Theorizing positioning strategies of secondary capital cities

Capital cities that are not the economic centers of their nations – so-called secondary capital cities (SSCs) – tend to be overlooked in the field of political science. Consequentially, there is a lack of research and resulting theory describing their political economy. This paper proposes a comparative research framework which analyzes how external pressures are influencing the relevant policy makers in the process of (re)positioning the SCC.

Innovation, Coordination, and Positioning: Locational Policies of Secondary Capital City Regions

Capital cities that are not the economic centers of their nations - so-called secondary capital cities - tend to be overlooked in the field of political science. Consequentially, there is a lack of research and resulting theory describing their political economy and their formulated policies. This paper analyzes how secondary capital cities try to develop and position themselves through the formulation of locational policies. By linking three different theoretical strands - the Regional Innovation System approach, the concept of locational policies, and the regime perspective - this paper proposes a framework to study the the economic and political dynamics in secondary capital cites.

Cultural capital and smoking in young adults: applying new indicators to explore social inequalities in health behaviour.

BACKGROUND Associations between social status and health behaviours are well documented, but the mechanisms involved are less understood. Cultural capital theory may contribute to a better understanding by expanding the scope of inequality indicators to include individuals' knowledge, skills, beliefs and material goods to examine how these indicators impact individuals' health lifestyles. We explore the structure and applicability of a set of cultural capital indicators in the empirical exploration of smoking behaviour among young male adults. METHODS We analysed data from the Swiss Federal Survey of Adolescents (CH-X) 2010-11 panel of young Swiss males (n = 10 736). A set of nine theoretically relevant variables (including incorporated, institutionalized and objectified cultural capital) were investigated using exploratory factor analysis. Regression models were run to observe the association between factor scores and smoking outcomes. Outcome measures consisted of daily smoking status and the number of cigarettes smoked by daily smokers. RESULTS Cultural capital indicators aggregated in a three-factor solution representing 'health values', 'education and knowledge' and 'family resources'. Each factor score predicted the smoking outcomes. In young males, scoring low on health values, education and knowledge and family resources was associated with a higher risk of being a daily smoker and of smoking more cigarettes daily. CONCLUSION Cultural capital measures that include, but go beyond, educational attainment can improve prediction models of smoking in young male adults. New measures of cultural capital may thus contribute to our understanding of the social status-based resources that individuals can use towards health behaviours.

Bern's positioning strategies: Escaping the fate of a secondary capital city?

Bern is a classic example of a so-called secondary capital city, which is defined as a capital city that is not the primary economic center of its nation. Such capital cities feature a specific political economy characterized by a strong government presence in its regional economy and its local governance arrangements. Bern has been losing importance in the Swiss urban system over the past decades due to a stagnating economy, population decline and missed opportunities for regional cooperation. To re-position itself in the Swiss urban hierarchy, political leaders and policymakers established a non-profit organization called “Capital Region Switzerland” in 2010 arguing that a capital city should not be measured by economic success only, but by its function as a political center where political decisions are negotiated and implemented. This city profile analyses Bern's strategy and discusses its ambitions and limitations in the context of the city's history, socio-economic and political conditions. We conclude that Bern's positioning strategy has so far been a political success, yet that there are severe limitations regarding advancing economic development. As a result, this re-positioning strategy is not able to address the fundamental economic development challenges that Bern faces as a secondary capital city.

Social capital and adolescent health risk behavior in El Salvador

An emerging body of research suggests that the social capital available in one's social environment, as defined by supportive and caring interpersonal relationships, may provide a protective effect against a number of youth risk behaviors. In exploring the potential protective effect of social capital at school and at home on adolescent health and social risk behavior, a comprehensive youth risk behavior study was carried out in El Salvador during the summer of 1999 with a sample of 984 secondary school students attending 16 public rural and urban schools. The following dissertation, entitled Social Capital and Adolescent Health Risk Behavior in El Salvador, presents three papers centered on the topics of social capital and risk behavior. ^ Paper #1. Dangers in the Adolescent River of Life: A Descriptive Study of Youth Risk Behavior among Urban and Rural presents prevalence estimates of four principal youth risk behavior domains—aggression, depression, substance use, and sexual behaviors among students primarily between the ages of 13 and 17 who attend public schools in El Salvador. The prevalence and distribution of risk behaviors is examined by gender, geographic school location, age, and subjective economic status. ^ Paper #2. Social Capital and Adolescent Health Risk Behavior among Secondary School Students in El Salvador explores the relationship between social resources (social capital) within the school context and several youth risk behaviors. Results indicated that students who perceived higher social cohesion at school and higher parental social support were significantly less likely to report fighting, having been threatened or hurt with a weapon, suicidal ideation, and sexual intercourse than students with lower perceived social cohesion at school and parental social support after adjusting for several socio-demographic variables. ^ Lastly, paper #3. School Health Environment and Social Capital : Moving beyond the individual to the broader social developmental context provides a theoretical and empirical basis for moving beyond the predominant individual-focus and physical health concerns of school health promotion to the larger social context of schools and social health of students. This paper explores the concept of social capital and relevant adolescent development theories in relation to the influence of social context on adolescent health and behavior. ^

