Rheological behavior of mixed drink of annona and milk

In this study the rheological behavior in different temperatures (0; 6; 18 e 24 ºC) and physicochemical parameters of integral annona (Annona squamosa) pulp and the annona pulp with milk in different percentages pulp/milk (75g of annona pulp/25g of milk, 50g of annona pulp/50g of milk, 25g of annona pulp/75g of milk) have been availed, in order to verify the effect of temperature and pulp concentration in the rheological behavior of these beverages. To obtain the rheological parameters a concentric cylinder rheometer has been used and the rheograms were analyzed using the Ostwald-de-Wael (power Law) and Herschel-Bulkley models. The physicochemical parameters (sugars, pH, ash, acidity and soluble solids) were determined in order to establish correlations with the rheological behavior. Finally, the best results had been obtained using the Herschel-Bulkley model; the low values for the behavior index (n <1) obtained confirm the pseudoplastic behavior of all samples.

Modelling of ultrasound assisted mixing in Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids

The purpose of this work is to obtain a better understanding of behaviour of possible ultrasound appliance on fluid media mixing. The research is done in the regard to Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The process of ultrasound appliance on liquids is modelled in COMSOL Multiphysics software. The influence of ultrasound using is introduced as waveform equation. Turbulence modelling is fulfilled by the k-ε model in Newtonian fluid. The modeling of ultrasound assisted mixing in non-Newtonian fluids is based on the power law. To verify modelling results two practical methods are used: Particle Image Velocimetry and measurements of mixing time. Particle Image Velocimetry allows capturing of velocity flow field continuously and presents detailed depiction of liquid dynamics. The second way of verification is the comparison of mixing time of homogeneity. Experimentally achievement of mixing time is done by conductivity measurements. In modelling part mixing time is achieved by special module of COMSOL Multiphysics – the transport of diluted species. Both practical and modelling parts show similar radial mechanism of fluid flow under ultrasound appliance – from the horn tip fluid moves to the bottom and along the walls goes back. Velocity profiles are similar in modelling and experimental part in the case of Newtonian fluid. In the case of non-Newtonian fluid velocity profiles do not agree. The development track of ultrasound-assisted mixing modelling is presented in the thesis.

Rheological behavior of blueberry

The physical and physicochemical characteristics of blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) fruits produced in Brazil were analyzed. Rheological properties were measured at 5, 25, 45 and 65 °C, on a stress controlled rheometer equipped with grooved a stainless-steel parallel-plate in a shear rate range of 0-300 s-1, with the objective of determining the influence of temperature on the rheological properties. The pseudoplastic behavior with yield stress was well described by the Ostwald-de-Waele (Power Law), Herschel-Bulkley (HB) and Mizhari Berk models. The yield stress and behavior index decreased with the increase in the temperatures for 5, 25, and 45 °C whereas for the temperature of 65 °C the effects were the opposite exhibiting elevated values. The viscosity decreased with an increase in temperature, and the Arrhenius equation described adequately the effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity of the puree, in which the activation energy (Ea) determined at a shear rate of 100 s-1 was 9.36 kJ.mol-1.

Rheological behavior of corn and soy mix as feed ingredients

Foods behave as non-Newtonian fluids, but little is known about how corn and soybean mix behave under viscometric flow. In order to characterize the rheological behavior of animal feed under viscometric flow, a 70:30 (mass:mass) mixture of ground corn and soybean grains was submitted to a capillary rheometer at 3 different temperatures (80, 120, and 160 °C), different moisture levels (26.5 ± 0.08; 30.4 ± 0.31, and 33.4 ± 0.05%), and 4 shear rates (30.4; 72.9; 304.3, and 728.6/second). Different strain rates and die dimensions were used to obtain the target shear rates. The resulting data were fitted to Power Law, Casson, and Bingham models. Based on experimental data, water content, mass temperature, and the effects of shear rate on the apparent shear viscosity of corn-soy mix were fitted to a single expression (p < 0.001, R² = 0.93): η = 18,769.7 (y)-0.86 e (-9.34 U + 935 T), where y is shear rate, U is sample moisture, and T is sample temperature in Kelvin scale. As expected, such mixture presented a pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) behavior.

