462 resultados para microestrutura de encapsulantes


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This study incorporates many areas of knowledge to the Linguistics field, as it centers the social historicity of Brazilian and autos potiguares on two analytical proposes: the presence of linguistic formulas - in its macrostructure - into the paradigm of discursive traditions, following Kabatek (2006), Koch and Oesterreicher (2007), besides the theory of Speech Acts, in its microstructure, proposed by Austin (1990) and Searle (1995). Under Zumthor (1993; 1997; 2000; 2005; 2010), the idea of textual variability (mouvance) was alluded, highlighting that the text is always modifying, according to the performance and reception of the language uses. Considering this theoretical framework, we focus on the trinomial linguistic formulas, orality and performance, in order to describe the dynamics of stability, variation and change, emphasizing yet how extra-linguistic social-historic cultural relations influence its composition. Such discuss is inherent more precisely to Textual Analysis in enhancing the orality tradition as a linguistic support. The text, in its turn, becomes effective as an evocation, motivated by the transmission, reception and variability from its conservation and reiteration. Naturally, a methodological support based on quali-quantitative research was chosen, based on Flick (2009), who justifies the corpus composed by Brazilian Folias de Reis chants and Bois de Reis potiguares . Thereby Language dynamics, subjacent to tradition which takes effect by the use of a common social memory, are observed from two dimensions: on the first, it evocates the sacralization (religious) in which they stand their devotion to biblical History; secondly, a dissacralization with identified and ideological values, inherent to a people culture. The chant shows, in this ludic impulse, a contextualized activity which results in the following conclusion: the changing and stability processes in textual macro and microstructures occur, at the same time, by the adjustment to the use of the text accomplishing a social-political function and an ethical-pedagogic one; supposedly, social relationships arise the tradition and it, on its turn, evocates the variability and the nomadism in the text

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Uma das principais limitações relacionadas ao processo de retificação de cerâmica é a confiabilidade do material devido aos defeitos introduzidos no processamento. A compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos na remoção de material durante a retificação e a interação com os parâmetros de processo e microestrutura é fundamental para minimizar estes defeitos. A proposta desta revisão é apresentar os modelos de remoção de material e a forma como afetam as propriedades mecânicas da peça final.

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Neste trabalho foi realizada a caracterização mecânica e microestrutural de um aço microligado com estrutura multifásica. Foi aplicado tratamento térmico pré-determinado, objetivando a formação de uma microestrutura multifásica no material. Na caracterização microestrutural foram utilizados ataques químicos à base de metabissulfito de sódio e ácido pícrico, enquanto a caracterização mecânica foi realizada através de ensaios de tração. Os resultados demonstram o elevado potencial dos aços multifásicos em aplicações que necessitem de valores superiores de resistência e ductilidade, pois tanto para temperatura isotérmica de 400ºC quanto para 350ºC houve um ganho no limite de resistência à tração ficando em torno de 786MPa e 773MPa respectivamente, representando um aumento de 15,5% e 13,6% com relação ao material fornecido.

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Were synthesized different ferrites NixZn1-xFe2O4 (0,4 ≤ x ≤ 0,6) compositions by using citrate precursor method. Initially, the precursors citrates of iron, nickel and zinc were mixed and homogenized. The stoichiometric compositions were calcined at 350°C without atmosphere control and the calcined powders were pressed in pellets and toroids. The pressed material was sintered from 1100º up to 1200ºC in argon atmosphere. The calcined powders were characterized by XRD, TGA/DTG, FTIR, SEM and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). All sintered samples were characterized using XRD, SEM, VSM and measurements of magnetic permeability and loss factor were obtained. It was formed pure ferromagnetic phase at all used temperatures. The Rietveld analyses allowed to calculate the cations level occupation and the crystallite size. The analyses obtained nanometric crystals (12-20 nm) to the calcined powder. By SEM, the sintered samples shows grains sizes from 1 to 10 μm. Sintered densities (ρ) were measured by the Archimedes method and with increasing Zn content, the bulk density decrease. The better magnetization results (105-110 emu/g) were obtained for x=0,6 at all sintering temperatures. The hysteresis shows characteristics of soft magnetic material. Two magnetization processes were considered, superparamagnetism at low temperature and the magnetic domains formation at high temperatures. The sintered toroids presents relative magnetic permeability (μr) from 7 to 32 and loss factor (tanδ) of about 1. The frequency response of toroids range from 0,3 kHz to 0,2 GHz. The composition x=0,5 presents both greater μr and tanδ values and x=0,6 the most broad range of frequency response. Various microstructural factors show influence on the behavior of μr and tanδ, such as: grain size, porosity across grain boundary and inside the grain, grain boundary content and domain walls movement during the process of magnetization at high frequency studies (0,3kKz 0,2 GHz)