Scaling the Costs of 404 Testing to Fit the Needs of Small Public Companies

In July of 2002, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed by Congress, including section 404 which requires the auditors to test and opine on the company's internal controls. Since that time there has been much debate about whether the intended benefits of increased investor confidence and financial statement transparency trump the unexpectedly high compliance costs, especially for public companies with market-caps less than $75 million. Before these companies begin complying in the upcoming year, interest groups are calling for the requirements to be 'scaled' to better fit the needs of these companies. While auditors already are expected to scale their audit approach to each individual client, more must be done to significantly decrease the costs in order to reverse the trend of small companies foregoing listing on U.S. capital markets. Increased guidance from the PCAOB, SEC, and other related parties could help the small-cap companies and their auditors be aware of best practices. Also, exempting industries that already follow similar guidelines or are significantly injured by the compliance requirements could help. Lastly, the controversial proposal of rotational audits could be put in place if the affected parties cooperate to remove the undue burden on these small-cap companies. Without some form of significant action, the investors could soon lose the ability to buy small-cap companies in U.S. markets.

A focused ethnographic study of community social capital

Social capital, a relatively new public health concept, represents the intangible resources embedded in social relationships that facilitate collective action. Current interest in the concept stems from empirical studies linking social capital with health outcomes. However, in order for social capital to function as a meaningful research variable, conceptual development aimed at refining the domains, attributes, and boundaries of the concept are needed. An existing framework of social capital (Uphoff, 2000), developed from studies in India, was selected for congruence with the inductive analysis of pilot data from a community that was unsuccessful at mobilizing collective action. This framework provided the underpinnings for a formal ethnographic research study designed to examine the components of social capital in a community that had successfully mobilized collective action. The specific aim of the ethnographic study was to examine the fittingness of Uphoff's framework in the contrasting American community. A contrasting context was purposefully selected to distinguish essential attributes of social capital from those that were specific to one community. Ethnographic data collection methods included participant observation, formal interviews, and public documents. Data was originally analyzed according to codes developed from Uphoff's theoretical framework. The results from this analysis were only partially satisfactory, indicating that the theoretical framework required refinement. The refinement of the coding system resulted in the emergence of an explanatory theory of social capital that was tested with the data collected from formal fieldwork. Although Uphoff's framework was useful, the refinement of the framework revealed, (1) trust as the dominant attribute of social capital, (2) efficacy of mutually beneficial collective action as the outcome indicator, (3) cognitive and structural domains more appropriately defined as the cultural norms of the community and group, and (4) a definition of social capital as the combination of the cognitive norms of the community and the structural norms of the group that are either constructive or destructive to the development of trust and the efficacy of mutually beneficial collective action. This explanatory framework holds increased pragmatic utility for public health practice and research. ^

Jóvenes y políticas públicas de terminalidad educativa : un estudio sobre capital social y estrategias de vida

Desde una perspectiva teórica centrada en el relacionismo, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo abordar las relaciones entre capital social y estrategias de vida. Específicamente, nos preguntamos por la construcción de redes sociales en el trabajo y en la educación y las formas de intervención en las estrategias de vida de jóvenes que se encuentran estudiando en el Plan FinEs2. Retomamos una perspectiva metodológica cualitativa y realizamos entrevistas en profundidad a jóvenes estudiantes y trabajadores de un barrio del Gran La Plata durante el periodo 2012-2013. Finalmente, sostenemos que la experiencia del Plan FinEs2 posibilita la construcción de nuevas redes sociales -colectivas e individuales desplegadas en las estrategias de vida que los jóvenes estudiantes desarrollan.

