Equazioni di Eulero-Lagrange dal principio di d'Alembert al principio variazionale e analogia tra meccanica e ottica

La seguente tesi ha lo scopo di dare una caratterizzazione del moto naturale di un sistema materiale di punti, in particolare tramite le equazioni di Eulero-Lagrange, deducendole secondo i due metodi classici: il principio di d'Alembert e il principio variazionale di Hamilton. Infine si approfondisce l'analogia tra la meccanica e l'ottica, in particolar modo confrontando il principio di Fermat e quello di Maupertuis, analogie che portarono alla successiva nascita della meccanica ondulatoria.

Le funzioni in due variabili: una proposta didattica

In questa tesi mi sono occupata delle funzioni in più variabili che sono un argomento che viene svolto nella scuola secondaria nel caso di due dimensioni. Nei documenti ministeriali, Indicazioni Nazionali e Linee Guida, è previsto che l’argomento delle funzioni in due variabili sia trattato nella classe quinta degli istituti tecnici. Nella scuola secondaria si trattano i seguenti argomenti: dominio, punti stazionari, piano tangente,curve di livello e il grafico di una funzione in due variabili. In questa tesi mi sono occupata di preparare una proposta didattica sull’argomento delle funzioni in due variabili utilizzando il software GeoGebra. Nella unità didattica presento il dominio, i punti stazionari e le curve di livello. In particolare, per spiegare le curve di livello ho deciso di adottare la metodologia didattica della didattica laboratoriale poiché volevo stimolare la curiosità e l’interesse degli alunni. Infatti, ho preparato una esercitazione sulle curve di livello da svolgere in laboratorio, divisi in coppie, con GeoGebra. Nella mia esperienza di tirocinio ho avuto l’opportunità di sperimentare questa unità didattica in una scuola, l’istituto tecnico Belluzzi di Bologna.

Funzioni a variazione limitata di una variabile

Nel primo capitolo sono presentate alcune generalità: le principali proprietà delle funzioni a variazione limitata di una variabile partendo dalla definizione classica introdotta da Jordan e sono ricordati alcuni risultati già studiati durante questi anni di studio. Nel secondo capitolo dimostriamo un importante risultato sulla differenziabilità quasi ovunque delle funzioni a variazione limitata. Questo risultato è ottenuto come conseguenza di un teorema di ricoprimento di Vitali, che abbiamo dimostreremato come risultato più generale in R^n. Abbiamo visto inoltre la definizione di funzione assolutamente continua e caratterizzato questa classe di funzioni, collegandole proprio alla validità del teorema fondamentale del calcolo integrale (la validità del teorema fondamentale per funzioni è in effetti una caratterizzazione di questa classe di funzioni). Nel terzo capitolo infine, dopo aver fornito la definizione moderna di funzione a variazione limitata (funzione BV), si sono confrontate le due definizioni provandone la loro equivalenza.

Definizione di una “Cybersecurity Strategy”: dalla valutazione del livello di maturità attuale delle funzioni cyber alla formalizzazione di una roadmap pluriennale di trasformazione in ambito sicurezza informatica

L'elaborato descrive il progetto, seguito durante il tirocinio in azienda, di definizione di una strategia in ambito sicurezza informatica

Analisi morfologica e meccanica di strutture gerarchiche elettrofilate per la rigenerazione del tessuto tendineo e legamentoso

