Evaluation of multiple reaction monitoring cubed for the analysis of tachykinin related peptides in rat spinal cord using a hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometer

Targeted peptide methods generally use HPLC-MS/MRM approaches. Although dependent on the instrumental resolution, interferences may occur while performing analysis of complex biological matrices. HPLC-MS/MRM3 is a technique, which provides a significantly better selectivity, compared with HPLC-MS/MRM assay. HPLC-MS/MRM3 allows the detection and quantitation by enriching standard MRM with secondary product ions that are generated within the linear ion trap. Substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) are tachykinin peptides playing a central role in pain transmission. The objective of this study was to verify whether HPLC-HPLCMS/ MRM3 could provide significant advantages over a more traditional HPLC-MS/MRM assay for the quantification of SP and NKA in rat spinal cord. The results suggest that reconstructed MRM3 chromatograms display significant improvements with the nearly complete elimination of interfering peaks but the sensitivity (i.e. signal-to-noise ratio) was severely reduced. The precision (%CV) observed was between 3.5% - 24.1% using HPLC-MS/MRM and in the range of 4.3% - 13.1% with HPLC-MS/MRM3, for SP and NKA. The observed accuracy was within 10% of the theoretical concentrations tested. HPLC-MS/MRM3 may improve the assay sensitivity to detect difference between samples by reducing significantly the potential of interferences and therefore reduce instrumental errors.

Characterization of a Canadian mink H3N2 influenza A virus isolate genetically related to triple reassortant swine influenza virus.

In 2007, an H3N2 influenza A virus was isolated from Canadian mink. This virus was found to be phylogenetically related to a triple reassortant influenza virus which emerged in Canadian swine in 2005, but it is antigenically distinct. The transmission of the virus from swine to mink seems to have occurred following the feeding of animals with a ration composed of uncooked meat by-products of swine obtained from slaughterhouse facilities. Serological analyses suggest that the mink influenza virus does not circulate in the swine population. Presently, the prevalence of influenza virus in Canadian farmed and wild mink populations is unknown. The natural occurrence of influenza virus infection in mink with the presence of clinical signs is a rare event that deserves to be reported.

Study of cyclohexanol decomposition reaction over the ferrospinels, A1−xCuxFe2O4 (A=Ni or Co and x=0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1), prepared by ‘soft’ chemical methods

Preparation of simple and mixed ferrospinels of nickel, cobalt and copper and their sulphated analogues by the room temperature coprecipitation method yielded fine particles with high surface areas. Study of the vapour phase decomposition of cyclohexanol at 300 °C over all the ferrospinel systems showed very good conversions yielding cyclohexene by dehydration and/or cyclohexanone by dehydrogenation, as the major products. Sulphation very much enhanced the dehydration activity over all the samples. A good correlation was obtained between the dehydration activities of the simple ferrites and their weak plus medium strength acidities (usually of the Brφnsted type) determined independently by the n-butylamine adsorption and ammonia-TPD methods. Mixed ferrites containing copper showed a general decrease in acidities and a drastic decrease in dehydration activities. There was no general correlation between the basicity parameters obtained by electron donor studies and the ratio of dehydrogenation to dehydration activities. There was a leap in the dehydrogenation activities in the case of all the ferrospinel samples containing copper. Along with the basic properties, the redox properties of copper ion have been invoked to account for this added activity.

Influence of surface and acid properties of vanadia supported on ceria promoted with rice husk silica on cyclohexanol decomposition

Cyclohexanol decomposition activity of supported vanadia catalysts is ascribed to the high surface area, total acidity and interaction between supported vanadia and the amorphous support. Among the supported catalysts, the effect of vanadia over various wt% V2O5 (2–10) loading indicates that the catalyst comprising of 6 wt% V2O5 exhibits higher acidity and decomposition activity. Structural characterization of the catalysts has been done by techniques like energy dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction and BET surface area. Acidity of the catalysts has been measured by temperature programmed desorption using ammonia as a probe molecule and the results have been correlated with the activity of catalysts.

Studies on the Surface Properties and Catalytic Activity of Metal Chromites on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology

Comment on "Kinetics of spinodal decomposition in the ising model with vacancy diffusion"

In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. B 50, 3477 (1994)], P. Fratzl and O. Penrose present the results of the Monte Carlo simulation of the spinodal decomposition problem (phase separation) using the vacancy dynamics mechanism. They observe that the t1/3 growth regime is reached faster than when using the standard Kawasaki dynamics. In this Comment we provide a simple explanation for the phenomenon based on the role of interface diffusion, which they claim is irrelevant for the observed behavior.