Dynamique de recombinaison dans les puits quantiques InGaN/GaN

Nous étudions la recombinaison radiative des porteurs de charges photogénérés dans les puits quantiques InGaN/GaN étroits (2 nm). Nous caractérisons le comportement de la photoluminescence face aux différentes conditions expérimentales telles la température, l'énergie et la puissance de l'excitation et la tension électrique appliquée. Ces mesures montrent que l'émission provient d'états localisés. De plus, les champs électriques, présents nativement dans ces matériaux, n'ont pas une influence dominante sur la recombinaison des porteurs. Nous avons montré que le spectre d'émission se modifie significativement et subitement lorsque la puissance de l'excitation passe sous un certain seuil. L'émission possède donc deux ``phases'' dont nous avons déterminé le diagramme. La phase adoptée dépend à la fois de la puissance, de la température et de la tension électrique appliquée. Nous proposons que la phase à basse puissance soit associée à un état électriquement chargé dans le matériau. Ensuite, nous avons caractérisé la dynamique temporelle de notre échantillon. Le taux de répétition de l'excitation a une influence importante sur la dynamique mesurée. Nous concluons qu'elle ne suit pas une exponentielle étirée comme on le pensait précédemment. Elle est exponentielle à court temps et suit une loi de puissance à grand temps. Ces deux régimes sont lié à un seul et même mécanisme de recombinaison. Nous avons développé un modèle de recombinaison à trois niveaux afin d'expliquer le comportement temporel de la luminescence. Ce modèle suppose l'existence de centres de localisation où les porteurs peuvent se piéger, indépendamment ou non. L'électron peut donc se trouver sur un même centre que le trou ou sur n'importe quel autre centre. En supposant le transfert des porteurs entre centres par saut tunnel on détermine, en fonction de la distribution spatiale des centres, la dynamique de recombinaison. Ce modèle indique que la recombinaison dans les puits InGaN/GaN minces est liée à des agglomérats de centre de localisation.

Désambiguisation de sens par modèles de contextes et son application à la Recherche d’Information

Il est connu que les problèmes d'ambiguïté de la langue ont un effet néfaste sur les résultats des systèmes de Recherche d'Information (RI). Toutefois, les efforts de recherche visant à intégrer des techniques de Désambiguisation de Sens (DS) à la RI n'ont pas porté fruit. La plupart des études sur le sujet obtiennent effectivement des résultats négatifs ou peu convaincants. De plus, des investigations basées sur l'ajout d'ambiguïté artificielle concluent qu'il faudrait une très haute précision de désambiguation pour arriver à un effet positif. Ce mémoire vise à développer de nouvelles approches plus performantes et efficaces, se concentrant sur l'utilisation de statistiques de cooccurrence afin de construire des modèles de contexte. Ces modèles pourront ensuite servir à effectuer une discrimination de sens entre une requête et les documents d'une collection. Dans ce mémoire à deux parties, nous ferons tout d'abord une investigation de la force de la relation entre un mot et les mots présents dans son contexte, proposant une méthode d'apprentissage du poids d'un mot de contexte en fonction de sa distance du mot modélisé dans le document. Cette méthode repose sur l'idée que des modèles de contextes faits à partir d'échantillons aléatoires de mots en contexte devraient être similaires. Des expériences en anglais et en japonais montrent que la force de relation en fonction de la distance suit généralement une loi de puissance négative. Les poids résultant des expériences sont ensuite utilisés dans la construction de systèmes de DS Bayes Naïfs. Des évaluations de ces systèmes sur les données de l'atelier Semeval en anglais pour la tâche Semeval-2007 English Lexical Sample, puis en japonais pour la tâche Semeval-2010 Japanese WSD, montrent que les systèmes ont des résultats comparables à l'état de l'art, bien qu'ils soient bien plus légers, et ne dépendent pas d'outils ou de ressources linguistiques. La deuxième partie de ce mémoire vise à adapter les méthodes développées à des applications de Recherche d'Information. Ces applications ont la difficulté additionnelle de ne pas pouvoir dépendre de données créées manuellement. Nous proposons donc des modèles de contextes à variables latentes basés sur l'Allocation Dirichlet Latente (LDA). Ceux-ci seront combinés à la méthodes de vraisemblance de requête par modèles de langue. En évaluant le système résultant sur trois collections de la conférence TREC (Text REtrieval Conference), nous observons une amélioration proportionnelle moyenne de 12% du MAP et 23% du GMAP. Les gains se font surtout sur les requêtes difficiles, augmentant la stabilité des résultats. Ces expériences seraient la première application positive de techniques de DS sur des tâches de RI standard.

