382 resultados para phosphatidyl inositol


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The immobilization of enzymes in organized two-dimensional matrices is a key requirement for many biotechnological applications. In this paper, we used the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique to obtain controlled architectures of urease immobilized in solid supports, whose physicochemical properties were investigated in detail. Urease molecules were adsorbed at the air-water interface and incorporated into Langmuir monolayers of the phospholipid dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG). Incorporation of urease made DPPG monolayers more flexible and caused the reduction of the equilibrium and dynamic elasticity of the film. Urease and DPPG-urease mixed monolayers could be transferred onto solid substrates, forming LB films. A close packing arrangement of urease was obtained, especially in the mixed LB films, which was inferred with nanogravimetry and electrochemistry measurements. From the blocking effect of the LB films deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates, the electrochemical properties of the LB films pointed to a charge transport controlled by the lipid architecture. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Liposomes have been applied to many fields as nanocarriers, especially in drug delivery as active molecules may be entrapped either in their aqueous interior or onto the hydrophobic surface. In this paper we describe the fabrication of layer-by-layer (LbL) films made with liposomes incorporating the anti-inflammatory ibuprofen. The liposomes were made with dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) and palmitoyl oleoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (POPG). LbL films were assembled via alternate adsorption of the polyamidoamine dendrimer (PAMAM), generation 4, and liposomes containing ibuprofen. According to dynamic light scattering measurements, the incorporation of ibuprofen caused DPPC and DPPG liposonnes to become more stable, with a decrease in diameter from 140 to 74 nm and 132 to 63 nm, respectively. In contrast, liposomes from POPG became less stable, with an increase in size from 110 to 160 nm after ibuprofen incorporation. These results were confirmed by atomic force microscopy images of LbL films, which showed a large tendency to rupture for POPG liposomes. Film growth was monitored using nanogravimetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy, indicating that growth stops after 10 bilayers. The release of ibuprofen obtained with fluorescence measurements was slower for the liposomes, with decay times of 9.2 and 8.5 h for DPPG and POPG liposomes, respectively, than for the free drug with a decay time of 5.2 h. Ibuprofen could also be released from the LbL films made with DPPG and POPG liposomes, which is promising for further uses in patches.

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The use of melanin in bioinspired applications is mostly limited by its poor stability in solid films. This problem has been addressed here by incorporating melanin into dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG) liposomes, which were then immobilized onto a solid substrate as an LbL film. Results from steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence indicated an increased stability for melanin incorporated into DPPG liposomes. If not protected by liposomes, melanin looses completely its fluorescence properties in LbL films. The thickness of the liposome-melanin layer obtained from neutron reflectivity data was 4.1 +/- 0.2 nm, consistent with the value estimated for the phospholipid bilayer of the liposomes, an evidence of the collapse of most liposomes. On the other hand, the final roughness indicated that some of the liposomes had their structure preserved. In summary, liposomes were proven excellent for encapsulation, thus providing a suitable environment, closer to the physiological conditions without using organic solvents or high pHs. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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Oligonucleotides have unique molecular recognition properties, being involved in biological mechanisms such as cell-surface receptor recognition or gene silencing. For their use in human therapy for drug or gene delivery, the cell membrane remains a barrier, but this can be obviated by grafting a hydrophobic tail to the oligonucleotide. Here we demonstrate that two oligonucleotides, one consisting of 12 guanosine units (G(12)), and the other one consisting of five adenosine and seven guanosine (A(5)G(7)) units, when functionalized with poly(butadiene), namely PB-G(12) and PB-A(5)G(7), can be inserted into Langmuir monolayers of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), which served as a cell membrane model. PB-G(12) and PB-A(5)G(7) were found to affect the DPPC monolayer even at high surface pressures. The effects from PB-G(12) were consistently stronger, particularly in reducing the elasticity of the DPPC monolayers, which may have important biological implications. Multilayers of DPPC and nucleotide-based copolymers could be adsorbed onto solid supports, in the form of Y-type LB films, in which the molecular-level interaction led to lower energies in the vibrational spectra of the nucleotide-based copolymers. This successful deposition of solid films opens the way for devices to be produced which exploit the molecular recognition properties of the nucleotides. