations with clinical and laboratory features, disease activity and tissue damage. METHODS: The IgE serum concentrations in 69 consecutive juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients were determined by nephelometry. IgG, IgM and IgA concentrations were measured by immunoturbidimetry. All patients were negative for intestinal parasites. Statistical analysis methods included the Mann-Whitney, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, as well as the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Increased IgE concentrations above 100 IU/mL were observed in 31/69 (45%) juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients. The mean IgE concentration was 442.0 +/- 163.4 IU/ml (range 3.5- 9936.0 IU/ml). Fifteen of the 69 patients had atopic disease, nine patients had severe sepsis and 56 patients presented with nephritis. The mean IgE level in 54 juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients without atopic manifestations was 271.6 +/- 699.5 IU/ml, and only nine of the 31 (29%) patients with high IgE levels had atopic disease. The IgE levels did not statistically differ with respect to the presence of atopic disease, severe sepsis, nephritis, disease activity, or tissue damage. Interestingly, IgE concentrations were inversely correlated with C4 levels ( r = -0.25, p = 0.03) and with the SLICC/ACR-DI score (r = -0.34, p = 0.005). The IgE concentration was also found to be directly correlated with IgA levels (r = 0.52, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrated for the first time that juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus patients have increased IgE serum levels. This increase in IgE levels was not related to allergic or parasitic diseases. Our results are in line with the hypothesis that high IgE levels can be considered a marker of immune dysregulation.

Efficacy of brief alcohol screening intervention for college students (BASICS): a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Many studies reported that brief interventions are effective in reducing excessive drinking. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a protocol of brief intervention for college students (BASICS), delivered face-to-face, to reduce risky alcohol consumption and negative consequences. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis was performed by searching for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases. A quality assessment of RCTs was made by using a validated scale. Combined mean effect sizes, using meta-analysis random-effects models, were calculated. Results: 18 studies were included in the review. The sample sizes ranged from 54 to 1275 (median = 212). All studies presented a good evaluation of methodological quality and four were found to have excellent quality. After approximately 12 months of follow-up, students receiving BASICS showed a significant reduction in alcohol consumption (difference between means = -1.50 drinks per week, 95% CI: -3.24 to -0.29) and alcohol-related problems (difference between means = -0.87, 95% CI: -1.58 to -0.20) compared to controls. Conclusions: Overall, BASICS lowered both alcohol consumption and negative consequences in college students. Gender and peer factors seem to play an important role as moderators of behavior change in college drinking. Characteristics of BASICS procedure have been evaluated as more favorable and acceptable by students in comparison with others interventions or control conditions. Considerations for future researches were discussed.

Genetic and environmental influences on blood pressure and physical activity: a study of nuclear families from Muzambinho, Brazil

Blood pressure (BP) and physical activity (PA) levels are inversely associated. Since genetic factors account for the observed variation in each of these traits, it is possible that part of their association may be related to common genetic and/or environmental influences. Thus, this study was designed to estimate the genetic and environmental correlations of BP and PA phenotypes in nuclear families from Muzambinho, Brazil. Families including 236 offspring (6 to 24 years) and their 82 fathers and 122 mothers (24 to 65 years) were evaluated. BP was measured, and total PA (TPA) was assessed by an interview (commuting, occupational, leisure time, and school time PA). Quantitative genetic modeling was used to estimate maximal heritability (h²), and genetic and environmental correlations. Heritability was significant for all phenotypes (systolic BP: h² = 0.37 ± 0.10, P < 0.05; diastolic BP: h² = 0.39 ± 0.09, P < 0.05; TPA: h² = 0.24 ± 0.09, P < 0.05). Significant genetic (r g) and environmental (r e) correlations were detected between systolic and diastolic BP (r g = 0.67 ± 0.12 and r e = 0.48 ± 0.08, P < 0.05). Genetic correlations between BP and TPA were not significant, while a tendency to an environmental cross-trait correlation was found between diastolic BP and TPA (r e = -0.18 ± 0.09, P = 0.057). In conclusion, BP and PA are under genetic influences. Systolic and diastolic BP share common genes and environmental influences. Diastolic BP and TPA are probably under similar environmental influences.

