Experimental Study on Surface Deformation and Surface Wave of Fluid Convection with Free Surface

An optical diagnostic system consisting of Michelson interferometer with image processor has been developed for study of the kinetics of thermal capillary convection and buoyancy convection. This optical interferometer has been used to observe and measure surface deformation and surface wave of capillary convection and buoyancy convection in a rectangular cavity with different temperature’s sidewalls. Fourier transformation is used to image processing. The quantitative results of surface deformation and surface wave have been calculated from the interference fringe pattern. With the increasing of temperature gradient, the liquid surface slant gradually. It’s deformation has been calculated, which is related directly with temperature gradient. This is one of the characters introducing convection. Another interesting phenomenon is the inclining direction, which is different when the liquid layer is thin or thick. When the liquid layer is thin, convection is mainly controlled by thermocapillary effect. However, When the liquid layer is thick, convection is mainly controlled by buoyancy effect. Surface deformation in the present experiment are more and more declining in this process. The present experiment proved that surface deformation appears before the appearance of surface wave on fluid convection, it is related with temperature gradient, and the height of liquid layer, and lies on capillary convection and buoyancy convection. The present experiment also demonstrates that the amplitude of surface wave of thermocapillary-buoyancy convection is much smaller than surface deformation, the wave is covered by deformation.

Remark on Laser Bending Mechanisms

Laser bending mechanism is remarked, and its essence is the temperature gradient mechanism. The reverse bending and the thickened mechanisms are included in the temperature gradient mechanism because they are only different phenomena based on different thickness of the material. Experimental result shows that there is a kind of un-convention temperature distribution in the limit thickness specimen under laser irradiation. This phenomenon cannot be explained by the classical Fourier Law and is defined as Pan-Fourier effect in order to explain laser bending mechanism further.

Growth of Silicon Carbide Bulk Crystals by Physical Vapor Transport Method and Modeling Efforts in the Process Optimization

Silicon carbide bulk crystals were grown in an induction-heating furnace using the physical vapor transport method. Crystal growth modeling was performed to obtain the required inert gas pressure and temperatures for sufficiently large growth rates. The SiC crystals were expanded by designing a growth chamber having a positive temperature gradient along the growth interface. The obtained 6H-SiC crystals were cut into wafers and characterized by Raman scattering spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, and the results showed that most parts of the crystals had good crystallographic structures.

Synthesis Of Plastic Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Matrix Composites By The Copper-Mould Suction Casting And The Bridgman Solidification

Zr-based bulk metallic glass matrix composites with the composition of Zr56.2Ti13.8Nb5.0Cu6.9Ni5.6Be12.(5) were synthesized by the copper-mould suction casting and the Bridgman solidification. The composite, containing a well-developed flowery beta-Zr dendritic phase, was obtained by the Bridgman solidification with the withdrawal velocity of 0.8 mm/s and the temperature gradient of 45 K/mm, and the ultimate strength of 2050 MPa and fracture plastic strain of 14.6% of the composite were achieved, which was mainly interpreted by the homogeneous dispersion of bcc beta-Zr phase in the glass matrix. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of interfacial heat transfer on the onset of oscillatory convection in liquid bridge

In present study, effect of interfacial heat transfer with ambient gas on the onset of oscillatory convection in a liquid bridge of large Prandtl number on the ground is systematically investigated by the method of linear stability analyses. With both the constant and linear ambient air temperature distributions, the numerical results show that the interfacial heat transfer modifies the free-surface temperature distribution directly and then induces a steeper temperature gradient on the middle part of the free surface, which may destabilize the convection. On the other hand, the interfacial heat transfer restrains the temperature disturbances on the free surface, which may stabilize the convection. The two coupling effects result in a complex dependence of the stability property on the Biot number. Effects of melt free-surface deformation on the critical conditions of the oscillatory convection were also investigated. Moreover, to better understand the mechanism of the instabilities, rates of kinetic energy change and "thermal" energy change of the critical disturbances were investigated (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of gamma-irradiation on Al2O3 crystals grown under reducing atmosphere