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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The capability of self-assembly and molecular recognition of biomolecules is essential for many nanotechnological applications, as in the use of alkyl-modified nucleosides and oligonucleotides to increase the cellular uptake of DNA and RNA. In this study, we show that a lipophilic nucleoside, which is an isomer mixture of 2`-palmitoyluridin und 3`-palmitoyluridin, forms Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett films as a typical amphiphile, though with a smaller elasticity. The nucleoside may be incorporated into dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) monolayers that serve as a simplified cell membrane model. The molecular-level interactions between the nucleoside and DPPC led to a remarkable condensation of the mixed monolayer, which affected both surface pressure and surface potential isotherms. The morphology of the mixed monolayers was dominated by the small domains of the nucleoside. The mixed monolayers could be deposited onto solid substrates as a one-layer Langmuir Blodgett film that displayed UV-vis absorption spectra typical of aggregated nucleosides owing to the interaction between the nucleoside and DPPC. The formation of solid films with DNA building blocks in the polar heads may open the way for devices and sensors be produced to exploit their molecular recognition properties. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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The interaction between cationic bilayer fragments and a model oligonucleotide was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, turbidimetry, determination of excimer to monomer ratio of 2-(10-(1-pyrene)-decanoyl)-phosphatidyl-choline in bilayer fragment dispersions and dynamic light scattering for sizing and zeta-potential analysis. Salt (Na(2)HPO(4)), mononucleotide (2`-deoxyadenosine-5`-monophosphate) or poly (dA) oligonucleotide (3`-AAA AAA AAA A-5`) affected structure and stability of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide bilayer fragments. Oligonucleotide and salt increased bilayer packing due to bilayer fragment fusion. Mononucleotide did not reduce colloid stability or did not cause bilayer fragment fusion. Charge neutralization of bilayer fragments by poly (dA) at 1:10 poly (dA):dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide molar ratio caused extensive aggregation, maximal size and zero of zeta-potential for the assemblies. Above charge neutralization, assemblies recovered colloid stability due to charge overcompensation. For bilayer fragments/poly (dA), the nonmonotonic behavior of colloid stability as a function of poly (dA) concentration was unique for the oligonucleotide and was not observed for Na(2)HPO(4) or 2`-deoxyadenosine-5`-monophosphate. For the first time, such interactions between cationic bilayer fragments and mono- or oligonucleotide were described in the literature. Bilayer fragments/oligonucleotide assemblies may find interesting applications in drug delivery. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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A serotonina tem sido relacionada aos comportamentos apetitivo, emocional, motor, cognitivo e autonômico. Os neurônios serotonérgicos estão localizados nos núcleos da rafe, projetam-se para todas as regiões do sistema nervoso central e atuam através de sete tipos de receptores diferentes (5-HT1-7). Os receptores do tipo 2 são categorizados em 3 sub-tipos (A, B e C). Os receptores 5-HT2A são receptores pós sinápticos que promovem a ativação da fosfolipase C, responsável pela hidrólise de fosfolipídios da membrana neuronal, dando origem aos segundos mensageiros diacilglicerol e trifosfato de inositol. O gene do receptor 5-HT2A apresenta alguns polimorfismos, entre os quais o T102C, onde na posição 102 pode estar ou uma timina (T) ou uma citosina (C). Este polimorfismo, apesar de não determinar uma alteração na seqüência de amionoácidos que compõem o receptor determina sua expressão em quantidade diferente. Nesta tese, o polimorfismo T102C do gene do receptor 5-HT2A foi empregado como uma ferramenta