Assessing land availability to produce biomass for energy: The case of Brazilian charcoal for steel making

The paper discusses the availability of biomass in Brazil to supply charcoal to the steel industry on the bases of an initial global assessment of land potentially available for plantations and of Brazilian data that allows refining the assessment and specifying the issue of practical availability. Technical potentials are first assessed through a series of simple rules against direct competition with agriculture, forests and protected areas, and of quantitative criteria, whether geo-climatic (rainfall), demographic (population density) or legal (reserves). Institutional, social and economic factors are then identified and discussed so as to account for the practical availability of Brazilian biomass through six criteria. The ranking of nine Brazilian States according to these criteria brings out the necessary trade-offs in the selection of land for plantations that would efficiently supply charcoal to the steel industry. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Report on the steel code.

Mode of access: Internet.

Scrap metals, study of iron and steel old material, its preparation and markets,

Mode of access: Internet.

Chronology of iron and steel,

Mode of access: Internet.

Iron and steel cycle in the United States, England and Germany,

Typewritten.

Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute.

Includes section "A survey of literature on the manufacture and properties of iron and steel, and kindred subjects" (title varies)

Statistics of the American and foreign iron trades. Annual statistical report of the American Iron and Steel Association.

Reports for 1868 and 1871 are by Henry McAllister, Jr.; the 40 reports from 1872-1911 are by James M. Swank (except that for 1884 which is by George W. Cope).

Federal Trade Commission vs. United States Steel Corporation, American Bridge Company, American Sheet & Tin Plate Company, Carnegie Steel Company, American Steel & Wire Company, Illinois Steel Company, Minnesota Steel Company, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Compay [sic], et al., respondents. State of Illinois, state of Iowa, state of Minnesota and state of Wisconsin, amici curiæ. Statement of case, [vol. I-II]. H.G. Pickering, attorney for amici curiæ. ... K.E. Steinhauer, attorney for Commission. Cordenio A. Severance and William W. Corlett, attorneys for the respondents.

Paged continuously.

Annual statistical report - American Iron and Steel Institute.

Title varies slightly.

The journal of the Iron and Steel Institute.

Description based on: Vol. 121 (1930).

The rolling of special sections of iron and steel.

Caption title.

Holley's steel reports.

Binder's title.

Monthly bulletin of the American Iron and Steel Institute.

Title from cover.

Transactions of the American Society for Steel Treating.

Publication suspended Jan. - Oct. 1931.

ABC of iron and steel.

Editors: 1st-5th, A. O. Backert.-6th- D. Reebel.