977 resultados para pico-projector
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2016
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Purpose: We investigated the interaction between adapting field size and luminance on pupil diameter when cones alone (photopic) or rods and cones (mesopic) were active. Method: Circular achromatic targets (1o to 24o diameter) were presented to eight young participants on a rectangular projector screen. The accommodative influence on pupil diameter was minimized using cycloplegia in the fixing right eye and the consensual pupil reflex was measured in the left eye. Target luminance was adjusted for each stimulus such that corneal flux density (product of field area and luminance) was constant at 3600 cd.deg2m-2 (photopic condition) and 1.49 cd.deg2m-2 (mesopic condition). Results: There were no statistically significant effects of adaptive field size on pupil diameter for either condition. Conclusion: If corneal flux density is kept constant, there will be no change in pupil diameter as the size of the stimulus field increases at either mesopic or photopic lighting levels up to at least 24°.
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Purpose: Myopia is a common eye disorder affecting up to 90% of children in South East Asia and 30% of the population worldwide. Myopia of high severity is a leading cause of blindness around the world (4th to 5th most common). Changes and remodelling of the sclera i.e. increase cellular proliferation & increase protein synthesis within scleral cells (↑ scleral DNA) and thinning and lose of extracellular matrix of sclera (↓ scleral GAG synthesis) have been linked to myopic eye growth in animal models. Signals acting on the sclera are thought to originate in the retina, and are modulated by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with limited evidence suggesting that the RPE can modify scleral cell growth in culture. However, the mechanism of retinal signal transmission and the role of posterior eye cup tissue, including the RPE, in mediating changes in scleral fibroblast growth during myopia development are unclear. Retinal transmitter systems are critically involved in pathways regulating eye growth, which ultimately lead to alterations in the sclera if eye size is to change. A dopaminergic agonist and muscarinic antagonists decrease the proliferation of scleral chondrocytes when co-cultured with chick’s retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). GABA receptors have recently been localised to chick sclera. We therefore hypothesised that posterior eye cup tissue from myopic eyes would stimulate and from hyperopic eyes would inhibit growth of scleral fibroblasts in vitro and that GABAergic agents could directly interact with scleral cells or indirectly modify the effects of myopic and hyperopic posterior eye cup tissue on scleral fibroblast growth. Method: Fibroblastic cells obtained from 8-day-old chick sclera were used to establish cell banks. Two major experiments were performed. Experiment 1: To determine if posterior eye cup tissues from myopic eye stimulates and hyperopic eye inhibits scleral cell proliferation, when co-cultured with scleral cells in vitro. This study comprised two linked experiments, i) monocular visual treatments of FDM (form-deprivation myopia), LIM (lens-induced myopia) and LIH (lens-induced hyperopia) with assessment of the effect of full punch eye cup tissue on DNA and GAG synthesis by cultured chick scleral fibroblasts, and ii) binocular visual treatments comprising LIM and LIH with assessment of the effect of individual layers of eye cup tissues (neural retina, RPE and choroid) on cultured chick scleral fibroblasts. Visual treatment was applied for 3 days. Experiment 2: To determine the direct interaction of GABA agents on scleral cell growth and to establish whether GABA agents modify the stimulatory/inhibitory effect of myopic and hyperopic posterior eye cup tissues on cultured scleral cell growth in vitro. Two linked experiments were performed. i) GABA agonists (muscimol and baclofen) and GABA antagonists (bicuculine (-), CGP46381 and TPMPA) were added to scleral cell culture medium to determine their direct effect on scleral cells. ii) GABAergic agents (agonists and antagonists) were