Feature Extraction Methods Based on Linear Predictive Coding and Wavelet Packet Decomposition for Recognizing Spoken Words in Malayalam

Speech signals are one of the most important means of communication among the human beings. In this paper, a comparative study of two feature extraction techniques are carried out for recognizing speaker independent spoken isolated words. First one is a hybrid approach with Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the second method uses a combination of Wavelet Packet Decomposition (WPD) and Artificial Neural Networks. Voice signals are sampled directly from the microphone and then they are processed using these two techniques for extracting the features. Words from Malayalam, one of the four major Dravidian languages of southern India are chosen for recognition. Training, testing and pattern recognition are performed using Artificial Neural Networks. Back propagation method is used to train the ANN. The proposed method is implemented for 50 speakers uttering 20 isolated words each. Both the methods produce good recognition accuracy. But Wavelet Packet Decomposition is found to be more suitable for recognizing speech because of its multi-resolution characteristics and efficient time frequency localizations

A Triple-mode Sigma-delta Modulator Design for Wireless Standards

This work presents a triple-mode sigma-delta modulator for three wireless standards namely GSM/WCDMA and Bluetooth. A reconfigurable ADC has been used to meet the wide bandwidth and high dynamic range requirements of the multi-standard receivers with less power consumption. A highly linear sigma-delta ADC which has reduced sensitivity to circuit imperfections has been chosen in our design. This is particularly suitable for wide band applications where the oversampling ratio is low. Simulation results indicate that the modulator achieves a peak SNDR of 84/68/68 dB over a bandwidth of 0.2/3.84/1.5 MHz with an oversampling ratio 128/8/8 in GSM/WCDMA/Bluetooth modes respectively

A Triple-Mode Feed-Forward Sigma-Delta Modulator Design For Gsm / Wcdma / Wlan Applications

This paper presents a cascaded 2-2-2 reconfigurable sigma-delta modulator that can handle GSM, WCDMA and WLAN standards. The modulator makes use of a low-distortion swing suppression topology which is highly suitable for wide band applications. In GSM mode, only the first stage (2nd order Σ-Δ ADC) is turned on to achieve 88dB dynamic range with oversampling ratio of 160 for a bandwidth of 200KHz; in WCDMA mode a 2-2 cascaded structure (4th order) is turned on with 1-bit in the first stage and 2-bit in the second stage to achieve 74 dB dynamic range with oversampling ratio of 16 for a bandwidth of 2MHz and a 2-2-2 cascaded MASH architecture with a 4-bit in the last stage to achieve a dynamic range of 58dB for a bandwidth of 20MHz. The novelty lies in the fact that unused blocks of second and third stages can be switched off taking into considerations like power consumption. The modulator is designed in TSMC 0.18um CMOS technology and operates at 1.8 supply voltage.

Microbial use of organic substrates and maize growth, especially in saline and alkaline soils of Pakistani Punjab

This thesis consists of 4 main parts: (1) impact of growing maize on the decomposition of incorporated fresh alfalfa residues, (2) relationships between soil biological and other soil properties in saline and alkaline arable soils from the Pakistani Punjab, (3) decomposition of compost and plant residues in Pakistani soils along a gradient in salinity, and (4) interactions of compost and triple superphosphate on the growth of maize in a saline Pakistani soil. These 4 chapters are framed by a General Introduction and a Conclusions section. (1) In the first study, the effects of growing maize plants on the microbial decomposition of freshly chopped alfalfa residues was investigated in a 90-day pot experiment using a sandy arable soil. Assuming that the addition of alfalfa residues did not affect the decomposition of native soil organic matter, only 27% of the alfalfa residues were found as CO2. This suggests that a considerable part of alfalfa-C remained undecomposed in the soil. However, only 6% of the alfalfa residues could be recovered as plant remains in treatment with solely alfalfa residues. Based on d13C values, it was calculated that plant remains in treatment maize + alfalfa residues contained 14.7% alfalfa residues and 85.3% maize root remains. This means 60% more alfalfa-C was recovered in this treatment. (2) In the second study, the interactions between soil physical, soil chemical and soil biological properties were analysed in 30 Pakistani soils from alkaline and saline arable sites differing strongly in salinisation and in soil pH. The soil biological properties were differentiated into indices for microbial activity, microbial biomass, and community structure with the aim of assessing their potential as soil fertility indices. (3) In the third study, 3 organic amendments (compost, maize straw and pea straw) were added to 5 Pakistani soils from a gradient in salinity. Although salinity has depressive effects on microbial biomass C, biomass N, biomass P, and ergosterol, the clear gradient according to the soil salt concentration was not reflected by the soil microbial properties. The addition of the 3 organic amendments always increased the contents of the microbial indices analysed. The amendment-induced increase was especially strong for microbial biomass P and reflected the total P content of the added substrates. (4) The fourth study was greenhouse pot experiment with different combinations of compost and triple superphosphate amendments to investigate the interactions between plant growth, microbial biomass formation and compost decomposition in a strongly saline Pakistani arable soil in comparison to a non-saline German arable soil. The Pakistani soil had a 2 times lower content of ergosterol, a 4 times lower contents of microbial biomass C, biomass N and biomass P, but nearly a 20 times lower content of NaHCO3 extractable P. The addition of 1% compost always had positive effects on the microbial properties and also on the content of NaHCO3 extractable P. The addition of superphosphate induced a strong and similar absolute increase in microbial biomass P in both soils.

