Resistência natural de nove madeiras do semiárido brasileiro a fungos xilófagos em simulares de campo

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram avaliar a resistência de nove madeiras de ocorrência no semiárido brasileiro a fungos xilófagos em simuladores de campo e relacionar a resistência natural com a densidade e teor de substâncias extraídas em água quente. As madeiras estudadas foram algaroba (Prosopis juliflora), angico-vermelho (Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil), aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva), braúna (Schinopsis brasiliensis), cássia (Senna siamea), craibeira (Tabebuia aurea), cumaru (Amburana cearensis), pau-d'arco (Tabebuia impetiginosa) e pereiro (Aspidosperma pyrifolium). De cada espécie foram retirados corpos-de-prova de 0,5 x 1,5 x 15,0 cm, com a maior dimensão na direção das fibras, em quatro posições na direção medula-casca do tronco. As amostras permaneceram por 180 dias sob ação da microflora natural existente em três tipos de solos: de floresta, de uso agrícola e com gramíneas. Em todas as madeiras ensaiadas, a resistência ao apodrecimento foi afetada pela posição na direção medula-casca. Apenas na aroeira a resistência da madeira esteve associada à sua densidade e à quantidade de extrativos solúveis em água quente. A resistência das madeiras de algaroba, angico, craibeira e pau-d'arco não esteve associada à densidade nem ao teor de extrativos. O alburno foi a posição mais atacada em todos os solos analisados. Entre os solos testados, o de uso agrícola apresentou menos atividade biológica, deteriorando menos as madeiras testadas.

Pregnancy and periodontium. A clinical, microbiological, and enzymological approach via a longitudinal study

The mechanisms leading to an enhanced susceptibility to gingivitis in pregnant women have not yet been completely described. Therefore, the current study series were performed to investigate longitudinally the influence of pregnancy on periodontal tissues, and to evaluate microbial and host response factors related to pregnancy gingivitis formation. Pregnancy-related periodontal changes were analysed in 30 generally healthy women (24- 35 years old) once per trimester, till the end of lactation. Matched non-pregnant women (n=24) served as the controls, and were examined three times, once per following month. Pregnancy-related gingival inflammation was observed as enhanced tendency towards gingival bleeding and pseudopocket formation with a concomitant decrease in plaque levels. Gingivitis reached its peak during mid-pregnancy and then decreased transiently visit by visit. After lactation, no differences in periodontal status were seen between the study and control populations. In contrast to previous studies reporting increased levels of Prevotella intermedia, a specific aim was to analyse phenotypically two identical species, P. intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens, separately using a 16S ribosomal DNA-based PCR. As a result, the increased levels of P. nigrescens were related to pregnancy gingivitis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in periodontal destruction. However, their role in pregnancy gingivitis is not well studied. Therefore, neutrophilic enzymes and proteinases, such as MMP and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were analysed from saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples during the follow-up. Despite increased inflammation and microbial shift towards anaerobes, the host response did not activate the MMP, elastase and MPO secretion during pregnancy. These results demonstrate that during pregnancy gingival inflammation is enhanced especially during the second trimester, when P. nigrescens levels in subgingival plaque were increased, whereas the neutrophilic enzymes and proteinase levels in both saliva and GCF remained low. These findings could explain, at least in part, why pregnancy gingivitis itself does not predispose or proceed to periodontitis.

"Cara inchada" of cattle, an infectious, apparently soil antibiotics-dependant periodontitis in Brazil