Dynamique de recombinaison radiative dans les nanofils InGaN/GaN : étude détaillée de la photoluminescence

Mesures effectuées dans le laboratoire de caractérisation optique des semi-conducteurs du Prof. Richard Leonelli du département de physique de l'université de Montréal. Les nanofils d'InGaN/GaN ont été fournis par le groupe du Prof. Zetian Mi du département de génie électrique et informatique de l'université McGill.

Modélisation de l'évolution du réseau magnétique au cours du cycle solaire

Le réseau magnétique consiste en un ensemble de petites concentrations de flux magnétique sur la photosphère solaire. Vu sa petite échelle de taille et de flux, à la limite de détection, son comportement n'est connu que depuis récemment. Les interactions du réseau sont pourtant cruciales afin de comprendre la dynamo et l'irradiance solaires, car beaucoup de caractérisques du réseau dépendent de ces interactions. De plus, le réseau est la principale contribution magnétique surfacique à l'irradiance solaire. Les modèles existants du réseau ne tenaient jusqu'à maintenant pas compte des interactions du réseau. Nous avons tenté de combler cette lacune avec notre modèle. Nos simulations impliquent une marche aléatoire en 2D de tubes de flux magnétiques sur la photosphère solaire. Les tubes de flux sont injectés puis soumis à des règles de déplacement et d'interaction. L'injection se fait à deux échelles, respectivement la plus petite et la plus grande observables: les tubes de flux élémentaires et les taches solaires. Des processus de surface imitant ceux observés sont inclus, et consistent en l'émergence, la coalescence, l'annulation et la submergence de flux. La fragmentation des concentrations n'est présente que pour les taches, sous forme de désintégration libérant des tubes de flux. Le modèle est appliqué au cycle solaire 21 (1976-1986, le mieux documenté en termes de caractéristiques de taches solaires. Il en résulte des réponses à deux questions importantes en physique solaire. La première est: l'injection de flux magnétique à deux échelles très distinctes peut-elle conduire à une distribution de flux en loi de puissance comme on l'observe, si l'on inclut des processus de surface qui retraitent le flux? Cette question est étroitement liée à l'origine de la dynamo solaire, qui pourrait produire ladite distribution. Nous trouvons qu'on peut effectivement produire une telle distribution avec ce type d'injection et ce type de processus de surface. Cela implique que la distribution de flux observée ne peut servir à déterminer quel type de dynamo opère dans le Soleil. La deuxième question à laquelle nous avons apporté un élément de réponse est celle à savoir combien de temps il faut au réseau pour retrouver son état d'activité de base. Cet état a été observé lors du minimum de Maunder en 1645-1715 et touche de près la question de l'influence de l'activité solaire sur le climat terrestre. Le récent minimum d'activité est considéré par certains comme ayant atteint cet état. Nous trouvons plutôt que ça n'a pas été le cas. En effet, le temps de relaxation du réseau que nous avons calculé est supérieur au temps écoulé entre la fin du dernier cycle solaire d'activité et celui de l'amorce du présent cycle.

Monte Carlo simulation of interface alloying

An Ising-like model, with interactions ranging up to next-nearest-neighbor pairs, is used to simulate the process of interface alloying. Interactions are chosen to stabilize an intermediate "antiferromagnetic" ordered structure. The dynamics proceeds exclusively by atom-vacancy exchanges. In order to characterize the process, the time evolution of the width of the intermediate ordered region and the diffusion length is studied. Both lengths are found to follow a power-law evolution with exponents depending on the characteristic features of the model.