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The aim of this work was to study a series of 11 different compositions of Ti-Zr binary alloys resistance to aggressive environment, i. e., their ability to keep their surface properties and mass when exposed to them as a way to evaluate their performance as biomaterials. The first stage was devoted to the fabrication of tablets from these alloys by Plasma-Skull casting method using a Discovery Plasma machine from EDG Equipamentos, Brazil. In a second stage, the chemical composition of each produced tablet was verified. In a third stage, the specimen were submitted to: as-cast microstructure analysis via optical and scanning electron microscopy (OM and SEM), x-ray dispersive system (EDS) chemical analysis via SEM, Vickers hardness tests for mechanical evaluation and corrosion resistence tests in a 0.9% NaCl solution to simulate exposition to human saliva monitored by open circuit potential and polarization curves. From the obtained results, it was possible to infer that specimens A1 (94,07 wt% Ti and 5,93% wt% Zr), A4 (77,81 wt % Ti and 22,19 wt % Zr) and A8 (27,83 wt% Ti and 72,17 wt% Zr), presented best performance regarding to corrosion resistance, homogeneity and hardness which are necessary issues for biomaterials to be applied as orthopedic and odontological prosthesis

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Drying of fruit pulps in spouted beds of inert particles has been indicated as a viable technique to produce fruit powders. Most of the processes employed to produce dried fruit pulps and juices, such as Foam Mat, encapsulation by co-crystallization and spray drying utilize adjuvant and additives (such as thickeners, coating materials, emulsifiers, acidulants, flavors and dyes), which is not always desirable. The fruit pulp composition exerts an important effect on the fruit powder production using a spouted bed. In the study by Medeiros (2001) it was concluded that lipids, starch and pectin contents play an important role on the process performance, enhancing the powder production; however, the drying of fruit pulps containing high content of reducing sugars (glucose and fructose) is practically unviable. This work has the objective of expanding the studies on drying of fruit pulps in spouted bed with aid of adjuvant (lipids, starch and pectin) aiming to enhance the dryer performance without jeopardizing the sensorial quality of the product. The optimum composition obtained by Medeiros (2001) was the basis for preparing the mixtures of pulps. The mixture formulations included pulps of mango (Mangifera indica), umbu (Spondias tuberosa) and red mombin (Spondia purpurea) with addition of cornstarch, pectin and lipids. Different products were used as lipids source: olive and Brazil nut oils, coconut milk, heavy milk, powder of palm fat and palm olein. First of all, experiments were conducted to define the best formulation of the fruit pulps mixture. This definition was based on the drying performance obtained for each mixture and on the sensorial characteristics of the dry powder. The mixture formulations were submitted to drying at fixed operating conditions of drying and atomizing air flow rate, load of inert particles, temperature and flow rate of the mixture. The best results were obtained with the compositions having powder of palm fat and palm olein in terms of the drying performance and sensorial analysis. Physical and physicochemical characteristics were determined for the dry powders obtained from the mixtures formulations. Solubility and reconstitution time as well as the properties of the product after reconstitution were also evaluated. According to these analyses, the powder from the mixtures formulations presented similar characteristics and compatible quality to those produced in other types of dryers. Considering that the palm olein is produced in Brazil and that it has been used in the food industry substituting the palm fat powder, further studies on drying performance were conducted with the composition that included the palm olein. A complete factorial design of experiments 23, with three repetitions at the central point was conducted to evaluate the effects of the air temperature, feeding flow rate and intermittence time on the responses related to the process performance (powder collection efficiency, material retained in the bed and angle of repose of the inert particles after the process) and to the product quality (mean moisture content, loss of vitamin C and solubility). Powder production was uniform for the majority of the experiments and the higher efficiency with lower retention in the bed (59.2% and 1.8g, respectively) were obtained for the air temperature of 80°C, mixture feed rate of 5ml/min in intervals of 10 min. The statistical analysis of the results showed that the process variables had individual or combined significant influences on the powder collection efficiency, material retention in the bed, powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C. At the experimental ranges of this work, the angle of repose and solubility were not influenced by the operating variables. From the results of the experimental design, statistical models were obtained for the powder moisture content and loss of vitamin C