The objective of this review on the investigation of "cara inchada" in cattle (CI), pursued over the last 30 years, was to elucidate the pathogenicity of the disease and come to proper conclusions on its etiology. CI has been widely considered to be of nutritional origin, caused primarily by mineral deficiency or imbalance. However, the disease consists of a rapidly progressive periodontitis, affecting the periodontal tissues at the level of the premolars and molars during the period of tooth eruption generally starting in young calves. The disease led to great economic losses for farmers in central-western Brazil, after the occupation of new land for cattle raising in the 1960s and 1970s. The lateral enlargement of the maxillary bones of affected calves gave the disease the popular name of "cara inchada", i.e., swollen or enlarged face. The enlargement was found to be due to a chronic ossifying periostitis resulting from the purulent alveolitis of CI. Black-pigmented non-saccharolytic Bacteroides melaninogenicus, always together with Actinomyces (Corynebacterium) pyogenes, were isolated in large numbers from the periodontal lesions. B. melaninogenicus could be isolated in small numbers also from the marginal gingiva of a few healthy calves maintained on CI-free farms. "In vitro"-assays showed that streptomycin and actinomycin, as well as the supernatants of cultivates of actinomycetes from soils of CI-prone farms, applied in subinhibitory concentrations to the bacteria tested, enhanced significantly (up to 10 times) the adherence of the black-pigmented B.melaninogenicus to epithelial cells of the bovine gingiva. The antibiotics are apparently produced in large quantities by the increased number of soil actinomycetes, including the genus Streptomyces, that develop when soil microflora are modified by cultivating virgin forest or "Cerrado" (tree-savanna) for the first time for cattle grazing. The epidemiology of CI now provides strong evidence that the ingestion with the forage of such antibiotics could possibly be an important determinant factor for the onset and development of this infectious periodontitis. The antibiotic enhanced adherence of B.melaninogenicus to the sulcus-epithelium of the marginal gingiva, is thought to allow it to colonize, form a plaque and become pathogenic. There is experimental evidence that this determinant factor for the development of the periodontitis is present also in the milk of the mothers of CI-diseased calves. It has been shown that the bacteria isolated from the periodontal CI-lesions produce enzymes and endotoxins capable of destroying the periodontal tissues. The epidemiology of CI, with its decline in incidence and its disappearance after several years, could be explained by the fact that the former equilibrium of the microflora of the once undisturbed virgin soil has been reached again and that the number of antibiotic producing actinomycetes has been anew reduced. By this reasoning and all the data available, CI should be considered as a multifactorial infectious disease, caused primarily by the anaerobic black-pigmented non-saccharolytic Bacteroides melaninogenicus, always together with the micro-anaerobic Actinomyces pyogenes. Accordingly, the onset and development of the infectious periodontitis is apparently determined by ingestion with the forage of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics produced in recently cultivated virgin soils. This hypothesis is supported by the recent observation of renewed outbreaks of CI-periodontitis in former CI-prone areas, following fresh cultivation after many years. The infectious nature of CI is confirmed by trials in which virginiamycin was used efficiently for the oral treatment of CI-diseased cattle. Previously it has been shown, that spiramycin and virginiamycin, used as additives in mineral supplements, prevented CI-periodontitis.

Virulence properties of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm and characterisation of its putative cytokine exploitation

Biofilms are surface-attached multispecies microbial communities that are embedded by their self-produced extracellular polymeric substances. This lifestyle enhances the survival of the bacteria and plays a major role in many chronic bacterial infections. For instance, periodontitis is initiated by multispecies biofilms. The phases of active periodontal tissue destruction and notably increased levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as the key inflammatory mediator interleukin (IL)-1beta, are typical of the disease. The opportunistic periodontal pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is usually abundant at sites of aggressive periodontitis. Despite potent host immune system responses to subgingival invaders, A. actinomycetemcomitans is able to resist clearance attempts. Moreover, some strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans can generate genetic diversity through natural transformation, which may improve the species’ adjustment tothe subgingival environment in the long term. Some biofilm forming species are known to bind and sense human cytokines. As a response to cytokines, bacteria may increase biofilm formation and alter their expression of virulence genes. Specific outer membrane receptors for interferon-γ or IL-1β have been characterised in two Gram-negative pathogens. Because little is known about periodontal pathogens’ ability to sense cytokines, we used A. actinomycetemcomitans as a model organism to investigate how the species responds to IL-1beta. The main aims of this thesis were to explore cytokine binding on single-species A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms and to determine the effects of cytokines on the biofilm formation and metabolic activity of the species. Additionally, the cytokine’s putative internalisation and interaction with A. actinomycetemcomitans proteins were studied. The possible impact of biofilm IL-1beta sequestering on the proliferation and apoptosis of gingival keratinocyte cells was evaluated in an organotypic mucosa co-culture model. Finally, the role of the extramembranous domain of the outer membrane protein HofQ (emHofQ) in DNA binding linked to DNA uptake in A. actinomycetemcomitans was examined. Our main finding revealed that viable A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms can bind and take up the IL-1β produced by gingival cells. At the sites of pathogen-host interaction, the proliferation and apoptosis of gingival keratinocytes decreased slightly. Notably, the exposure of biofilms to IL-1beta caused their metabolic activity to drop, which may be linked to the observed interaction of IL-1beta with the conserved intracellular proteins DNA binding protein HU and the trimeric form of ATP synthase subunit beta. A Pasteurellaceaespecific lipoprotein, which had no previously determined function, was characterized as an IL-1beta interacting membrane protein that was expressed in the biofilm cultures of all tested A. actinomycetemcomitans strains. The use of a subcellular localisation tool combined with experimental analyses suggested that the identified lipoprotein, bacterial interleukin receptor I (BilRI), may be associated with the outer membrane with a portion of the protein oriented towards the external milieu. The results of the emHofQ study indicated that emHofQ has both the structural and functional capability to bind DNA. This result implies that emHofQ plays a role in DNA assimilation. The results from the current study also demonstrate that the Gram-negative oral species appears to sense the central proinflammatory mediator IL-1beta.