para o estudo da neuroquímica do tabagismo e do comportamento alimentar. No estudo acerca do tabagismo, um grupo de 625 sujeitos foi genotipado e classificado de acordo com seu comportamento em relação ao fumo (fumantes atuais, exfumantes ou não fumantes). Foram encontradas diferenças na distribuição dos genótipos quando fumantes atuais foram comparados com ex-fumantes e não fumantes, sugerindo que o polimorfismo T102C está associado com a manutenção, e não o início, do hábito de fumar. O genótipo CC era mais freqüente nos fumantes atuais do que nos ex-fumantes e não fumantes. No estudo sobre o comportamento alimentar, um grupo de 240 sujeitos idosos foi genotipado e sua dieta espontânea foi avaliada tanto quanto ao conteúdo de macro quanto de micro-nutrientes. Foram encontradas diferenças na dieta relacionadas ao polimorfismo T102C. Os indivíduos TT comem uma maior quantidade e proporção de proteínas, apesar de não alterar a quantidade de calorias ingeridas. Eles ingerem mais carne vermelha todos os aminoácidos essenciais. Concluindo, através de um instrumento da genética molecular que identifica sujeitos com suscetibilidade para terem uma menor ou maior quantidade de receptores 5-HT2A, para o qual não há agonistas específicos, é possível sugerir o provável envolvimento deste receptor tanto nos mecanismos de manutenção da adição ao tabaco quanto nos de preferência alimentar.

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As bases moleculares da neuroproteção contra a isquemia mediada por estrógeno continuam obscuras, assim como os mecanismos envolvendo a tolerância ao dano isquêmico subseqüente induzida por pré-condicionamento. Neste trabalho foi estudado se as vias de sinalização celular da PI3-K (fosfatidil inositol 3-quinase) e da MEK/ERK 1/2 estariam envolvidas na neuroproteção induzida por estrógeno, bem como alguns parâmetros de estresse oxidativo, especificamente o conteúdo de radicais livres, um índice de dano oxidativo a proteínas e a capacidade antioxidante total. Também foi estudado o possível envolvimento dos transportadores de glutamato (EAAT1 e EAAT2) e dos receptores de estrógeno (ERα e ERβ) nos efeitos neuroprotetores do estrógeno e do pré-condicionamento. Para este fim, foram utilizados os modelos in vitro de culturas organotípicas de fatias hipocampais e fatias hipocampais preparadas a fresco expostas à privação de oxigênio e glicose (POG) e o modelo in vivo de hipóxia-isquemia neonatal. Em culturas tratadas tanto aguda como cronicamente com 17β-estradiol, a morte celular induzida por POG foi diminuída acentuadamente quando comparada com as culturas tratadas apenas com veículo. Este efeito neuroprotetor foi evitado por LY294002 (inibidor de PI3-K), mas não por PD98059 (inibidor de MEK/ERK 1/2). Ambos os protocolos de tratamento com estradiol induziram a fosforilação/ativação da proteína quinase B (PKB/Akt) e a fosforilação/inativação da glicogênio sintase quinase-3β (GSK-3β). Em um estudo similar, o imunoconteúdo do receptor estrogênico ERα diminuiu após POG em culturas tratadas tanto com estradiol quanto veículo, enquanto que o receptor ERβ aumentou apenas nas culturas tratadas com estradiol expostas ou não à POG. Não foram observadas alterações no imunoconteúdo dos transportadores de glutamato (EAATs) em nenhum dos tratamentos in vitro. Em fatias de hipocampo de cérebro de ratas ovariectomizadas que receberam reposição de estradiol, a morte celular foi reduzida em comparação ao grupo de ratas que não recebeu a reposição hormonal. Neste mesmo modelo, observou-se que a POG aumentou a produção de radicais livres nos dois grupos, porém não foram observadas diferenças na capacidade antioxidante total. Por outro lado, a reposição de estradiol evitou a redução nos conteúdos de triptofano e tirosina causada por POG. No modelo in vivo, o cérebro de ratos neonatos foi protegido contra a hipóxia-isquemia pelo précondicionamento hipóxico. Em paralelo, o pré-condicionamento aumentou o imunoconteúdo dos transportadores de glutamato EAAT2 e do receptor estrogênico ERα em córtex e diminuiu os níveis de EAAT2 em estriado, mas não afetou os níveis de EAAT1 e ERβ. Já no modelo in vitro de pré-condicionamento, nas culturas organotípicas de hipocampo pré-condicionadas, 15 min de POG induziu tolerância acentuada a um período subseqüente de 45 min de POG, porém não foram detectadas alterações nos transportadores de glutamato nem nos receptores estrogênicos. Juntos, os resultados sugerem que na isquemia a neuroproteção induzida por estrógeno pode envolver a via de sinalização celular da fostatidil inositol 3-quinase (PI3-K), a prevenção do dano oxidativo a proteínas e a regulação dos receptores estrogênicos ERα e ERβ, enquanto que a tolerância à isquemia cerebral induzida por pré-condicionamento pode envolver a regulação dos transportadores de glutamato EAAT2 e receptores estrogênicos ERα.