Gamma-ray irradiation-induced color centers in Al2O3 crystals grown by temperature gradient techniques (TGT) under a strongly reducing atmosphere were studied. The transition F+ -> F takes place during the irradiation process. Glow discharge mass spectroscopy (GDMS) and annealing treatments show that Fe3+ impurity ions are present in the crystals. A composite (F+-Fe3+) defect was presented to explain the origin of the 255 nm band absorption in the TGT-Al2O3 crystals. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Análise de tensões residuais pela técnica de difração de raios X em processos de soldagem MIG

Nesse trabalho foram realizados experimentos para determinar as tensões residuais introduzidas no Aço A36, que é uma liga de baixo carbono e que é muito utilizado em vários setores da produção industrial, quando esta é submetida à soldagem do tipo MIG (Metal Gas Inert). A escolha desse tipo de soldagem foi para manter constantes os parâmetros que pudessem influenciar nos resultados. Nessa análise foi verificada a distribuição das tensões residuais na zona termicamente afetada, a distribuição da tensão em relação a profundidade. Para isso usamos uma remoção eletrolítica e um corte transversal pelo processo de eletroerosão. Nesse trabalho foi usado o método do sen2, devido a sua facilidade para a análise dos dados do Programa PSD. O resultado das mediadas realizadas na região do cordão de solda, zona termicamente afetada (ZTA) e metal base próxima da ZTA, mostrou uma variação da distribuição da tensão em relação à profundidade do material e na distância do ponto de soldagem. No ponto de soldagem um aumento da tensão em relação à profundidade do material. Os fatores que influenciaram na introdução dessas tensões no processo de soldagem, foram causados pelo gradiente de temperatura, pelo resfriamento heterogêneo do material e também pelo resfriamento rápido da superfície

大型干涉仪镜子的支承设计与温度变形分析

在星间激光通信中，涉及对大口径衍射极限激光波面的检测，为保证测量精度，必须严格控制波面十涉仪镜子的自重和温度变形。采用有限元方法对大型干涉仪镜子在不同支承方式下的表面变形进行了分析，结果表明，接触角为180°的钢带支承是较好的支承方式，反射镜表面变形峰-谷(P-V)值仅为1．35nm，均方根(RMS)值为0．363nm根据这一结论，设计了一个同定支承点与浮动支承相结合的超静定钢带支承结构。在该结构下，分析了镜子轴向、径向、周向的温度梯度效应，分析数据表明，镜子的热弹性变形远大于自重变形，建议采取一定的温控

稳态下锡电极的轴向温度分布

根据STANNEX氧化锡电极（以下简称锡电极）的热导率曲线，以平壁导热为模型，建立了锡电极中心轴向温度分布的简化模型。根据锡电极使用的实际情况建立实验炉，测试了锡电极在稳态下的边界温度以及锡电极中心在稳态下的实际温度分布。根据实验所测得的边界条件对锡电极的温度分布作了深入细致的推导。用有限差分法求出了锡电极的轴向温度分布，计算结果跟实际测试温度能较好地吻合。对电极导电的牵引材料的选择有很好的指导意义，同时也为玻璃电熔的散热与功率配置以及电极使用过程中的冷却提供了较好的参考。根据实际温度情况采取相应的冷却措

Gamma-irradiation effects on Ce-doped YAG crystals grown by Cz and TGT method

Gamma-rays radiation effects on Ce:YAG crystals grown by Czochralski (Cz) and temperature gradient techniques (TGT) have been studied by means of optical absorption and luminescence spectra. Valence of Ce3+ ion changes during the gamma-ray irradiation process and this result indicates Ce4+ ion may exist in both Cz-Ce:YAG and TGT-Ce:YAG crystals. Thermally stimulated luminescence measurements reveal intense thermoluminescence peaks in gamma-irradiated Ce:YAG crystals and trap parameters were calculated by general-order kinetics expression. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

晶格匹配氮化镓和氧化锌基外延薄膜衬底材料ScAlMgO4晶体生长研究

采用提拉法成功生长了氮化镓和氧化锌基外延薄膜晶格匹配的ScAlMgO4单晶衬底材料,晶体呈透明白色,尺寸为Ф30mm×59mm,表面部分沿解理面有裂纹.粉末X射线衍射（XRD）分析表明经1400℃固相反应烧结的原料基本合成了ScAlMgO4多晶相.初步的偏光显微镜观察、晶体的粉末XRD表征、透过光谱和双晶摇摆测试表明晶体具有较好的光学性质和结晶质量.研究表明晶体本身的层状结构、较大的温度梯度和热应力的不均匀性是生长过程中引起晶体开裂的几个主要原因.