administered to scleral fibroblasts co-cultured with posterior eye cup tissue (retina, RPE, retina/RPE, RPE/choroid). Ocular tissues were obtained from chick eyes wearing +15D (LIH) or -15D lenses (LIM) for 3 days. In both experiments, tissues were added to hanging cell culture insert (pore size 1.0ìm) placed over each well of 24 well plates while scleral cells were cultured in DMEM/F12, Glutamax (Gibco) plus 10% FBS and penicillin/streptomycin (50U/ml)) and fungizone (1.25ug/ml) (Gibco), at seeding density of 30,000 cells/well at the bottom of the well and allowed to grow for 3 days. Scleral cells proliferation rate throughout the study was evaluated by determining GAG and DNA content of scleral cells using Dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) dye and Quant-iTTm Pico Green® dsDNA reagent respectively. Results and analysis: Based on DNA and GAG content, there was no significant difference in tissue effect of LIM and LIH eyes on scleral fibroblast growth (DNA: 8.4 ± 1.1μg versus 9.3 ± 2.3 μg, p=0.23; GAG: 10.13 ± 1.4 μg versus 12.67 ± 1.2 μg, F2,23=6.16, p=0.0005) when tissues were obtained from monocularly treated chick eyes (FDM or +15D lens or -15D lens over right eyes with left eyes untreated) and co-cultured as full punch. When chick eyes were treated binocularly with -15D lens (LIM) right eye and +15D lens (LIH) left eyes and tissue layers were separated, the retina from LIM eyes did not stimulate scleral cell proliferation compared to LIH eyes (DNA: 27.2 ± 6.7 μg versus 23.2 ± 1.5 μg, p=0.23; GAG: 28.1 ±3.7 μg versus 28.7 ± 4.2 μg, p=0.21). Similarly, the LIH and LIM choroid did not produce a differential effect based on DNA (LIM 46.9 ± 6.4 μg versus LIH 53.5 ± 4.7 μg, p=0.18), however the choroid from LIH eyes induced higher scleral GAG content than from LIM eyes (32.5 ± 6.7 μg versus 18.9 ± 1.2 μg, p=0.023). In contrast, the RPE from LIM eyes caused a significant increase in fibroblast proliferation whereas the RPE from LIH eyes was relatively inhibitory (72.4 ± 6.3 μg versus 27.9 ± 2.3 μg, F1, 6=69.99, p=0.0005). GAG data were opposite to DNA data e.g. the RPE from LIH eyes increased (33.7 ± 7.9 μg) while the RPE from LIM eyes decreased (28.2 ± 3.0 μg) scleral cell growth (F1, 6=13.99, p=0.010). Based on DNA content, GABA agents had a small direct effect on scleral cell growth; GABA agonists increased (21.4 ± 1.0% and 18.3 ± 1.0% with muscimol and baclofen, p=0.0021), whereas GABA antagonists decreased fibroblast proliferation (-23.7 ± 0.9% with bicuculine & CGP46381 and -28.1 ± 0.5% with TPMPA, p=0.0004). GABA agents also modified the effect of LIM and LIH tissues (p=0.0005).The increase in proliferation rate of scleral fibroblasts co-cultured with tissues (RPE, retina, RPE/retina and RPE/choroid) from LIM treated eyes was enhanced by GABA agonists (muscimol: 27.4 ± 1.2%, 35.8 ± 1.6%, 8.4 ± 0.3% and 11.9 ± 0.6%; baclofen: 27.0 ± 1.0%, 15.8 ± 1.5%, 16.8 ± 1.2% and 15.4 ± 0.4%, p=0.014) whereas GABA antagonists further reduced scleral fibroblasts growth (bicuculine: -52.5 ± 2.5%, -36.9 ± 1.4%, -37.5 ± 0.6% and -53.7 ± 0.9%; TPMPA: 57.3 ± 1.3%, -15.7 ± 1.2%, -33.5 ± 0.4% and -45.9 ± 1.5%; CGP46381: -51.9 ± 1.6%, -28.5 ± 1.5%, -25.4 ± 2.0% and -45.5 ± 1.9% respectively, p=0.0034). GAG data were opposite to DNA data throughout the experiment e.g. GABA agonists further inhibited while antagonists relatively enhanced scleral fibroblasts growth for both LIM and LIH tissue co-culture. The effect of GABA agents was relatively lower (p=0.0004) for tissue from LIH versus LIM eyes but was in a similar direction. There was a significant drug effect on all four tissue types e.g. RPE, retina, RPE/retina and RPE/choroid for both LIM and LIH tissue co-culture (F20,92=3.928, p=0.0005). However, the effect of GABA agents was greatest in co-culture with RPE tissue (F18,36=4.865, p=0.0005). Summary and Conclusion: 1) Retinal defocus signals are transferred to RPE and choroid which then exert their modifying effect on scleral GAG and DNA synthesis either through growth stimulating factors or directly interacting with scleral cells in process of scleral remodeling during LIM and LIH visual conditions. 2) GABAergic agents affect the proliferation of scleral fibroblasts both directly and when co-cultured with ocular tissues in vitro.