Decomposition of and nutrient release from ruminant manure on acid sandy soils in the Sahelian zone of Niger, West Africa

In ago-pastoral systems of the semi-arid West African Sahel, targeted applications of ruminant manure to the cropland is a widespread practice to maintain soil productivity. However, studies exploring the decomposition and mineralisation processes of manure under farmers' conditions are scarce. The present research in south-west Niger was undertaken to examine the role of micro-organisms and meso-fauna on in situ release rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from cattle and sheep-goat manure collected from village corrals during the rainy season. The results show tha (1) macro-organisms played a dominant role in the initial phase of manure decomposition; (2) manure decomposition was faster on crusted than on sandy soils; (3) throughout the study N and P release rates closely followed the dry matter decomposition; (4) during the first 6 weeks after application the K concentration in the manure declined much faster than N or P. At the applied dry matter rate of 18.8 Mg ha^-1, the quantities of N, P and K released from the manure during the rainy season were up to 10-fold larger than the annual nutrient uptake of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), the dominant crop in the traditional agro-pastoral systems. The results indicate considerable nutrient losses with the scarce but heavy rainfalls which could be alleviated by smaller rates of manure application. Those, however, would require a more labour intensive system of corralling or manure distribution.

Begleitpersonen in der stationären Kinderrehabilitation: Bedarf für psychologische Interventionen und Evaluation eines Betreuungsmodells (am Beispiel "Triple-P-Programm")