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Muitas similaridades existem entre isquemia cerebral e epilepsia a respeito de dano cerebral e mecanismos de autoproteção que são ativados próximos à lesão. Oxcarbazepina (OXC), droga anticonvulsivante, atua bloqueando os canais de sódio voltagem-dependentes, aumentando a condutância de potássio e modulando os canais de cálcio voltagem-dependentes. Nosso objetivo nesse trabalho foi analisar o perfil de neuroproteção da OXC e investigar o possível envolvimento da via de sinalização celular PI3-K (fosfatidil inositol 3-cinase), uma via conhecida por seus efeitos proliferativos e antiapoptótico. Para mimetizar uma isquemia, culturas organotípicas de fatias hipocampais de ratos Wistar de 6-8 dias foram expostas à privação de oxigênio e glicose (POG). A adição da OXC (30μM) antes da indução da lesão aumentou a sobrevivência neuronal no hipocampo de culturas organotípicas expostas a POG por 60 minutos, observado pela diminuição da incorporação de IP.Este efeito neuroprotetor foi prevenido por LY294002 (inibidor de PI3-K). Este resultado indica um possível envolvimento da via Akt na neuroproteção. Para investigar se a proteína Akt, uma cinase ativada pela PI3-K, estava envolvida na neuroproteção das células as condições de POG, analisamos a fosforilação e o imunoconteúdo dessa cinase em 1, 6 e 24 horas depois da reperfusão. Nenhuma alteração foi observada nesses parâmetros, sugerindo que, nesse caso, a fosforilação da Akt não está envolvida na neuroproteção mediada pela OXC. Da mesma maneira não foi observada alteração em 1, 6 e 24 horas na GSK-3β, uma cinase logo abaixo na via Akt, e pró-apoptótica, sugerindo que, nesse caso, a fosforilação da GSK-3β não está envolvida na neuroproteção mediada pela OXC. Juntos, os resultados deste trabalho mostram um claro efeito neuroprotetor da OXC contra a lesão isquêmica, que entretanto, não envolve a via de sinalização da Akt/GSK-3β. Embora a reversão da proteção ao tratamento, com o inibidor da PI3-K, seja um indício de que uma via possa ser ativada pela PI3-K e estar envolvida na neuroproteção. Os dados suportam a idéia que a OXC poderia ser utilizada na profilaxia e/ou tratamento da isquemia cerebral.