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In this paper, a new alternating direction implicit Galerkin--Legendre spectral method for the two-dimensional Riesz space fractional nonlinear reaction-diffusion equation is developed. The temporal component is discretized by the Crank--Nicolson method. The detailed implementation of the method is presented. The stability and convergence analysis is strictly proven, which shows that the derived method is stable and convergent of order $2$ in time. An optimal error estimate in space is also obtained by introducing a new orthogonal projector. The present method is extended to solve the fractional FitzHugh--Nagumo model. Numerical results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis.
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The “third-generation” 3D graphene structures, T-junction graphene micro-wells (T-GMWs) are produced on cheap polycrystalline Cu foils in a single-step, low-temperature (270 °C), energy-efficient, and environment-friendly dry plasma-enabled process. T-GMWs comprise vertical graphene (VG) petal-like sheets that seemlessly integrate with each other and the underlying horizontal graphene sheets by forming T-junctions. The microwells have the pico-to-femto-liter storage capacity and precipitate compartmentalized PBS crystals. The T-GMW films are transferred from the Cu substrates, without damage to the both, in de-ionized or tap water, at room temperature, and without commonly used sacrificial materials or hazardous chemicals. The Cu substrates are then re-used to produce similar-quality T-GMWs after a simple plasma conditioning. The isolated T-GMW films are transferred to diverse substrates and devices and show remarkable recovery of their electrical, optical, and hazardous NO2 gas sensing properties upon repeated bending (down to 1 mm radius) and release of flexible trasparent display plastic substrates. The plasma-enabled mechanism of T-GMW isolation in water is proposed and supported by the Cu plasma surface modification analysis. Our GMWs are suitable for various optoelectronic, sesning, energy, and biomedical applications while the growth approach is potentially scalable for future pilot-scale industrial production.
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Objective: To systematically review the effectiveness of intervention studies promoting diet and physical activity (PA) in nurses. Data Source: English language manuscripts published between 1970 and 2014 in PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and EMBASE, as well as those accessed with the PICO tool, were reviewed. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria comprised (1) nurses/student nurses working in a health care setting and (2) interventions where PA and/or diet behaviors were the primary outcome. Exclusion criteria were (1) non–peer-reviewed articles or conference abstracts and (2) interventions focused on treatment of chronic conditions or lifestyle factors other than PA or diet in nurses. Data Extraction: Seventy-one full texts were retrieved and assessed for inclusion by two reviewers. Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked for accuracy by a second reviewer. Data Synthesis: Extracted data were synthesized in a tabular format and narrative summary. Results: Nine (n = 737 nurses) studies met the inclusion criteria. Quality of the studies was low to moderate. Four studies reported an increase in self-reported PA through structured exercise and goal setting. Dietary outcomes were generally positive, but were only measured in three studies with some limitations in the assessment methods. Two studies reported improved body composition without significant changes in diet or PA. Conclusions: Outcomes of interventions to change nurses' PA and diet behavior are promising, but inconsistent. Additional and higher quality interventions that include objective and validated outcome measures and appropriate process evaluation are required.
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For structured-light scanners, the projective geometry between a projector-camera pair is identical to that of a camera-camera pair. Consequently, in conjunction with calibration, a variety of geometric relations are available for three-dimensional Euclidean reconstruction. In this paper, we use projector-camera epipolar properties and the projective invariance of the cross-ratio to solve for 3D geometry. A key contribution of our approach is the use of homographies induced by reference planes, along with a calibrated camera, resulting in a simple parametric representation for projector and system calibration. Compared to existing solutions that require an elaborate calibration process, our method is simple while ensuring geometric consistency. Our formulation using the invariance of the cross-ratio is also extensible to multiple estimates of 3D geometry that can be analysed in a statistical sense. The performance of our system is demonstrated on some cultural artifacts and geometric surfaces.