Effetto di erbicidi su crescita ed efficienza fotosintetica della diatomea Skeletonema marinoi

In questa tesi è stato studiato l’effetto dell’esposizione della diatomea Skeletonema marinoi, una specie molto comune nel Nord Adriatico e importante per il suo annuale contributo alla produzione primaria, agli erbicidi maggiormente utilizzati nella pianura Padana e riscontrati in acque dolci e salmastre di zone limitrofe al mare Adriatico. Gli erbicidi scelti consistono in terbutilazina e metolachlor, i più frequentemente riscontrati sia nelle acque superficiali che in quelle sotterranee dell’area Padana, noti per avere un effetto di inibizione su vie metaboliche dei vegetali; inoltre è stato valutato anche l’effetto di un prodotto di degradazione della terbutilazina, la desetilterbutilazina, presente anch’esso in concentrazioni pari al prodotto di origine e su cui non si avevano informazioni circa la tossicità sul fitoplancton. L’esposizione delle microalghe a questi erbicidi può avere effetti che si ripercuotono su tutto l’ecosistema: le specie fitoplanctoniche, in particolare le diatomee, sono i produttori primari più importanti dell’ecosistema: questi organismi rivestono un ruolo fondamentale nella fissazione del carbonio, rappresentando il primo anello della catena alimentari degli ambienti acquatici e contribuendo al rifornimento di ossigeno nell’atmosfera. L’effetto di diverse concentrazioni di ciascun composto è stato valutato seguendo l’andamento della crescita e dell’efficienza fotosintetica di S. marinoi. Per meglio determinare la sensibilità di questa specie agli erbicidi, l’effetto della terbutilazina è stato valutato anche al variare della temperatura (15, 20 e 25°C). Infine, dal momento che gli organismi acquatici sono solitamente esposti a una miscela di composti, è stato valutato l’effetto sinergico di due erbicidi, entrambi somministrati a bassa concentrazione. Le colture di laboratorio esposte a concentrazioni crescenti di diversi erbicidi e, in un caso, anche a diverse temperature, indicano che l’erbicida al quale la microalga mostra maggiore sensibilità è la Terbutilazina. Infatti a parità di concentrazioni, la sensibilità della microalga alla Terbutilazina è risultata molto più alta rispetto al suo prodotto di degradazione, la Desetilterbutilazina e all’erbicida Metolachlor. Attraverso l’analisi di densità algale, di efficienza fotosintetica, di biovolume e di contenuto intracellulare di Carbonio e Clorofilla, è stato dimostrato l’effetto tossico dell’erbicida Terbutilazina che, agendo come inibitore del trasporto degli elettroni a livello del PS-II, manifesta la sua tossicità nell’inibizione della fotosintesi e di conseguenza sulla crescita e sulle proprietà biometriche delle microalghe. E’ stato visto come la temperatura sia un parametro ambientale fondamentale sulla crescita algale e anche sugli effetti tossici di Terbutilazina; la temperatura ideale per la crescita di S. marinoi è risultata essere 20°C. Crescendo a 15°C la microalga presenta un rallentamento nella crescita, una minore efficienza fotosintetica, variazione nei valori biometrici, mostrando al microscopio forme irregolari e di dimensioni inferiori rispetto alle microalghe cresciute alle temperature maggiori, ed infine incapacità di formare le tipiche congregazioni a catena. A 25° invece si sono rivelate difficoltà nell’acclimatazione: sembra che la microalga si debba abituare a questa alta temperatura ritardando così la divisione cellulare di qualche giorno rispetto agli esperimenti condotti a 15° e a 20°C. Gli effetti della terbutilazina sono stati maggiori per le alghe cresciute a 25°C che hanno mostrato un calo più evidente di efficienza fotosintetica effettiva e una diminuzione di carbonio e clorofilla all’aumentare delle concentrazioni di erbicida. Sono presenti in letteratura studi che attestano gli effetti tossici paragonabili dell’atrazina e del suo principale prodotto di degradazione, la deetilatrazina; nei nostri studi invece non sono stati evidenziati effetti tossici significativi del principale prodotto di degradazione della terbutilazina, la desetilterbutilazina. Si può ipotizzare quindi che la desetilterbutilazina perda la propria capacità di legarsi al sito di legame per il pastochinone (PQ) sulla proteina D1 all’interno del complesso del PSII, permettendo quindi il normale trasporto degli elettroni del PSII e la conseguente sintesi di NADPH e ATP e il ciclo di riduzione del carbonio. Il Metolachlor non evidenzia una tossicità severa come Terbutilazina nei confronti di S. marinoi, probabilmente a causa del suo diverso meccanismo d’azione. Infatti, a differenza degli enzimi triazinici, metolachlor agisce attraverso l’inibizione delle elongasi e del geranilgeranil pirofosfato ciclasi (GGPP). In letteratura sono riportati casi studio degli effetti inibitori di Metolachlor sulla sintesi degli acidi grassi e di conseguenza della divisione cellulare su specie fitoplanctoniche d’acqua dolce. Negli esperimenti da noi condotti sono stati evidenziati lievi effetti inibitori su S. marinoi che non sembrano aumentare all’aumentare della concentrazione dell’erbicida. E’ interessante notare come attraverso la valutazione della sola crescita non sia stato messo in evidenza alcun effetto mentre, tramite l’analisi dell’efficienza fotosintetica, si possa osservare che il metolachlor determina una inibizione della fotosintesi.