I tendini e i legamenti sono fondamentali per lo svolgimento dei movimenti e spesso sono soggetti a rotture o lesioni che rappresentano circa il 50% di tutto il sistema muscoloscheletrico. Il tessuto è poco cellularizzato per questo ad oggi non esistono dispositivi impiantabili, come protesi o innesti biologici in grado di riprodurre in maniera soddisfacente la struttura gerarchica e le proprietà meccaniche. Le tecniche attuali ossia quelle conservative e chirurgiche hanno significative limitazioni per questo i ricercatori stanno sviluppando strutture innovative, detti scaffold, per guidare le cellule nella rigenerazione del tessuto di interesse. Tra le varie tecnologie per produrre scaffold per i tendini e i legamenti, l’elettrofilatura è una delle più promettenti. Questa consente di produrre nanofibre dalle caratteristiche morfologiche e meccaniche simili alle fibrille di collagene di tendini e legamenti. Questo lavoro di tesi presenta la descrizione di procedure e metodi di produzione e caratterizzazione di strutture gerarchiche elettrofilate in acido poli-L-lattico e in acido poli-L-lattico e collagene. I bundles elettrofilati, in entrambi i materiali, sono in grado di replicare i fascicoli di collagene mentre gli scaffold gerarchici sono stati prodotti assemblando i bundles con una membrana elettrofilata, in grado di riprodurre fedelmente l’ epitenon/epiligament e l’endotenon/endoligament, riproducendo l’intera struttura gerarchica di tendini e legamenti. Gli scaffolds gerarchici sono stati prodotti assemblando i bundles con una membrana elettrofilata, in grado di riprodurre fedelmente l’epitenon/ epiligament e l’endotenon/endoligament. Tutte le strutture realizzate sono state analizzate e testate sia morfologicamente che meccanicamente per valutare la similitudine con i rispettivi tessuti biologici.

Studio e design di una molla elicoidale in materiale composito utilizzando tecnologie FDM

Al giorno d'oggi le molle in commercio più utilizzate sono sicuramente quelle in acciaio, ciò è dovuto al fatto che la loro realizzazione è sicuramente la più semplice, in quanto si può automatizzare, ed economica. In applicazioni speciali però non ci si limita al solo utilizzo di molle in acciaio ma da tempo si sono trovate soluzioni alternative quali per esempio le molle in titanio che permettono di avere una riduzione di peso notevole a parità di caratteristiche meccaniche con il particolare svantaggio del costo molto elevato che richiedono per la loro realizzazione. Negli ultimi anni però, sopratutto nell'ambito dei veicoli leggeri, si è cercato di creare molle ancora più leggere utilizzando materiali composito: ciò si è reso necessario, ad esempio nel caso dell'automotive, in quanto la riduzione di peso dei componenti utilizzati genera un effetto benefico sui consumi delle vetture e quindi anche sulle loro emissioni, fattore che sta diventando sempre più importante in virtù delle politiche addottate atte alla riduzione di inquinanti emessi in atmosfera. Le molle in composito più utilizzate sono sicuramente quelle in fibra di vetro, più semplici da realizzare ma diversi studi dimostrano come la fibra di carbonio sia più efficiente dal punto di vista delle proprietà meccaniche. In questo elaborato quindi si va a studiare una soluzione alternativa alle molle in acciaio tradizionali e alle molle in titanio andando a studiare una molla in composito con fibra di carbonio, partendo dal dimensionamento della stessa fino a proporre un metodo di realizzazione della stessa.

Burning mouth syndrome responsive to pramipexol

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is characterized by burning discomfort or pain in otherwise normal oral mucosa. It is usually refractory. Treatment modalities are scarce. Herein we report one case of primary disabling BMS, previously refractory to multiple regimens, with complete and persistent improvement with pramipexol, a nonergot dopamine agonist which has high selectivity for dopaminergic D2 receptors. We discuss potential pathophysiological implications of our findings.

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Haplotypes Associated with Aura in Patients with Migraine