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Photophysical properties of the singlet and triplet states of the fullerenes, C60 and C70, have been investigated in toluene, benzene, hexane and ethanol solutions by pico- and nano-second laser flash photolysis techniques. Lifetimes, extinction coefficients, quantum efficiencies of the formation of the excited states and such properties have been determined. True triplet�triplet absorption spectra of C60 and C70 are reported. C60, unlike C70, is found to undergo photoionization in ethanol solution giving solvated electrons.
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A method to reliably extract object profiles even with surface discontinuities that leads to 2n pi phase jumps is proposed. The proposed method uses an amplitude-modulated Ronchi grating, which allows one to extract phase and unwrap the same with a single image. Ronchi equivalent image can be derived from modified grating image, which aids in extracting wrapped phase using Fourier transform profilometry. The amplitude of the modified grating aids in phase unwrapping. As we only need a projector that projects an amplitude-modulated grating, the proposed method allows one to extract three-dimensional profile without using full video projectors. This article also deals with noise reduction algorithms for fringe projection techniques. (C) 2014 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
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El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de un hato criollo lechero Reyna, bajo condiciones de explotación en confinamiento, en la finca San José ubicada en Masatepe, Masaya, Nicaragua. Se analizaron 148 registros productivos y reproductivos correspondientes al período 1982 a 1989. Las características estudiadas fueron producción de leche total por lactancia (PLTOT), producción de leche ajustada a 305 días (PL305), duración de la lactancia (DL), intervalo entre partos (IEP) y edad al primer parto (EPP), además se evaluó el comportamiento de la curva de lactancia y se estimaron los parámetros que la caracterizan (a) parámetro que regula la producción inicial, (b) parámetro que regula el ascenso al pico y (c) parámetro que regula la declinación post pico, a partir de pico (RP), análisis se éstos se calcularon las variables rendimiento al tiempo al pico (TP) y la persistencia (S). En los utilizaron los métodos 1) Mínimos cuadrados (Harvey, 1987), 2) Iterativo de estimación no lineal (Mardquardt, 1968), 3) Modelo y ecuaciones propuestas por Wood, (1967) a través de procedimientos computarizados (Harvey, 1987 y SAS, 1987). Mediante análisis de varianza se estudió el efecto de los factores ambientales año de parto, época, número de partos y las interacciones año de parto por época y época por número de partos sobre PLT, PL305, DL, e IEP. Las medias de mínimos cuadrados obtenidas en este estudio fueron 1,577.65 ± 92.06 Kg, 1,560.64 ± 89.65 Kg, 264.23 ± 9.5 días, 425.96 ± 11.4 días y 1,401.08 ± 120 días para PLTOT, PL305, DL, IEP y EPP respectivamente. Los valores de a, b, c, RP, TP, y S fueron 4.19006 ± 0.5381, 0.221751 ± 0.0402, 0.005152 ± 0.00051, 7,73 Kg, 43.3 días y 6.43 % respectivamente. En el ANDEVA se encontró un efecto altamente significativo (P<0.01) del año de parto sobre las características estudiadas, resultando NS las otras fuentes de variación. Los valores y efectos antes señalados hacen notar que el criollo lechero no responde muy satisfactoriamente a condiciones de confinamiento, aunque es observable su ventaja productiva, respecto al promedio del hato nacional. Al caracterizar la curva de lactancia estimada para el hato y por número de partos ésta presentó valores sobre estimados de producción, respecto a la producción real, sin embargo no presentó atipicidad en su forma.