Begleitpersonen in der stationären Kinderrehabilitation: Bedarf für psychologische Interventionen und Evaluation eines Betreuungsmodells (am Beispiel „Triple-P-Programm”) Chronisch erkrankte Kinder im Vorschulalter, die eine stationäre Reha-Maßnahme absolvieren, werden üblicherweise von einer Bezugsperson (Elternteil oder nahe Verwandte) begleitet. Da diese sog. Begleitpersonen normalerweise nicht krank sind, sind psychologische Interventionen nicht vorgesehen. Dennoch hebt der VDR in seinem Rahmenkonzept hervor, dass Eltern sowohl über die Behandlung der Erkrankung ihres Kindes als auch über konsequente Erziehung informiert werden sollten. Diese Studie untersucht, ob psychologische Interventionen für Begleitpersonen sinnvoll und effektiv sind. Sie wurde in der Fachklinik Satteldüne der DRV Nord durchgeführt. Die Kinder, die in dieser Einrichtung behandelt werden, leiden an chronischen Erkrankungen wie Asthma, atopischer Dermatitis, Allergien und Infektanfälligkeit. 134 Begleitpersonen (127 Mütter und 7 Väter) nahmen an einer quasiexperimentellen Feldstudie teil. Zu Beginn der Reha-Maßnahme (t1) füllten sie Fragebögen zu ihrer psychischen Belastung und ihrem Erziehungsverhalten sowie zu Problemverhalten ihrer Kinder aus. Vier Wochen später zum Ende der Reha-Maßnahme (t2) beurteilten die Begleitpersonen und das Reha-Team den Reha-Erfolg der Kinder. Zu t1 zeigte diese Stichprobe ein überdurchschnittliches Ausmaß an psychischer Belastung, welches bei einem Drittel der Befragten ein klinisch relevantes Ausmaß erreichte. Die psychische Belastung zu t1 korrelierte negativ mit dem Reha-Erfolg der Kinder zum Ende der Behandlung (in der Einschätzung durch Begleitpersonen und Stationsärzte). Dysfunktionales Erziehungsverhalten zeigten 20 % der Begleitpersonen. Dieses korrelierte negativ mit dem Reha-Erfolg der Kinder (in der Einschätzung durch das Pflegepersonal). Es wurden positive Korrelationen zwischen dysfunktionalem Erziehungsverhalten sowie psychischer Belastung der Begleitpersonen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder gefunden. Das Ausmaß der Verhaltensauffälligkeiten lag bei Kleinkindern (bis drei Jahre, n=29) im durchschnittlichen – und bei Vorschulkindern (4-7 Jahre, n=94) im überdurchschnittlichen Bereich. Es zeigte sich ein starkes Interesse der Befragten, während der Reha-Maßnahme an psychologischen Interventionen teilzunehmen. Für das Entspannungstraining interessierte sich jede zweite Begleitperson und ein Drittel der Befragten hatte Interesse die Erziehungsberatung wahrzunehmen. Dennoch nahm nur ein geringer Anteil der anfänglich Interessierten tatsächlich an diesen Interventionen teil (Entspannungstraining: 23 %, Erziehungsberatung: 16 %, psychologische Einzelgespräche: 11,4 %). Es fanden sich signifikante positive Korrelationen zwischen der Zufriedenheit der Begleitpersonen mit der Reha-Maßnahme und a) dem Ausmaß der Erfüllung der Erwartungen der Begleitperson an die Reha-Maßnahme und b) dem Reha-Erfolg des Kindes (eingeschätzt durch die Begleitperson). Zudem zeigten Begleitpersonen, deren psychische Belastung während der Reha-Maßnahme anstieg, eine geringere Zufriedenheit mit der Reha-Maßnahme als diejenigen, deren psychische Belastung sich verringerte. Darüber hinaus wurden die Effekte von verschiedenen psychologischen Betreuungsmodellen für Begleitpersonen untersucht. In einer quasiexperimentellen Studie wurden 64 Begleitpersonen (63 Mütter, 1 Vater) auf zwei Gruppen aufgeteilt. Beide Gruppen konnten auf freiwilliger Basis am Psychologischen Standardprogramm für Begleitpersonen teilnehmen (Erziehungsberatung, psychologische Einzelgespräche, Entspannungstraining). Die 32 Begleitpersonen der EG nahmen zusätzlich an einer Triple-P-Gruppenintervention teil. Zu Beginn (t1) und zum Ende der vierwöchigen Behandlung (t2) sowie sechs Monate nach der Reha-Maßnahme (t3) wurden die Merkmale psychische Belastung und Erziehungsverhalten der Begleitpersonen sowie Problemverhalten der Kinder erhoben. An der Intervention Triple-P nahmen 64 % der Begleitpersonen teil; am Psychologischen Standardprogramm nur 22,7 %. Die Ergebnisse zu t2 zeigen positive Effekte der Behandlung: beide Gruppen verbesserten ihr Erziehungsverhalten, die psychische Belastung der Begleitpersonen und Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder verringerten sich. Die Verbesserung des Erziehungsverhaltens fiel zu t2 bei der EG signifikant stärker aus als bei der KG. Die Effekte auf das Erziehungsverhalten der Eltern und auf Verhaltensauffälligkeiten der Kinder hielten ein halbes Jahr an, da sie zu t3 erneut vorgefunden wurden. Ein nachhaltiger Effekt auf die psychische Belastung der Begleitpersonen lag nicht vor. Zu t3 wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen EG und KG gefunden. Zusammenfassend betrachtet zeigt diese Studie, dass der Bedarf für psychologische Interventionen für Begleitpersonen in der stationären Kinderrehabilitation gerechtfertigt ist und eine Reduktion von psychischer Belastung und dysfunktionalem Erziehungsverhalten der Begleitperson den Reha-Erfolg des Kindes erhöhen kann. In Zukunft sind weitere Anstrengungen nötig, um die psychische Belastung von Begleitpersonen zu verringern, z.B. über eine stärkere Verpflichtung zur Teilnahme an den psychologischen Interventionen, eine bessere Verzahnung von ambulanten und stationären Interventionen und die kontinuierliche Evaluation von neuen psychologischen Interventionen.

Modeling of hybrid systems by piecewise decomposition

Piecewise linear models systems arise as mathematical models of systems in many practical applications, often from linearization for nonlinear systems. There are two main approaches of dealing with these systems according to their continuous or discrete-time aspects. We propose an approach which is based on the state transformation, more particularly the partition of the phase portrait in different regions where each subregion is modeled as a two-dimensional linear time invariant system. Then the Takagi-Sugeno model, which is a combination of local model is calculated. The simulation results show that the Alpha partition is well-suited for dealing with such a system

Triple Integral

Exam questions and solutions in LaTex