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Different compositions of Ni0,5-xCuxZn0,5Fe2O4 and Ni0,5-xCoxZn0,5Fe2O4 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 were synthesized ferrite y the citrate precursor method. The stoichiometric compositions were calcined in air at 350°C and then pressed into pellets and toroids. The pressed samples were sintered at temperatures of 1000, 1050 and 1100°C/3h in air control at the speed of heating and cooling. The calcined powders were characterized by XRD, TGA / DTG, FTIR, SEM and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and the sintered samples by XRD, SEM, MAV, density and measurements of permeability and magnetic losses. There was pure phase formation ferrimagnetism applied at all temperatures except for A-I composition at all sintering temperatures and A-II only at a temperature of 1100°C. Crystallite sizes were obtained by Rietveld analysis, nanometer size from 11 to 20 nm for the calcined powders. For SEM, the sintered samples showed grain size between 1 and 10 micrometers. Bulk density (ρ) of sintered material presented to the Families almost linear behavior with increasing temperature and a tendency to decrease with increasing concentration of copper, different behavior of the B Family, where the increase in temperature decreased the density. The magnetic measurements revealed the powder characteristics of a soft ferrimagnetic material. Two processes of magnetization were considered, the superparamagnetism at low temperatures (350°C) and the formation of magnetic domains at higher temperatures. Obtaining the best parameters for P and B-II magnetic ferrites at high temperatures. The sintered material at 1000°C showed a relative permeability (μ) from 50 to 800 for the A Family and from 10 to 600 for the B Family. The samples sintered at 1100°C, B Family showed a variation from 10 to 1000 and the magnetic loss (tan δ) of A and B Families, around of 1. The frequency response of the toroidal core is in the range of 0.3 kHz. Several factors contribute to the behavior of microstructure considering the quantities μ and tan δ, such as the grain size, inter-and intragranular porosity, amount of grain boundary and the aspects of the dynamics of domain walls at high frequencies.

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Pós de titanato zirconato de chumbo (PZT) puros e dopados com bário foram obtidos pelo método de precursores poliméricos, conformados uniaxialmente, na forma de cilindros, utilizando 15 MPa, e prensados isostaticamente à 210MPa. Com o objetivo de estudar o comportamento de sinterização os compactos foram divididos em dois lotes. Sendo um sinterizado em um forno acoplado a um dilatômetro até a temperatura de 1300 °C e o outro sinterizado em forno tipo mufla, em sistema fechado, na temperatura de 1100 °C por 4 horas. Verificou-se que a adição do íon bário influencia na cinética de sinterização, na densificação final, na microestrutura e nas propriedades elétricas da cerâmica. A adição de bário aumenta a concentração da fase tetragonal no PZT, em função da substituição do chumbo por bário na rede perovskita. As amostras dopadas com concentrações maiores que 5,0 mol % em bário apresentaram segregação de PbO no contorno de grão, inibindo seu crescimento.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Pequenas partículas de fase peroviskita de BaMnO3 foram preparadas por dois métodos: a rota da coprecipitação convencional (RCC) e o método convencional de microemulsão (MCM). As técnicas instrumentais utilizadas para caracterizar as amostras foram: microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM), difratometria de raios X (XRD), termogravimetria (TG) e análise térmica diferencial (DTA). A síntese de materiais em sistemas coloidais auto-organizados tem por objetivo aumentar a homogeneidade de tamanho e forma das partículas. Nos últimos anos aumentou a busca por materiais mais uniformes visando o aperfeiçoamento da microestrutura. A rota de microemulsão é um método alternativo para a síntese de materiais porque permite o controle da relação entre as concentrações de água e do tensoativo, (w), o qual controla o tamanho das gotículas de microemulsão denominadas microreatores. Peroviskita pura obtida de microemulsão forma-se em temperatura menor do que a fase precipitada, e resulta.em partículas com distribuição de tamanho mais adequada, de aproximadamente 0,1 mm de diâmetro comparado com a média de 0,5 mm das partículas coprecipitadas.