Allelopathic Influence of Residues from Sphagneticola trilobata on Weeds and Crops

The allelopathic effect studied in many cultures has currently generated great expectations that displayed a natural and environmentally friendly tool for weed management using bioherbicides. The objective of this work was to assess allelopathic influence of residues of S. trilobata on the germination and growth of weeds, as well as their relation with some crops and effects on soil properties. Results show that residues from S. trilobata have inhibited the germination of weeds (31.6 - 72%), increasingly with the applied dose. All residue doses of this specie have inhibited dicotyledonous germination, but only maximum concentration has affected monocotyledons. The residues did not affect onion germination, but stimulated it in radish and tomato, while the dose applied at 50% produced tomato stimulation and inhibition of cabbage. The effects of residues on hypocotyl growth in different crops showed changes in species response. For onion, the three doses had negative effects on the growth of hypocotyl, while tomato was stimulated. For radish, the growth was hindered by any dose applied, and were only different (50 and 100%) compared to control. For cabbage, only hypocotyl length was stimulated, when maximum dose (100%) was applied. For the radicle growth, in onion and radish no differences were found compared to control. While the tomato radicle growth was inhibited, in cabbage, all doses encouraged the elongation of the radicle. The dry mass of weed was affected by increased dose of residue (0.49 - 8.8 g m-2), however the soil microflora was stimulated, while the population of Azotobacter spp. was not affect. Some soil properties were affected, the level of organic material, Na+ and electrical conductivity were increased, while pH (H2O) decreased a bit, however it remained basic.

Studies of the small bowel surface by scanning electron microscopy in infants with persistent diarrhea

We describe the ultrastructural abnormalities of the small bowel surface in 16 infants with persistent diarrhea. The age range of the patients was 2 to 10 months, mean 4.8 months. All patients had diarrhea lasting 14 or more days. Bacterial overgrowth of the colonic microflora in the jejunal secretion, at concentrations above 10(4) colonies/ml, was present in 11 (68.7%) patients. The stool culture was positive for an enteropathogenic agent in 8 (50.0%) patients: for EPEC O111 in 2, EPEC O119 in 1, EAEC in 1, and Shigella flexneri in 1; mixed infections due to EPEC O111 and EAEC in 1 patient, EPEC O119 and EAEC in 1 and EPEC O55, EPEC O111, EAEC and Shigella sonnei in 1. Morphological abnormalities in the small bowel mucosa were observed in all 16 patients, varying in intensity from moderate 9 (56.3%) to severe 7 (43.7%). The scanning electron microscopic study of small bowel biopsies from these subjects showed several surface abnormalities. At low magnification (100X) most of the villi showed mild to moderate stunting, but on several occasions there was subtotal villus atrophy. At higher magnification (7,500X) photomicrographs showed derangement of the enterocytes; on several occasions the cell borders were not clearly defined and very often microvilli were decreased in number and height; in some areas there was a total disappearance of the microvilli. In half of the patients a mucus-fibrinoid pseudomembrane was seen partially coating the enterocytes, a finding that provides additional information on the pathophysiology of persistent diarrhea.