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El presente trabajo se realizó con el objetivo de estudiar el efecto de los diferentes factores ambientales y genético (RAZAV, NUMPA, AÑOP, EPOCA), sobre el comportamiento productivo y reproductivo de un hato bovino del municipio de Telica, departamento de León, en la finca "San Benito". Además se caracterizó la curva general de lactancia para la cual se utilizó el modelo Yx = axb e-ex. En donde "a" es el parámetro asociado con la producción inicial, "b" señala el ascenso al pico, "c" es la declinación de la producción post-pico y Yx es la producción diaria en el período "x". Se analizaron los registros productivos y reproductivos correspondiente al período de 1990 a 1992, las características estudiadas fueron: PLTOT, PL305, LARLA e IEP. En el análisis se utilizó el procedimiento de mínimos cuadrados mediante el análisis de varianza
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Con el objetivo de caracterizar la curva de lactancia y evaluar los efectos ambientales, año de parto (AAPAR), época de parto (E) y número de parto (NUMPA) asociados con los parámetros de la curva de lactancia, se analizaron registros mensuales (N=241) de vacas criollo Reyna bajo condiciones de trópico seco en la Hacienda "El Pino" Rivas, Nicaragua, los que corresponden a los años 1982-1989. Para la caracterización de la curva de lactancia, se utilizó el modelo propuesto por Wood (1967) de forma linealizada Ln Yx =Ln a + b Ln x - cx, donde Yx es la producción diaria en el periodo x, a representa la producción inicial, b el ascenso al pico, c descenso de producción. A partir del mismo se generaron la persistencia S, rendimiento al pico RP, tiempo al pico TP. La proporción de curvas atípicas encontradas en el presente estudio, fué de 23.21 . Al analizar la curva de lactancia general se observa un a = 1.94t +-0.l7 Kg, b =0.52+-0.04 Kg, c =0.006622+-0.000423 Kg, RP=6.13+-0.11 Kg, TP=89.17+-5.07 días y S = 7.78+-0.13; determinándose una curva sobreestimada producto de un valor para b sumamente grande. En el análisis de varianza se encontró que el factor época fue el que ejerció una mayor influencia sobre las características en estudio. Las medias de mínimos cuadrados y su error estándar según la época de parto, fueron de 2.25+-0.20 Kg, 0.50+-0.04 Kg, 0.007344+-0.0005 Kg para a, b y c respectivamente y para RP, TP y S de 6.38+-0.14 Kq, 67.64+-6.06 días y 7.49+-0.15 en la época 1 (Mayo-Octubre). En la época 2 (Noviembre-Abril) fueron de 1.63+-0.25 Kg para a, 0.52+-0.06 Kg para b, 0.005899+-0.0006 Kg para c y para RP, TP y s de 5.88+-0.17 Kg, l10.7l+-7.53 días y 8.07+-0.09 respectivamente. Los valores estimados para las correlaciones fenotípicas (rs) entre a y b, a y S resultaron de -0.71 y -0.75 respectivamente, y entre PL305 y a, PL305 y c, TP y s b y c, y entre b y S fueron de -0.00, -0.25, 0.66, 0.70 Y 0.84, respectivamente, presentando el resto de las estimaciones correlaciones cercanas a cero.
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Con el objetivo de caracterizar la curva de lactancia y evaluar el comportamiento reproductivo se analizaron los registros mensuales (N=10) de vaquillas Holstein bajo la implementación y falta de implementación de medidas de manejo pre-parto en la Empresa Agropecuaria “San Ignacio” Mateare, Nicaragua. Para caracterizar la curva de lactancia, se utilizó el modelo de Wood (1967) de forma linealizada Ln Yx = Lna + b Lnx - ex , donde Yx es la producción diaria en el período x, a representa la producción inicial, b el ascenso al pico, c el descenso de producción, a partir del mismo se generaron la Persistencia (S), Rendimiento al pico (RP), Tiempo al pico (TP), también se evaluó el Intervalo parto - concepción (IPC) y el Número de servicios por concepción (NSPC) . Al presentar problemas reproductivos la proporción de curvas atípicas encontradas en este Trabajo fue de 40%. Al analizar la curva de lactancia del grupo experimental se observa un a= 11.00212 kg, b = 0.083528 kg, e = 0.00407148 kg, RP = 12.790 kg, TP = 29.54 días, S = 6.126. El grupo testigo presenta un a = 6.4384 kg, b = 0.193048 kg, e = 0.00466974 kg, RP = 9.49 kg, TP = 34.32 días, S = 6.421. En el análisis de varianza se encontró que el RP tiene diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos a un nivel de significancia (P<0.05). Los parámetros reproductivos IPC y NSPC para el grupo experimental fueron de 243.6 días y 3 servicios respectivamente, el grupo testigo presentó un IPC = 221.8 días y NSPC = 3.6 servicios .