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The screening for genes in metagenomic libraries from soil creates opportunities to explore the enormous genetic and metabolic diversity of microorganisms. Rivers are ecosystems with high biological diversity, but few were examined using the metagenomic approach. With this objective, a metagenomic library was constructed from DNA soil samples collected at three different points along the Jundiaí-river (Rio Grande do Norte-Brazil). The points sampled are from open area, rough terrain and with the direct incidence of sunlight. This library was analyzed functionally and based in sequence. For functional analysis Luria-Bertani solid medium (LB) with NaCl concentration varied from 0.17M to 0.85M was used for functional analysis. Positives clones resistant to hypersaline medium were obtained. The recombinant DNAs were extracted and transformed into Escherichia coli strain DH10B and survival curves were obtained for quantification of abiotic stress resistance. The sequences of clones were obtained and submitted to the BLASTX tool. Some clones were found to hypothetical proteins of microorganisms from both Archaea and Bacteria division. One of the clones showed a complete ORF with high similarity to glucose-6-phosphate isomerase which participates in the synthesis of glycerol pathway and serves as a compatible solute to balance the osmotic pressure inside and outside of cells. Subsequently, in order to identify genes encoding osmolytes or enzymes related halotolerance, environmental DNA samples from the river soil, from the water column of the estuary and ocean were collected and pyrosequenced. Sequences of osmolytes and enzymes of different microorganisms were obtained from the UniProt and used as RefSeqs for homology identification (TBLASTN) in metagenomic databases. The sequences were submitted to HMMER for the functional domains identification. Some enzymes were identified: alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase, L-ectoina synthase (EctC), transaminase L-2 ,4-diaminobutyric acid (EctB), L-2 ,4-diaminobutyric acetyltransferase (EctA), L-threonine 3 dehydrogenase (sorbitol pathway), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, inositol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chaperones, L-proline, glycine betaine binding ABC transporter, myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase protein of proline simportadora / PutP sodium-and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase These proteins are commonly related to saline environments, however the identification of them in river environment is justified by the high salt concentration in the soil during prolonged dry seasons this river. Regarding the richness of the microbiota the river substrate has an abundance of halobacteria similar to the sea and more than the estuary. These data confirm the existence of a specialized response against salt stress by microorganisms in the environment of the Jundiaí river

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A collection of 237,954 sugarcane ESTs was examined in search of signal transduction genes. Over 3,500 components involved in several aspects of signal transduction, transcription, development, cell cycle, stress responses and pathogen interaction were compiled into the Sugarcane Signal Transduction (SUCAST) Catalogue. Sequence comparisons and protein domain analysis revealed 477 receptors, 510 protein kinases, 107 protein phosphatases, 75 small GTPases, 17 G-proteins, 114 calcium and inositol metabolism proteins, and over 600 transcription factors. The elements were distributed into 29 main categories subdivided into 409 sub-categories. Genes with no matches in the public databases and of unknown function were also catalogued. A cDNA microarray was constructed to profile individual variation of plants cultivated in the field and transcript abundance in six plant organs (flowers, roots, leaves, lateral buds, and 1(st) and 4(th) internodes). From 1280 distinct elements analyzed, 217 (17%) presented differential expression in two biological samples of at least one of the tissues tested. A total of 153 genes (12%) presented highly similar expression levels in all tissues. A virtual profile matrix was constructed and the expression profiles were validated by real-time PCR. The expression data presented can aid in assigning function for the sugarcane genes and be useful for promoter characterization of this and other economically important grasses.

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Phytase (myo-inositol hexaphosphate phosphohydrolase) and phytic acid (myo-inositol hexaphosphate) play an important environmental role, in addition to being a health issue in food industry. Phytic acid is antinutritional due to its ability to chelate metal ions and may also react with proteins decreasing their bioavailability. In this work, we produced biosensors with phytase immobilized in Layer-by-Layer (LbL) films, which could detect phytic acid with a detection limit of 0.19 mmol L-1, which is sufficient to detect phytic acid in seeds of grains and vegetables. The biosensosrs consisted of LbL films containing up to eight bilayers of phytase alternated with poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) deposited onto an indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrate modified with Prussian Blue. Amperometric detection was conducted in an acetate buffer solution (at pH 5.5) at room temperature, with the biosensor response attributed to the formation of phosphate ions. In subsidiary experiments with the currents measured at 0.0 V (vs. SCE), we demonstrated the absence of effects from some interferents, pointing to a good selectivity of the biosensor. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)