Relationship between Daily Habits, Oral Microbiota and Caries with Special Reference to Xylitol

Caries is a plaque-associated multifactorial chronic disease. Oral hygiene habits, sugar, and oral micobiota interactions are important for caries to occur. Xylitol has been shown to reduce caries mainly due to its effects on mutans streptococci (MS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of daily oral health habits and bacterial level on the caries occurrence and to study the effect of xylitol on the composition of oral microflora. A total of 192, 10-12 years old, male school children had been screened for salivary MS. Healthy subjects with high MS counts participated in two parallel double-blinded, randomised, controlled trials. In the first 5-week trial, subjects were assigned into xylitol (n=35) and sorbitol gum (n=38) groups. At baseline, children were examined using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria and interviewed for oral health habits. In the second 4-week trial, subjects were assigned into xylitol (n=25) and saccharine mouthrinse (n=25) groups. In the end of both interventions, saliva samples were collected. The samples were analysed for changes in MS counts and changes in the composition of the oral microbiota assessed by the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Relationships between daily habits, bacterial levels and caries were evaluated. Daily use of sweets and soft drinks were the habits significantly associated with caries severity measured by ICDAS Caries Index (CI), while toothbrushing was the only habit associated with the low caries severity. Abiotrophia defectiva and Actinomyces meyeri/ A. odontolyticus were significantly higher in caries-affected children while Shuttleworthia satelles was significantly higher in caries-free children. Xylitol showed significant reduction in salivary levels of MS in both trials. No significant effects on other members of the microbiota were found when evaluated by HOMIM. In conclusion, other members of oral microbiota than MS may be associated with caries occurrence or absence. The use of xylitol had significant effect on MS with no effects on the other members of the salivary microbiota.

A randomized double-blind clinical trial of the effect of non-absorbable oral polymyxin on infants with severe infectious diarrhea

The present study evaluated the effect of non-absorbable oral polymyxin on the duodenal microflora and clinical outcome of infants with severe infectious diarrhea. Polymyxin was chosen because classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was more sensitive to this antibiotic. Twenty-five infants were randomly assigned to a 7-day treatment with oral polymyxin (2.5 mg/kg in 4 daily doses) or placebo. Duodenal and stool cultures were performed before and after the treatment. Five patients were excluded during the study because of introduction of parental antibiotic therapy due to clinical sepsis (N = 3) or rapid clinical improvement (N = 2). In the polymyxin group, small bowel bacterial overgrowth occurred in 61.5% of the cases (8/13) before treatment and in 76.9% (10/13) after treatment. In the placebo group these values were 71.4% (5/7) and 57.1% (4/7), respectively. By the 7th day, clinical cure was observed in 84.6% of the cases (11/13) in the polymyxin group and in 71.4% (5/7) in the placebo group (P = 0.587). Considering all 25 patients included in the study, clinical cure occurred on the 7th day in 12/14 cases (85.7%) in the polymyxin group and 6/11 cases (54.5%) in the placebo group (P = 0.102). Clinical sepsis occurred in 3/11 (27.3%) of the patients in the placebo group and in none (0/14) in the polymyxin group (P = 0.071). Oral polymyxin was not effective in reducing bacterial overgrowth or in improving the clinical outcome of infants hospitalized with severe infectious diarrhea. Taking into account the small sample size, the rate of cure on the 7th day and the rate of clinical sepsis, further studies with greater number of patients are necessary to evaluate these questions.

Inhibitory effect of the essential oil from Eugenia caryophyllata Thumb leaves on coalho cheese contaminating microorganisms

Coalho cheese (a firm but very lightweight cheese produced in Brazil) is widely produced and consumed in the Brazilian Northeast and its production has been mainly related to small farmers. This food has been frequently characterized as having high microbial load posing a risk for the health of consumers. This study aimed to indentify the chemical compounds of the essential oil from Eugenia caryophyllata leaves; to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the oil against coalho cheese contaminating microorganisms; and to assess its efficacy in inhibiting the autochthonous microflora of the cheese during refrigerated storage. Eugenol (74%) was found to be the most prevalent compound in the essential oil. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Cidal Concentration (MCC) in laboratorial broth were in the range of 2.5-5 and 5-20 µg.mL-1, respectively. Vaccum packed coalho cheese added with 5, 10, and 20 µg.g-1 of oil showed a lower growth rate (like-static effect) against mesophilic bacteria during the time intervals evaluated. On the other hand, 2.5-10 µg.g-1 of oil provided a prominent decrease toward fungi count in cheese samples during storage. These results reveal the interesting antimicrobial property of the essential oil from E. caryophyllata leaves against a range of coalho cheese-related microorganisms in laboratorial media and in food matrix.

