An analysis of progressive addition spectacles lens design by the use of interferometry

Progressive addition spectacle lenses (PALs) have now become the method of choice for many presbyopic individuals to alleviate the visual problems of middle-age. Such lenses are difficult to assess and characterise because of their lack of discrete geographical locators of their key features. A review of the literature (mostly patents) describing the different designs of these lenses indicates the range of approaches to solving the visual problem of presbyopia. However, very little is published about the comparative optical performance of these lenses. A method is described here based on interferometry for the assessment of PALs, with a comparison of measurements made on an automatic focimeter. The relative merits of these techniques are discussed. Although the measurements are comparable, it is considered that the interferometry method is more readily automated, and would be ultimately capable of producing a more rapid result.

Orthokeratology vs. spectacles:adverse events and discontinuations

Purpose. To assess the relative clinical success of orthokeratology contact lenses (OK) and distance single-vision spectacles (SV) in children in terms of incidences of adverse events and discontinuations over a 2-year period. Methods. Sixty-one subjects 6 to 12 years of age with myopia of - 0.75 to - 4.00DS and astigmatism =1.00DC were prospectively allocated OK or SV correction. Subjects were followed at 6-month intervals and advised to report to the clinic immediately should adverse events occur. Adverse events were categorized into serious, significant, and non-significant. Discontinuation was defined as cessation of lens wear for the remainder of the study. Results. Thirty-one children were corrected with OK and 30 with SV. A higher incidence of adverse events was found with OK compared with SV (p < 0.001). Nine OK subjects experienced 16 adverse events (7 significant and 9 non-significant). No adverse events were found in the SV group. Most adverse events were found between 6 and 12 months of lens wear, with 11 solely attributable to OK wear. Significantly more discontinuations were found with SV in comparison with OK (p < 0.05). Conclusions. The relatively low incidence of adverse events and discontinuations with OK is conducive for the correction of myopia in children with OK contact lenses.

Myopia control with orthokeratology contact lenses in Spain:a comparison of vision-related quality-of-life measures between orthokeratology contact lenses and single-vision spectacles

Purpose: To compare vision-related quality-of-life measures between children wearing orthokeratology (OK) contact lenses and distance single-vision (SV) spectacles. Methods: Subjects 6 to 12 years of age and with myopia of -0.75 to -4.00 diopters and astigmatism less than or equal to 1.00 diopters were prospectively assigned OK contact lens or SV spectacle correction. A pediatric refractive error profile questionnaire was administered at 12- and 24-month intervals to evaluate children's perceptions in terms of overall vision, near vision, far distance vision, symptoms, appearance, satisfaction, activities, academic performance, handling, and peer perceptions. The mean score of all items was calculated as the overall score. Additionally, parents/guardians were asked to rate their child's mode of visual correction and their intention to continue treatment after study completion. Results: Thirty-one children were fitted with OK contact lenses and 30 with SV spectacles. Children wearing OK contact lenses rated overall vision, far distance vision, symptoms, appearance, satisfaction, activities, academic performance, handling, peer perceptions, and the overall score significantly better than children wearing SV spectacles (all P<0.05). Near vision and handling were, respectively, rated better (P<0.001) and similar (P=0.44) for SV spectacles in comparison to OK contact lenses. No significant differences were found between 12 and 24 months for any of the subjective ratings assessed (all P>0.05). Parents/guardians of children wearing OK contact lenses rated visual correction method and intention to continue treatment higher than parents of children wearing SV spectacles (P=0.01). Conclusion: The results indicate that the significant improvement in vision-related quality of life and acceptability with OK contact lenses is an incentive to engage in its use for the control of myopia in children.

Optical And Nonoptical Aids For Reading And Writing In Individuals With Acquired Low Vision.

To evaluate the use of optical and nonoptical aids during reading and writing activities in individuals with acquired low vision. This study was performed using descriptive and cross-sectional surveys. The data collection instrument was created with structured questions that were developed from an exploratory study and a previous test based on interviews, and it evaluated the following variables: personal characteristics, use of optical and nonoptical aids, and activities that required the use of optical and nonoptical aids. The study population included 30 subjects with acquired low vision and visual acuities of 20/200-20/400. Most subjects reported the use of some optical aids (60.0%). Of these 60.0%, the majority (83.3%) cited spectacles as the most widely used optical aid. The majority (63.3%) of subjects also reported the use of nonoptical aids, the most frequent ones being letter magnification (68.4%), followed by bringing the objects closer to the eyes (57.8%). Subjects often used more than one nonoptical aid. The majority of participants reported the use of optical and nonoptical aids during reading activities, highlighting the use of spectacles, magnifying glasses, and letter magnification; however, even after the use of these aids, we found that the subjects often needed to read the text more than once to understand it. During writing activities, all subjects reported the use of optical aids, while most stated that they did not use nonoptical aids for such activities.