Economics of Hybrid Photovoltaic Power Plants

The global power supply stability is faced to several severe and fundamental threats, in particular steadily increasing power demand, diminishing and degrading fossil and nuclear energy resources, very harmful greenhouse gas emissions, significant energy injustice and a structurally misbalanced ecological footprint. Photovoltaic (PV) power systems are analysed in various aspects focusing on economic and technical considerations of supplemental and substitutional power supply to the constraint conventional power system. To infer the most relevant system approach for PV power plants several solar resources available for PV systems are compared. By combining the different solar resources and respective economics, two major PV systems are identified to be very competitive in almost all regions in the world. The experience curve concept is used as a key technique for the development of scenario assumptions on economic projections for the decade of the 2010s. Main drivers for cost reductions in PV systems are learning and production growth rate, thus several relevant aspects are discussed such as research and development investments, technical PV market potential, different PV technologies and the energetic sustainability of PV. Three major market segments for PV systems are identified: off-grid PV solutions, decentralised small scale on-grid PV systems (several kWp) and large scale PV power plants (tens of MWp). Mainly by application of ‘grid-parity’ and ‘fuel-parity’ concepts per country, local market and conventional power plant basis, the global economic market potential for all major PV system segments is derived. PV power plant hybridization potential of all relevant power technologies and the global power plant structure are analyzed regarding technical, economical and geographical feasibility. Key success criteria for hybrid PV power plants are discussed and comprehensively analysed for all adequate power plant technologies, i.e. oil, gas and coal fired power plants, wind power, solar thermal power (STEG) and hydro power plants. For the 2010s, detailed global demand curves are derived for hybrid PV-Fossil power plants on a per power plant, per country and per fuel type basis. The fundamental technical and economic potentials for hybrid PV-STEG, hybrid PV-Wind and hybrid PV-Hydro power plants are considered. The global resource availability for PV and wind power plants is excellent, thus knowing the competitive or complementary characteristic of hybrid PV-Wind power plants on a local basis is identified as being of utmost relevance. The complementarity of hybrid PV-Wind power plants is confirmed. As a result of that almost no reduction of the global economic PV market potential need to be expected and more complex power system designs on basis of hybrid PV-Wind power plants are feasible. The final target of implementing renewable power technologies into the global power system is a nearly 100% renewable power supply. Besides balancing facilities, storage options are needed, in particular for seasonal power storage. Renewable power methane (RPM) offers respective options. A comprehensive global and local analysis is performed for analysing a hybrid PV-Wind-RPM combined cycle gas turbine power system. Such a power system design might be competitive and could offer solutions for nearly all current energy system constraints including the heating and transportation sector and even the chemical industry. Summing up, hybrid PV power plants become very attractive and PV power systems will very likely evolve together with wind power to the major and final source of energy for mankind.

From evolution to co-evolution – An empirical study of the role of innovation, policy and public research in industrial dynamics

In the past decades since Schumpeter’s influential writings economists have pursued research to examine the role of innovation in certain industries on firm as well as on industry level. Researchers describe innovations as the main trigger of industry dynamics, while policy makers argue that research and education are directly linked to economic growth and welfare. Thus, research and education are an important objective of public policy. Firms and public research are regarded as the main actors which are relevant for the creation of new knowledge. This knowledge is finally brought to the market through innovations. What is more, policy makers support innovations. Both actors, i.e. policy makers and researchers, agree that innovation plays a central role but researchers still neglect the role that public policy plays in the field of industrial dynamics. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to learn more about the interdependencies of innovation, policy and public research in industrial dynamics. The overarching research question of this dissertation asks whether it is possible to analyze patterns of industry evolution – from evolution to co-evolution – based on empirical studies of the role of innovation, policy and public research in industrial dynamics. This work starts with a hypothesis-based investigation of traditional approaches of industrial dynamics. Namely, the testing of a basic assumption of the core models of industrial dynamics and the analysis of the evolutionary patterns – though with an industry which is driven by public policy as example. Subsequently it moves to a more explorative approach, investigating co-evolutionary processes. The underlying questions of the research include the following: Do large firms have an advantage because of their size which is attributable to cost spreading? Do firms that plan to grow have more innovations? What role does public policy play for the evolutionary patterns of an industry? Are the same evolutionary patterns observable as those described in the ILC theories? And is it possible to observe regional co-evolutionary processes of science, innovation and industry evolution? Based on two different empirical contexts – namely the laser and the photovoltaic industry – this dissertation tries to answer these questions and combines an evolutionary approach with a co-evolutionary approach. The first chapter starts with an introduction of the topic and the fields this dissertation is based on. The second chapter provides a new test of the Cohen and Klepper (1996) model of cost spreading, which explains the relationship between innovation, firm size and R&D, at the example of the photovoltaic industry in Germany. First, it is analyzed whether the cost spreading mechanism serves as an explanation for size advantages in this industry. This is related to the assumption that the incentives to invest in R&D increase with the ex-ante output. Furthermore, it is investigated whether firms that plan to grow will have more innovative activities. The results indicate that cost spreading serves as an explanation for size advantages in this industry and, furthermore, growth plans lead to higher amount of innovative activities. What is more, the role public policy plays for industry evolution is not finally analyzed in the field of industrial dynamics. In the case of Germany, the introduction of demand inducing policy instruments stimulated market and industry growth. While this policy immediately accelerated market volume, the effect on industry evolution is more ambiguous. Thus, chapter three analyzes this relationship by considering a model of industry evolution, where demand-inducing policies will be discussed as a possible trigger of development. The findings suggest that these instruments can take the same effect as a technical advance to foster the growth of an industry and its shakeout. The fourth chapter explores the regional co-evolution of firm population size, private-sector patenting and public research in the empirical context of German laser research and manufacturing over more than 40 years from the emergence of the industry to the mid-2000s. The qualitative as well as quantitative evidence is suggestive of a co-evolutionary process of mutual interdependence rather than a unidirectional effect of public research on private-sector activities. Chapter five concludes with a summary, the contribution of this work as well as the implications and an outlook of further possible research.