"Petit suisse" cheese from kefir: an alternative dessert with microorganisms of probiotic activity

"Petit Suisse" is a creamy cheese. Kefir is a symbiotic mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts with probiotic activity including immunomodulation and balance of intestinal microflora. The present study aims to develop "Petit Suisse" cheese from kefir. Kefir grains were grown in pasteurized cow milk, and after the separation of kefir the serum was discarded and the "Petit Suisse" cheese was prepared using strawberry, mangaba, herbs, and dried tomatoes. The acceptance of the different preparations was evaluated using a nine-point hedonic scale followed by ANOVA. The sweet and salty products were compared by the Student's t-test. Purchase intent was evaluated by the means test and frequency distribution. All products were well accepted by the judges. The product was characterized by low yield, but it can be prepared at home at low cost. The nutritional composition analyses and the variety of flavors as well as the range of age of the judges are alternatives for further studies.

Study of new yeast strains as novel starter cultures for Riesling icewine production

Icewine is a sweet dessert wine fermented from the juice of grapes naturally frozen on the vine. The production of Icewine faces many challenges such as sluggish fermentation, which often yields wines with low ethanol, and an accumulation of high concentration of volatile acidity, mainly in the form of acetic acid. This project investigated three new yeast strains as novel starter cultures for Icewine fermentation with particular emphasis on reducing acetic acid production: a naturally occurring strain of S. bayanus/S. pastorianus isolated from Icewine grapes, and two hybrids between S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus, AWRI 1571 and AWRI 1572. These strains were evaluated for sugar consumption patterns and metabolic production of ethanol, glycerol and acetic acid, and were compared to the performance of a standard commercial wine yeast KI-VI116. The ITS rONA region of the two A WRI crosses was also analyzed during fermentations to assess their genomic stability. Icewine fermentations were performed in sterile filtered juice, in the absence of indigenous microflora, and also in unfiltered juice in order to mirror commercial wine making practices. The hybrid A WRI 1572 was found to be a promising candidate as a novel starter culture for Icewine production. I t produced 10.3 % v/v of ethanol in sterile Riesling Icewine fermentations and 11.2 % v/v in the unfiltered ones within a reasonable fermentation time (39 days). Its acetic acid production per gram sugar consumed was approximately 30% lower in comparison with commercial wine yeast K I -V 1116 under both sterile filtered and unfiltered fermentations. The natural isolate S. bayanus/S. pastorianus and AWRI 1571 did not appear to be suitable for commercial Icewine production. They reached the target ethanol concentration of approximately 10 % v/v in 39 day fermentations and also produced less acetic acid as a function of both time and sugar consumed in sterile fermentations compared to KI-V1116. However, in unfiltered fermentations, both of them failed to produce the target concentration of ethanol and accumulated high concentration of acetic acid. Both A WRI crosses displayed higher loss of or reduced copies in ITS rDNA region from the S. bayanus parent compared to the S. cerevisiae parent; however, these genomic losses could not be related to the metabolic profile.

Étude de prévalence et associations des gènes de virulence et résistance aux antimicrobiens d’Escherichia coli de la flore intestinale du poulet sain

Les Escherichia coli pathogènes de la volaille (APEC) font partie des E. coli extra-intestinaux pathogènes (ExPEC) et seraient un réservoir possible de gènes de virulence et de résistance aux antimicrobiens (RAM) des ExPEC chez l’humain. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’un prébiotique et d’un mélange d’acide organique et d’huiles essentielles encapsulés sur la prévalence des gènes de virulence des ExPEC et de RAM, ainsi que les associations entre ces gènes chez E. coli de l’intestin du poulet sain. Des échantillons de contenus caecaux de poulets de 29 jours d’âge ayant reçu un de ces ingrédients alimentaires comparativement à des témoins ont été analysés pour la présence des gènes de virulence iucD, tsh, papC et des gènes de RAM blaTEM, blaSHV, tetA, tetC, blaCMY-2, aadA1, aac3 par PCR. La prévalence d’iucD était supérieure dans le groupe témoin comparativement aux groupes «prébiotique» et «acide organique» et la prévalence de papC était affectée dans le groupe «acide organique». La prévalence d’isolats d’E.coli positifs pour blaCMY-2 était supérieure dans le groupe témoin comparée aux groupes «prébiotique» et «acide organique», tel que démontré par la technique d’hybridation de l’ADN sur HGMF (Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter). De plus, la prévalence des isolats d’E. coli positifs pour tetA, blaTEM, aadA1 ou tsh était affectée par les ingrédients alimentaires. Dans l’ensemble, des associations entre la présence de tsh et iucD, blaTEM et aadA1, et iucD et blaCMY-2 ont été observées. .Cette étude démontre l’utilité de certains ingrédients alimentaires pour dimunier le risque d’exposition en santé publique.