Óculos de baixo custo: experiência em Divinolândia (SP)

INTRODUCTION: In Divinolândia (SP), the Consortium of Development of São João da Boa Vista Region Policy (CONDERG), in partnership with State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), has founded an eyeglass store to produce low cost glasses to distribute freely to their customers. The purpose is to analyze the evolution and working process of CONDERG eyeglass store in the last 13 years, since its foundation. METHODS: Data were collected from CONDERG store files from 1988 to 2001. Data regarding the amount of spectacles produced per year, ability to increase the production and store feasibility were analyzed. RESULTS: In 13 years, 16,500 spectacles were supplied. Currently, 400 spectacles are delivered per month, being 200 supported by SUS and the other 200 by CONDERG's own resources. CONCLUSION: The 13-year operation of CONDERG eyeglass store, the free provision of 16,500 spectacles and the increase productive ability have shown this model feasibility.

Identidade social e auto conceito do dançarino em cadeira de rodas

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

Expertise and the perception of kinematic and situational probability information

Two experiments were conducted on the nature of expert perception in the sport of squash. In the first experiment, ten expert and fifteen novice players attempted to predict the direction and force of squash strokes from either a film display (occluded at variable time periods before and after the opposing player had struck the ball) or a matched point-light display (containing only the basic kinematic features of the opponent's movement pattern). Experts outperformed the novices under both display conditions, and the same basic time windows that characterised expert and novice pick-up of information in the film task also persisted in the point-light task. This suggests that the experts' perceptual advantage is directly related to their superior pick-up of essential kinematic information. In the second experiment, the vision of six expert and six less skilled players was occluded by remotely triggered liquid-crystal spectacles at quasi-random intervals during simulated match play. Players were required to complete their current stroke even when the display was occluded and their prediction performance was assessed with respect to whether they moved to the correct half of the court to match the direction and depth of the opponent's stroke. Consistent with experiment 1, experts were found to be superior in their advance pick-up of both directional and depth information when the display was occluded during the opponent's hitting action. However, experts also remained better than chance, and clearly superior to less skilled players, in their prediction performance under conditions where occlusion occurred before any significant pre-contact preparatory movement by the opposing player was visible. This additional source of expert superiority is attributable to their superior attunement to the information contained in the situational probabilities and sequential dependences within their opponent's pattern of play.

Brittle cornea syndrome: recognition, molecular diagnosis and management.

Brittle cornea syndrome (BCS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by extreme corneal thinning and fragility. Corneal rupture can therefore occur either spontaneously or following minimal trauma in affected patients. Two genes, ZNF469 and PRDM5, have now been identified, in which causative pathogenic mutations collectively account for the condition in nearly all patients with BCS ascertained to date. Therefore, effective molecular diagnosis is now available for affected patients, and those at risk of being heterozygous carriers for BCS. We have previously identified mutations in ZNF469 in 14 families (in addition to 6 reported by others in the literature), and in PRDM5 in 8 families (with 1 further family now published by others). Clinical features include extreme corneal thinning with rupture, high myopia, blue sclerae, deafness of mixed aetiology with hypercompliant tympanic membranes, and variable skeletal manifestations. Corneal rupture may be the presenting feature of BCS, and it is possible that this may be incorrectly attributed to non-accidental injury. Mainstays of management include the prevention of ocular rupture by provision of protective polycarbonate spectacles, careful monitoring of visual and auditory function, and assessment for skeletal complications such as developmental dysplasia of the hip. Effective management depends upon appropriate identification of affected individuals, which may be challenging given the phenotypic overlap of BCS with other connective tissue disorders.