Relationships between lightning and properties of convective cloud clusters

Satellite observations of convective system properties and lightning flash rate are used to investigate the ability of potential lightning parameterizations to capture both the dominant land-ocean contrast in lightning occurrence and regional differences between Africa, the Amazon and the islands of the maritime continent. As found in previous studies, the radar storm height is tightly correlated with the lightning flash rate. A roughly second order power-law fit to the mean radar echo top height above the 0C isotherm is shown to capture both regional and land-ocean contrasts in lightning occurrence and flash rate using a single set of parameters. Recent developments should soon make it possible to implement a parameterization of this kind in global models. Parameterizations based on cloud top height, convective rain rate and convective rain fraction all require the use of separate fits over land and ocean and fail to capture observed differences between continental regions.

Estimation of distances in virtual environments using size constancy

It is reported in the literature that distances from the observer are underestimated more in virtual environments (VEs) than in physical world conditions. On the other hand estimation of size in VEs is quite accurate and follows a size-constancy law when rich cues are present. This study investigates how estimation of distance in a CAVETM environment is affected by poor and rich cue conditions, subject experience, and environmental learning when the position of the objects is estimated using an experimental paradigm that exploits size constancy. A group of 18 healthy participants was asked to move a virtual sphere controlled using the wand joystick to the position where they thought a previously-displayed virtual cube (stimulus) had appeared. Real-size physical models of the virtual objects were also presented to the participants as a reference of real physical distance during the trials. An accurate estimation of distance implied that the participants assessed the relative size of sphere and cube correctly. The cube appeared at depths between 0.6 m and 3 m, measured along the depth direction of the CAVE. The task was carried out in two environments: a poor cue one with limited background cues, and a rich cue one with textured background surfaces. It was found that distances were underestimated in both poor and rich cue conditions, with greater underestimation in the poor cue environment. The analysis also indicated that factors such as subject experience and environmental learning were not influential. However, least square fitting of Stevens’ power law indicated a high degree of accuracy during the estimation of object locations. This accuracy was higher than in other studies which were not based on a size-estimation paradigm. Thus as indirect result, this study appears to show that accuracy when estimating egocentric distances may be increased using an experimental method that provides information on the relative size of the objects used.

An algorithm for isentropic flow

An efficient algorithm is presented for the solution of the equations of isentropic gas dynamics with a general convex gas law. The scheme is based on solving linearized Riemann problems approximately, and in more than one dimension incorporates operator splitting. In particular, only two function evaluations in each computational cell are required. The scheme is applied to a standard test problem in gas dynamics for a polytropic gas

An isentropic flow algorithm with body fitted meshes

An efficient algorithm based on flux difference splitting is presented for the solution of the three-dimensional equations of isentropic flow in a generalised coordinate system, and with a general convex gas law. The scheme is based on solving linearised Riemann problems approximately and in more than one dimension incorporates operator splitting. The algorithm requires only one function evaluation of the gas law in each computational cell. The scheme has good shock capturing properties and the advantage of using body-fitted meshes. Numerical results are shown for Mach 3 flow of air past a circular cylinder. Furthermore, the algorithm also applies to shallow water flows by employing the familiar gas dynamics analogy.