Mise au point d'un modèle d'infection expérimentale d'entérite nécrotique clinique chez le poulet de chair par des facteurs prédisposants

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

The association between caries and periodontal diseases

Objectifs: Le but de cette étude clinique était de comparer un groupe d’adultes ayant un parodonte sain avec un groupe d’adultes atteints de parodontite chronique en terme de risque carieux et mesures cliniques et microbiologiques de la carie. Méthodes: Quatre-vingt-seize individus ont été divisés en deux groupes en fonction de leur état de santé parodontal et ont été appariés pour l'âge, le sexe et l'origine ethnique. Trente-huit sujets étaient atteints de parodontite chronique définie comme ayant au moins quatre dents avec ≥ 1 site avec une profondeur de sondage ≥ 4 mm et une perte d'attache clinique ≥ 2 mm, et 58 sujets présentaient un parodonte sain. Par la suite, les groupes ont été subdivisés en deux groupes en fonction de leur statut carieux : les participants ayant au moins une lésion carieuse non traitée sur une surface dentaire et ceux n’ayant pas de lésion carieuse non traitée. Les données ont été recueillies par le biais d’un questionnaire, un examen clinique et des échantillons de plaque supra- et sous-gingivale. L’évaluation de la charge buccale de Streptococcus mutans et de six agents pathogènes parodontaux a été réalisée par la technique d'amplification de la réaction en chaine de la polymérase (PCR). Les données ont été analysées à l'aide d’analyses statistiques descriptives et bivariées. Résultats: Les individus atteints de parodontite chronique étaient 3,5 fois plus susceptibles d'avoir des caries que les individus en bonne santé (OR 3,5 ; IC: 1,5 - 8,3 ; P = 0,006). Les sujets à la fois atteints de parodontite chronique et de caries dentaires ont eu un niveau d’éducation significativement plus faible que les sujets ayant un parodonte sain et sans caries dentaires (OR 6,0 ; IC: 1,7 à 21,7 ; P = 0,04). La proportion de sujets ayant une charge buccale élevée de Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. g.) et Treponema denticola (T. d.) était significativement plus élevée chez les patients atteints de parodontite chronique et de carie que chez les patients sains présentant des caries (P. g.: OR 8,6 ; IC: 2,4 - 30,3 ; P = 0,004 et T. d.: OR 10,0 ; CI: 2,6 - 38.1 ; P = 0,003). Conclusions: Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que, chez les sujets adultes atteints de la parodontite chronique, la fréquence des caries est plus élevée que chez les sujets ayant un parodonte sain. De plus, le faible niveau d'éducation influence négativement le statut parodontal des individus.

Impact of pesticides on indicator and pathogenic microorganism persistence under laboratory and field conditions

On s’intéresse aux impacts des pesticides sur la microflore des plantes surtout dans le contexte des légumes contaminés par des agents pathogènes. Le but de cette étude est d'évaluer l'impact de certains pesticides sur la persistance de micro-organismes indicateurs et pathogènes. En laboratoire, la persistance d’E. coli et de Salmonella en présence de quatre pesticides (Ripcord 400EC, Copper 53W, Bioprotec CAF, Serenade MAX) a été étudiée. Les plaques de Pétrifilm et le milieu sélectif XLD sont utilisés pour énumérer les populations d’E. coli et de Salmonella. Il a été démontré que le Serenade MAX favorisait la croissance microbienne, le Bioprotec CAF et le Ripcord 400EC soutenaient la survie microbienne et le Copper 53W inhibait la croissance, à la fois d’E. coli et de Salmonella. En conditions terrain, Ripcord 400EC, Copper 53W, Bioprotec CAF ont été étudiés sur une culture de brocoli irriguée avec de l'eau expérimentalement contaminée par E. coli. Dans tous les traitements, un impact de l’irrigation a été observé sur les populations de levures et de moisissures (diminution) et les bactéries aérobies totales (augmentation). Une prévalence supérieure d’E. coli a été observée dans les parcelles traitées avec le Bioprotec CAF comparativement aux traitements au Copper 53W, ce qui est en accord avec les résultats observés lors de l'essai en laboratoire. Cependant, l'analyse statistique n'a montré aucune différence significative entre les traitements appliqués. Les effets directs des pesticides sur les micro-organismes sont confirmés dans des conditions de laboratoire mais demeurent méconnus dans les conditions expérimentales au champ.