Anatomy of a medical journal article

This tutorial reviews the common elements that all journal articles contain (abstract, methods, etc.) and what can be learned from each element. In addition, the tutorial distinguishes between scholarly journal articles and other publications. The Health Education Assets Library (HEAL) is a digital library that provides freely accessible digital teaching resources of the highest quality that meet the needs of today's health sciences educators and learners.

The Anatomy of a Paper

This presentation is for students on the 3rd year ECS Multimedia course where students run their own conference, and submit and review papers. In this presentation we look at how to write and structure an academic paper, including how to include references to academic work.

How to enroll on Anatomy e-booklet site.

Step by step guide.

Anatomy Subject Banner

Banner for Anatomy subject page

AS - A Level Physical education : anatomy and exercise physiology.

Guía de bolsillo para la revisión de los temas clave en el área de la educación física (nivel AS - A, enseñanza secundaria) con cuatrocientas preguntas rápidas y sus respuestas, organizadas en secciones temáticas (anatomía y fisiología del ejercicio) y con consejos de examen.

Studies on the anatomy and physiology of the tongue

This paper contains a review of the human tongue as well as fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals, and includes numerous illustrations.

Narrativas seriales e intimidad amatoria: estudio de caso de Grey's Anatomy

El aparecimiento de la televisión por cable implicó profundas transformaciones en los relatos mediáticos, particularmente en lo que respecta a las series televisivas, que rompen con la narrativa melodramática tradicional. El propósito de este trabajo es el de establecer la forma en que se narra el amor romántico, y que tipo de relación amorosa se representa, en una serie de televisión por cable que se emite en el Ecuador a través de Sony Entertainment: Grey’s Anatomy. Se indaga acerca del amor como un sistema de comunicación altamente complejo, y de resolución improbable, por la cantidad de variables que intervienen para que el amor pasión se consolide. Este sistema, por otra, parte tiene un sustrato genético determinado cerebralmente, cuando se produce simplemente es devastador. Las relaciones amorosas están condicionadas por factores culturales y sociales lo que obliga a establecer distinciones entre el amor romántico y la “relación pura” de pareja cuya característica es construirse a partir de la confianza y la “reflexividad” en la modernidad. Será la relación pura la que fundamentalmente se narre en la serie. La narrativa serial aprovecha esta experiencia universal del amor, para con recursos y técnicas que provienen del campo de la cinematografía establecer una narrativa amorosa particular. Formalmente el montaje, los planos y los movimientos de la cámara, se unen a los efectos emocionales que provoca la música en cada episodio para construir significaciones que conducen a despertar la rememoración emocional del espectador.

Carbon dioxide induced stomatal closure increases radiative forcing of climate via a rapid reduction in low cloud

We performed an ensemble of twelve five-year experiments using a coupled climate-carbon-cycle model with scenarios of prescribed atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration; CO2 was instantaneously doubled or quadrupled at the start of the experiments. Within these five years, climate feedback is not significantly influenced by the effects of climate change on the carbon system. However, rapid changes take place, within much less than a year, due to the physiological effect of CO2 on plant stomatal conductance, leading to adjustment in the shortwave cloud radiative effect over land, due to a reduction in low cloud cover. This causes a 10% enhancement to the radiative forcing due to CO2, which leads to an increase in the equilibrium warming of 0.4 and 0.7 K for doubling and quadrupling. The implications for calibration of energy-balance models are discussed.

Stomatal guard cells are totipotent

It has been successfully demonstrated, using epidermis explants of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), that stomatal guard cells retain full totipotent capacity. Despite having one of the highest degrees of morphological adaptation and a unique physiological specialization, it is possible to induce a re-expression of full (embryogenic) genetic potential in these cells in situ by reversing their highly differentiated nature to produce regenerated plants via a callus stage. The importance of these findings both to stomatal research and to our understanding of cytodifferentiation in plants is discussed.

A high efficiency technique for the generation of transgenic sugar beets from stomatal guard cells

An optimized protocol has been developed for the efficient and rapid genetic modification of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). A polyethylene glycol-mediated DNA transformation technique could be applied to protoplast populations enriched specifically for a single totipotent cell type derived from stomatal guard cells, to achieve high transformation frequencies. Bialaphos resistance, conferred by the pat gene, produced a highly efficient selection system. The majority of plants were obtained within 8 to 9 weeks and were appropriate for plant breeding purposes. All were resistant to glufosinate-ammonium-based herbicides. Detailed genomic characterization has verified transgene integration, and progeny analysis showed Mendelian inheritance.

Stomatal conductance and not stomatal density determines the long-term reduction in leaf transpiration of poplar in elevated CO2

Using a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment, poplar trees (Populus · euramericana clone I214) were exposed to either ambient or elevated [CO2] from planting, for a 5-year period during canopy development, closure, coppice and re-growth. In each year, measurements were taken of stomatal density (SD, number mm2) and stomatal index (SI, the proportion of epidermal cells forming stomata). In year 5, measurements were also taken of leaf stomatal conductance (gs, lmol m2 s1), photosynthetic CO2 fixation (A, mmol m2 s1), instantaneous water-use efficiency (A/E) and the ratio of intercellular to atmospheric CO2 (Ci:Ca). Elevated [CO2] caused reductions in SI in the first year, and in SD in the first 2 years, when the canopy was largely open. In following years, when the canopy had closed, elevated [CO2] had no detectable effects on stomatal numbers or index. In contrast, even after 5 years of exposure to elevated [CO2], gs was reduced, A/E was stimulated, and Ci:Ca was reduced relative to ambient [CO2]. These outcomes from the long-term realistic field conditions of this forest FACE experiment suggest that stomatal numbers (SD and SI) had no role in determining the improved instantaneous leaf-level efficiency of water use under elevated [CO2]. We propose that altered cuticular development during canopy closure may partially explain the changing response of stomata to elevated [CO2], although the mechanism for this remains obscure.