Characterization and modeling of the barrier properties in nanostructured systems

The object of the present study is the process of gas transport in nano-sized materials, i.e. systems having structural elements of the order of nanometers. The aim of this work is to advance the understanding of the gas transport mechanism in such materials, for which traditional models are not often suitable, by providing a correct interpretation of the relationship between diffusive phenomena and structural features. This result would allow the development new materials with permeation properties tailored on the specific application, especially in packaging systems. The methods used to achieve this goal were a detailed experimental characterization and different simulation methods. The experimental campaign regarded the determination of oxygen permeability and diffusivity in different sets of organic-inorganic hybrid coatings prepared via sol-gel technique. The polymeric samples coated with these hybrid layers experienced a remarkable enhancement of the barrier properties, which was explained by the strong interconnection at the nano-scale between the organic moiety and silica domains. An analogous characterization was performed on microfibrillated cellulose films, which presented remarkable barrier effect toward oxygen when it is dry, while in the presence of water the performance significantly drops. The very low value of water diffusivity at low activities is also an interesting characteristic which deals with its structural properties. Two different approaches of simulation were then considered: the diffusion of oxygen through polymer-layered silicates was modeled on a continuum scale with a CFD software, while the properties of n-alkanthiolate self assembled monolayers on gold were analyzed from a molecular point of view by means of a molecular dynamics algorithm. Modeling transport properties in layered nanocomposites, resulting from the ordered dispersion of impermeable flakes in a 2-D matrix, allowed the calculation of the enhancement of barrier effect in relation with platelets structural parameters leading to derive a new expression. On this basis, randomly distributed systems were simulated and the results were analyzed to evaluate the different contributions to the overall effect. The study of more realistic three-dimensional geometries revealed a prefect correspondence with the 2-D approximation. A completely different approach was applied to simulate the effect of temperature on the oxygen transport through self assembled monolayers; the structural information obtained from equilibrium MD simulations showed that raising the temperature, makes the monolayer less ordered and consequently less crystalline. This disorder produces a decrease in the barrier free energy and it lowers the overall resistance to oxygen diffusion, making the monolayer more permeable to small molecules.