La salud pública en terapia intensiva : Reflexiones sobre los repertorios de acción colectiva de los trabajadores/as del Hospital Castro Rendón [Neuquén Capital]

El régimen neoliberal de acumulación y de reproducción de las clases fundamentales dejó afuera de los privilegios a más de la mitad de la población. Sus desgarradoras consecuencias no demoraron en hacerse visibles en nuestro continente y se desarrollaron fuertes procesos de lucha contra el mismo. En nuestro país fueron numerosas las investigaciones orientadas a comprender las continuidades y rupturas en las prácticas políticas de las clases subalternas frente a los cambios estructurales, sin embargo la mayoría centró su mirada en la provincia de Buenos Aires, contándose con escasa bibliografía respecto a otras provincias argentinas. Consideramos que Neuquén es un espacio social que presenta particularidades interesantes para pensar este problema. En este trabajo analizaremos las acciones colectivas de los trabajadores del Hospital Castro Rendón [HCR] de Neuquén Capital, recuperando los sentidos que los actores les adjudican a sus prácticas militantes y a sus formas de organización. A partir de observaciones participantes y entrevistas semi-estructuradas en profundidad realizadas a los/as trabajadores/as del HCR, se analizaron la estructura de oportunidades políticas, los procesos de enmarcación y la conformación de estructuras de movilización que están implicadas en sus acciones colectivas, para poder dar cuenta de las continuidades y rupturas en las protestas de los trabajadores del hospital de mayor complejidad de la provincia

Disposiciones espaciales y valorización del capital. El caso de Nordelta

Asistimos a la ampliación de "...una lógica estrictamente capitalista en el desarrollo metropolitano, otorgando a la plusvalía urbana el rango de criterio urbanístico básico" (de Mattos, 2002:1). El gobierno del Estado se reemplaza por la gobernancia y el sector privado revaloriza su rol como constructor y decisor, el Estado se repliega y el capital encuentra nuevos nichos para valorizarse. La redefinición normativa y la gestión privada alteran la propiedad constitutiva de la ciudad como valor de uso complejo (Topalov, 1979). El capital aprende a valorizarse adquiriendo un control parcial sobre derechos, servicios y bienes públicos, y produciendo elementos urbanos que antes le resultaban irreproducibles. Así, la planificación de la ciudad y la comercialización de un nuevo estilo de vida para los sectores privilegiados deviene en una nueva forma de valorización del capital. ¿Pueden los agentes inmobiliarios por sí solos crear mundos de la vida (Habermas, 1987), en su doble concepción de espacios de sociabilidad y horizonte de apreciación, y asegurarse consumidores? El megaemprendimiento toma cuerpo en los estilos de vida de sus habitantes; una metamorfosis sufrida en sus disposiciones y competencias espaciales reorganiza el sentido de sus prácticas y representaciones territoriales. Los habitus (Bourdieu, 1997) se conforman junto a la nueva espacialidad como estructura estructurada por emprendimientos como Nordelta y como estructura estructurante de los nuevos objetos urbanos. Es decir, los habitus no resultan de la impresión mecánica de las estructuras sociales capitalistas sino que se constituyen en un complejo proceso irreducible a las dicotomías entre objetivismo-subjetivismo, acción-estructura, etc. Las disposiciones y competencias espaciales pueden pensarse como la articulación del par dialéctico que presenta Santos (1996) al referirse al espacio geográfico como un conjunto de sistemas de objetos y sistemas de acciones, considerados como el contexto único en el que se realiza la historia.

La salud pública en terapia intensiva : Reflexiones sobre los repertorios de acción colectiva de los trabajadores/as del Hospital Castro Rendón [Neuquén Capital]

El régimen neoliberal de acumulación y de reproducción de las clases fundamentales dejó afuera de los privilegios a más de la mitad de la población. Sus desgarradoras consecuencias no demoraron en hacerse visibles en nuestro continente y se desarrollaron fuertes procesos de lucha contra el mismo. En nuestro país fueron numerosas las investigaciones orientadas a comprender las continuidades y rupturas en las prácticas políticas de las clases subalternas frente a los cambios estructurales, sin embargo la mayoría centró su mirada en la provincia de Buenos Aires, contándose con escasa bibliografía respecto a otras provincias argentinas. Consideramos que Neuquén es un espacio social que presenta particularidades interesantes para pensar este problema. En este trabajo analizaremos las acciones colectivas de los trabajadores del Hospital Castro Rendón [HCR] de Neuquén Capital, recuperando los sentidos que los actores les adjudican a sus prácticas militantes y a sus formas de organización. A partir de observaciones participantes y entrevistas semi-estructuradas en profundidad realizadas a los/as trabajadores/as del HCR, se analizaron la estructura de oportunidades políticas, los procesos de enmarcación y la conformación de estructuras de movilización que están implicadas en sus acciones colectivas, para poder dar cuenta de las continuidades y rupturas en las protestas de los trabajadores del hospital de mayor complejidad de la provincia