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Con el propósito de evaluar el intervalo entre partos (IEP), producción de leche por día (PLDk) y composición de la leche en contenidos de grasa (FATT), proteína (PROTT), lactosa (LACTT), materia seca (DRYMT) y sólidos no gras os (SNFT) en genotipos lecheros (Holstein, Pardo suizo, Jersey y cruces entre estos y con Brahman) de la Finca Las Mercedes de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, manejado intensivamente, se utilizó información de producción del periodo 2005 – 2007, intervalo entre partos (IEP), pesajes de leche por día (diciembre 2005 a Junio 2007) y sus respectivos análisis de composición. Los análisis se efectuaron mediante modelos aditivos lineales que incluyeron efectos fijos de grupo racial (GR), año de parto (AP), númer o de parto (NP), época de parto (EP), periodo de lactancia (PLAC) y sexo de la cría (SC) e interacciones importantes. Para IEP, fueron importantes solamente las interacciones GRxAP (P<0.02), GRxEP (P<0.01) y NP x EP (P<0.07), no así para efectos principale s; se obtuvo una media de mínimos cuadrados para IEP de 14.4 meses y los valores oscilaron entre 11 y 18 meses. Para PLDk, se encontró diferencias importantes para todas las fuentes e interacciones, excepto para AP. PLDk mostró una media de mínimos cuadra dos de 7.5 kg. /día. Los GR 2 y 4 mostraron valores mayores que 12 kg. /día; el parto 3 presento la mayor producción (10.3 kg /día); la época de parto 1 (lluvia) mostró 1.5 kg de leche mayor que la época seca; la tendencia de la curva de lactancia a lo lag o de los PLAC resulto un poco atípica sin pico de producción. De la composición de la leche, los efectos de GR, AP y PLAC resultaron importantes sobre todas las características; los promedios generales para grasa, proteína, lactosa, materia seca y sólidos no grasos fueron de 3.78%, 3.08%, 3.66%, 11.25%, 7.46%, respectivamente. El GR 2 mostró valores mayores en composición de leche; y en general, si se incrementa el volumen de leche por día se reducen todos los parámetros de composición, visto más clarament e en la curva de lactación a través de PLAC. La información generada puede sustentar las políticas de utilización de estos genotipos en Las Mercedes.
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Contenido: Palabras del Señor Rector / Guillermo P. Blanco – Testimonio / Juan Roberto Courrèges – Historia de un fervor / Teresa Iris Giovacchini – Homenaje / Luis Martínez Cuitiño – Paul Claudel en una de sus “Odas” / Ángel J. Battistessa – Apertura de Nuevos Mundos: 1492-1969 (Documentos igualmente augurales) / Raúl H. Castagnino – Valor condicional de adjetivos con rasgos de predicativos / Hilda Albano de Vázquez – Buzzati, dos en uno / Daniel H. Capano – La estructura circular de “Adán Buenosayres” / Norma Carricaburo – Una constante poética en la producción dramática de Armando Discépolo: continuidad e innovación en el realismo / Jorge Adrián Dubatti – La Saya/Fuga de J. B. o la novela épico-lúdica de un juglar laborioso / Teresa Iris Giovacchini – Algunas notas sobre el didactismo del Libro de Buen Amor / Elsa C. González Bolia – La “Noche oscura”, de San Juan de la Cruz, poema en diálogo / Teresa Herraiz de Tresca – Bernal Díaz del Castillo y las comunicaciones hispano-aztecas / Ernesto Livacic Gazzano – Hacia una teoría borgeana de la recepción / Luis Martínez Cuitiño – El Árbol, el Bosque y John Fowles (A propósito de la reedición de “The tree”) / Rosa E. M. D. Penna – El orden primero recuperado: “Le livre de Christophe Colomb de Paul Claudel / Paulette Rachou – La Torre de Apolidón y el influjo del Libro de Marco Polo en el Amadís de Gaula / Aquilino Suárez Pallasá – Jorge Manrique en la tradición literaria del amor y de la muerte / Lía Noemí Uriarte Rebaudi – Reseñas bibliográficas