Stricter regulation boosts exports: the case of Maximum Residue Levels in pesticides

Constructing an original panel on Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) in pesticides for 50 countries over 2006-2012, this paper studies the effect of heterogeneity in MRL regulation on bilateral trade. We find evidence of regulatory heterogeneity diminishing trade at the extensive margin when the exporter faces more stringent regulation abroad, suggesting compliance costs in entering the destination market. Significantly, however, we also find strong evidence of regulatory heterogeneity increasing trade at the intensive margin for exports coming from countries that set the strictest standards, alluding to the positive informative effect of such regulation.

(Table 1) Concentrations of the main organochlorine pesticides in liver and plasma samples of ringed seals (Phoca hispida)

The present study investigates the concentrations and patterns of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their metabolites in liver and plasma of two ringed seal populations (Phoca hispida): lower contaminated Svalbard population and more contaminated Baltic Sea population. Among OCPs, p,p'-DDE and sum-chlordanes were the highest in concentration. With increasing hepatic contaminant concentrations and activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, the concentrations of 3-methylsulfonyl-p,p'-DDE and the concentration ratios of pentachlorophenol/hexachlorobenzene increased, and the toxaphene pattern shifted more towards persistent Parlar-26 and -50 and less towards more biodegradable Parlar-44. Relative concentrations of the chlordane metabolites, oxychlordane and -heptachlorepoxide, to sum-chlordanes were higher in the seals from Svalbard compared to the seals from the Baltic, while the trend was opposite for cis- and trans-nonachlor. The observed differences in the OCP patterns in the seals from the two populations are probably related to the catalytic activity of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, and also to differences in dietary exposure.

Biological effects and interactions of pesticides in a soil-plant-water microcosm /

Mode of access: Internet.

General information on applying for registration of pesticides in the United States.

"June, 1989."

Organic compounds in organophosporus pesticide manufacturing wastewaters /

Issued Sept. 1978.

New innovative pesticides : an evaluation of incentives and disincentives for commercial development by industry /

Mode of access: Internet.

Degradation of pesticides by algae /

Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, Ga., under grant no. R800371.

Pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana /

"September 1979."

Determination of incinerator operating conditions necessary for safe disposal of pesticides /

Mode of access: Internet.

Polyurethane foam as trapping agent for airborne pesticides : analytical method development /

"Interagency agreement no. 78-D-XO449."

Regulating pesticides.

Mode of access: Internet.

Contamination of ground water by pesticides [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, August 11, 1988.

"100-78."