ScAlMgO_4晶体的生长缺陷

采用提拉法生长出φ30 mm×55 mm的ScAlMgO4晶体。在晶体生长过程中有轻微的挥发,粉末X射线衍射分析表明:挥发物质为MgO单相。运用扫描电镜、光学显微镜以及高分辨X射线衍射仪对晶体中的包裹物、开裂、生长条纹和小角晶界缺陷进行了研究。结果表明:温度梯度和热应力是形成晶体中缺陷的主要原因。通过合理设计温场,控制固-液界面的形状及冷却过程的降温速率,可以提高晶体的完整性。

Study of Al2O3/MgF2 HR coatings at 355 nm

With the present work we tried to study the effective methods to improve the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) and reflectance of HR coatings at 355 nm. The work presented in this paper wits part of an ongoing study about vacuum annealing. It was dedicated to study the effects Of Vacuum annealing with different temperature gradients on the structure, optical properties and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of 355nm Al2O3/MgF2HR coatings. A number of samples were prepared by electron beam evaporation using the same deposition process with an optimal deposition temperature of 280 degrees C. After deposition, samples were annealed in the coating chamber for 3 h with different temperature gradients. Morphologies of the samples were observed by Leica-DMRXE. Microscope, Structure of the samples had been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Transmittance and reflectance of the samples were measured by Lambda 900 Spectrometer, The LIDT of the samples was measured by a 355 nm Nd:YAG laser with a pulse width of 8 ns. It was found that the temperature gradient of vacuum annealing had significant effects on the morphology, structure, absorption, and LIDT of the samples, (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermodynamic damage mechanism of transparent films caused by a low-power laser

A new model for analyzing the laser-induced damage process is provided. In many damage pits, the melted residue can been found. This is evidence of the phase change of materials. Therefore the phase change of materials is incorporated into the mechanical damage mechanism of films. Three sequential stages are discussed: no phase change, liquid phase change, and gas phase change. To study the damage mechanism and process, two kinds of stress have been considered: thermal stress and deformation stress. The former is caused by the temperature gradient and the latter is caused by high-pressure drive deformation. The theory described can determine the size of the damage pit. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

Aplicações do formalismo de Keldysh ao transporte e ao bombeamento de calor em nanoestruturas

Num regime balísstico e a baixas temperaturas, a fórmula de Landauer dá uma boa descrição do transporte de calor para nano-junções conectadas a dois fios acoplados a banhos térmicos a temperaturas diferentes. Partindo de um modelo microscópico e utilizando o método de funções de Green fora do equilíbrio, é possível obter uma expressão para a condutância térmica na nano-junção equivalente a fórmula de Landauer. Esta depende dos valores das constantes de acoplamento entre os modos de fônons da região central e dos fios, além do gradiente térmico. A expressão para a condutância térmica é muito semelhante aquela obtida para a condutância elétrica. Neste trabalho nós apresentamos o método para o cálculo de grandezas relacionadas ao transporte térmico em um regime onde não há um gradiente de temperatura entre os reservatórios mas o sistema sofre uma perturbação dependente do tempo. Ou seja, com uma escolha conveniente da parametrização temporal dos termos de acoplamento entre a nano-junção e os fios é possível produzir uma corrente de calor na ausência de diferença de temperaturas entre os banhos térmicos aos quais os fios estão conectados. Esse fenômeno caracteriza o bombeamento de calor. Desenvolvemos uma teoria de transporte dependente do tempo para descrever o bombeamento. A teoria é geral, dependendo da densidade de fônons, da intensidade e dependência temporal do acoplamento. Aplicamos o formalismo em um modelo simples demonstrando que, em princípio, é possível bombear calor através de uma cadeia linear de átomos sem gradiente térmico.