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O artigo teve como objetivo estudar a evolução do crescimento, distribuição e classificação dos pites em aços inoxidáveis austeníticos AISI 310S no estado como recebida e tratado termicamente, submetidos a diferentes tempos de exposição em meio salino. A aplicabilidade deste trabalho baseou-se no desenvolvimento de uma técnica para caracterização morfológica da corrosão localizada, associado com os aspectos de descrição de formas, tamanho, parâmetros específicos e populacionais. A metodologia consistiu nas seguintes etapas: preparação dos corpos de prova, testes de corrosão via névoa salina em diferentes condições, análise microestrutural, análise dos perfis dos pites, processamento digital e análise de imagens, visando caracterizar a distribuição, morfologia e o tamanho dos pites. Os resultados obtidos no processamento digital e análise de imagens dos perfis foram submetidos á análise estatística, utilizando à mediana como parâmetro de avaliação na liga como recebido e tratada. A liga como recebido, exibe a seguinte morfologia: pites hemisféricos> região de transição A> região de transição B> irregulares> cônicos. A quantidade de pites na liga tratada a cada tempo de exposição é: região de transição B> hemisféricos> região de transição A> cônicos> irregulares.

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Os mecanismos que causam o amolecimento e a perda na textura post-mortem da carne de matrinxã foram determinados por meio das mudanças na microestrutura do músculo, imediatamente após a morte e depois de 12 horas de estocagem a -3°C. As observações na microestrutura, realizadas com microscópio eletrônico de transmissão, foram semelhantes aos resultados obtidos na força de ruptura do músculo medidos com o texturômetro. Os valores da força da ruptura foram menores para a carne após o resfriamento. Observou-se que as fibras do colágeno do tecido conectivo pericelular se desintegraram e que as do colágeno do tecido conectivo do miocommata conservaram sua arquitetura e integridade. Houve pouca degradação da linha Z. Isso sugere que o amolecimento post-mortem da carne de mantrinxã, durante a estocagem a -3°C, é causado pela degradação do tecido conectivo pericelular.

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Filmes finos de SrBi2Ta2O9 foram depositados em substratos de Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si e, pela primeira vez, sinterizados em forno microondas doméstico. Os padrões de difração de raios X mostraram que os filmes são policristalinos. O processamento por microondas permite utilizar baixa temperatura na síntese e obter filmes com boas propriedades elétricas. Ensaios de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e de Força Atômica (MFA) revelam boa aderência entre filme e substrato, com microestrutura de superfície apresentando grãos finos e esféricos e rugosidade de 4,7 nm. A constante dielétrica e o fator de dissipação, para freqüência de 100 KHz, à temperatura ambiente, foram de 77 e 0,04, respectivamente. A polarização remanescente (2Pr) e o campo coercitivo (Ec) foram 1,04 miC/cm² e 33 kV/cm. O comportamento da densidade de corrente de fuga revela três mecanismos de condução: linear, ôhmico e outro mecanismo que pode ser atribuído à corrente de Schottky. Dos padrões de DRX, análises das imagens por MEV e topografia de superfície por MFA observa-se que 10 min de tratamento térmico a 550 ºC, em forno microondas, é tempo suficiente para se obter a cristalização do filme.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)