Les édifices de spectacle des Maurétanies romaines

Les monuments des jeux visibles dans toutes les provinces de l'Empire romain impressionnent touj us le visiteur. Sur la rive sud de la Méditerranée, honnis les sites de la Tunisie comme Carthage on Dougga facilement accessibles au public, les villes romaines d'Algérie on du Maroc sont souvent moïas bien connues.Dans le cadre de notre thèse de doctorat, nous avons étudié chaque édifice de spectacle (théâtre, amphithéâtre, cirque et stade) connu dans les Manrétanïes, ainsi que les spectacles et les cérémonies qui s'y déroulaient. L'implication des jeux dans l'adoption des moeurs romaines par la population était essentielle. Noos avons aussi recensé toutes les inscriptions et les objets (lampes à huile, statuettes, mosaïques) liés aux divertissements retrouvés dans ces provinces. La majeure partie de notre travail a consisté en une analyse des données publiées sur les monuments et les spectacles romains dans les Manrétanies. Nous les avons mises en regard de nos recherches sur le terrain et nous avons proposé de nouvelles interprétations lorsque cela était possible.Nous avons choisi de limiter notre travail aux Maurétanies romaines, car il n'existe aucune étude d'ensemble concernant les spectacles pour ces provinces. Elles formaient une entité particulière, comme royaume maurétanien avant la colonisation romaine, puis réunies à plusieurs reprises sous l'autorité d'un seul gouverneur sous l'Empire. Se concentrer sur un territoire permet de mieux saisir dans sa totalité le phénomène des spectacles et surtout les particularités architecturales. De plus, les Mauiétanies césarienne et tingitane posent souvent un problème d'intégration à l'Empire. L'implantation sur ces territoires s'est peu développée en profondeur, les légions protégeant une longue bande de terre située entre le limes et la Méditerranée qu'il n'était pas toujours simple de contrôler. Cependant les cités pré-romaines ont largement adopté les us et coutumes du nouveau pouvoir. Les raines, l'épigraphie et les fouilles archéologiques ne laissent aucun doute. Les éléments liés au divertissements et (dus particulièrement aux spectacles symbolisent le rayonnement culturel romain.À la fin de cette étude, nous avons accordé une place particulière aux monuments des jeux d'Afrique pour comparer et mieux comprendre les spécificités des édifices mauiétaniens à l'échelle de ce continent. La réflexion a été poursuivie à l'échelle de l'Empire romain, certaines caractéristiques mauritaniennes se retrouvant à des milliers de kilomètres. Nous avons essayé d'appréhender quelles relations les Maurétanies entretenaient avec le reste de l'Empire par le biais des spectacles et comment ces jeux ont fini par disparaître du territoire maurétanien.Cet ouvrage est divisé en deux parties : un volume de texte et un volume d'annexes. Dans le volume de texte, le premier chapitre est l'introduction générale. Nous détaillons les raisons de notre étude, les problématiques de cette recherche et les méthodes de travail utilisées. Le chapitre deux présente les cadres géographique, historique et sociologique. Le chapitre trois propose un lexique architectural savant à décrire chaque partie des monuments. Π retrace aussi l'origine et l'évolution des jeux romains et présente la répartition du public ainsi que le prix des bâtiments et des spectacles. Le répertoire des sites et des monuments des jeux maurétaniens constitue le chapitre quatre. 11 est subdivisé par provinces (Maurétanie césarienne, Maurétanie sit îenne et Maurétanie tîngitane), puisque la construction des monuments est liée à l'histoire provinciale. Les mosaïques et les objets reprenant les thèmes ludiques sont présentés selon loir lieu de découverte. Dans le chapitre dnq, nous étudions l'évolution historique et fonctionnelle des édifices de spectacle. Nous essayons de comprendre quels sont leurs sources ou leurs modèles architecturaux et comment ils ont influencé les populations locales. À la suite de la conclusion générale nous avons placé la liste des abréviations et la bibliographie.Au début du volume d'annexes se trouvent plusieurs catalogues : ceux des chapiteaux du théâtre et du cirque de Caesarea et ceux des lampes romaines à thèmes ludiques d'Algérie et du Maroc. Ensuite nous avons placé la restitution de plusieurs inscriptions, toutes les figures mentionnées dans le texte du premier volume, puis les listes des tableaux et des figures.

[Archives de l'Opéra. Régie. Journal de régie. Première série]

Calendrier des spectacles et des répétitions. - Contient aussi la liste du personnel du chant et de la danse

[Archives de l'Opéra. Régie. Journal de régie. Première série]

Calendrier des spectacles et des répétitions. - Arrêt du 27 février au 7 mars. Réunion du personnel le 1er mai. Rapport concernant le Théâtre National de l'Opéra sous la Commune. Liste des artistes présents et des artistes absents de Paris (choeurs et orchestre). - Contient 2 pièces additionnelles

[Archives de l'Opéra. Régie. Journal de régie. Première série]

Calendrier des spectacles et des répétitions. - Contient 6 pièces additionnelles

Dion Chrysostome et Euripide : de l'usage pédagogique d'un auteur tragique

Le théâtre d'Euripide possède une importance et un statut particuliers à l'époque impériale. Ce travail examine la représentation du Tragique et de son oeuvre dans le corpus attribué au sophiste Dion Chrysostome. Il met en évidence certaines singularités du théâtre euripidéen et de sa réception : importance des personnages féminins, popularité de ce théâtre (qui était également diffusé par les spectacles de pantomimes), dimensions philosophiques et politiques, qui se prêtent à une exploitation pédagogique. La croyance populaire attachée aux mythes véhiculés par Euripide, dotée d'un aspect religieux, en fait un bon instrument pour une communication efficace, qui vise un large public.