There is strong evidence implicating nitric oxide (NO) in the pathophysiology of migraine and aura. Therefore, genetic polymorphisms in the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene have been studied as candidate markers for migraine susceptibility. We compared for the first time the distribution of eNOS haplotypes including the three clinically relevant eNOS polymorphisms (T(-786)C in the promoter, rs2070744; Glu298Asp in exon 7, rs1799983; and a 27 bp variable number of tandem repeats in intron 4) and two additional tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3918226 and rs743506) in 178 women with migraine (134 without aura and 44 with aura) and 117 healthy controls (control group). Genotypes were determined by TaqMan allele discrimination assay, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and polymerase chain reaction followed by fragment separation by electrophoresis. The GA (rs743506) genotype was more common in the control group than in women with migraine (odds ratio = 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.78, p<0.01). No significant differences were found in allele distributions for the five eNOS polymorphisms. However, the haplotypes including the variants ""C C a Glu G"" and the variants ""C C b Glu G"" were more common in women with migraine with aura than in women with migraine without aura (odds ratio = 30.71, 95% CI = 1.61-586.4 and odds ratio = 17.26, 95% CI = 1.94-153.4, respectively; both p<0.0015625). These findings suggest that these two eNOS haplotypes affect the susceptibility to the presence of aura in patients with migraine.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Genetic Polymorphisms and Haplotypes in Women with Migraine

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production is regulated by growth factors and inflammatory cytokines, and VEGF plays a role in migraine. We examined for the first time whether three functional polymorphisms in the promoter region of VEGF gene (C(-2578)A, G(-1154A), and G(-634C)) and VEGF haplotypes are associated with migraine. We studied 114 healthy women without migraine and 175 women with migraine (129 without aura, and 46 with aura). We found no differences in the distributions of VEGF genotypes and alleles (p > 0.05). However, the CAC haplotype was more frequent in controls than in migraine patients, and the AGC haplotype was more frequent in patients with migraine with aura than in controls (both p < 0.05). These findings suggest that VEGF haplotypes affect susceptibility to migraine.

Thunderclap headache attributed to reversible cerebral vasoconstriction: view and review

Thunderclap headache attributed to reversible cerebral vasoconstriction (THARCV) is a syndrome observed in a number of reported cases. In this article we reviewed this new headache entity (idiopathic form) using the clinical-radiological findings of 25 reported patients. In this series of patients 72% were women, the mean age at the onset of first headache episode was 39.4 +/- 2.3 years. In addition to the sine quanon condition of being abrupt and severe (thunderclap) at the onset, the headache was usually described as being explosive, excruciating, or crushing. The feature of pulsatility, accompanied or not by nausea was described by 80% of the patients. Forty percent of the cases manifested vomiting and 24% photophobia. Usually the headache was generalized, and in three cases it was unilateral at least at the onset. In 21 of 25 patients (84%) there was at least one recurrence or a sudden increase in the intensity of the headache. A past history of migraine was present in 52% of the patients. Precipitating factors were identified in 56% of the patients. Sexual intercourse was described by six patients. Of the 25 patients with THARCV syndrome studied, 12 (48%) developed focal neurological signs, transitory ischemic attack (n = 1), or ischemic stroke (n = 11, 44%), and two (8%) of them manifested seizures. The THARCV syndrome is a neurological disturbance perhaps more frequent than expected, preferentially affecting middle aged female migraineurs, and having an unpredictable prognosis, either showing a benign course or leading to stroke.

Inertia in two simple problems of soil hydrodynamics

In the present paper the dynamic solutions of two non-steady seepage problems are discussed. It is shown that the acceleration term in the equation of motion is important for a correct qualitative description of the flow.

Cervical Mobility in Women With Migraine

Objective.-To contrast the cervical range of motion (CROM) in women with episodic migraine (EM), transformed migraine (TM), and controls without migraine headaches. Background.-Migraineurs often complain about neck pain. Furthermore, neck problems can worsen the headaches in individuals with migraine. Individuals with neck pain usually have reduced CROM. Nonetheless, studies assessing the CROM in migraineurs are scarce. Methods.-Our sample was selected in an outpatient headache clinic, and consisted of 45 women aged 20-54 years old, 15 per group. Cervical mobility was evaluated in movements of flexion, extension, right lateral flexion, left lateral flexion, right rotation, and left rotation using the CROM technique, and was contrasted among the groups. Migraine clinical patterns were also evaluated ( frequency, duration of migraine, pain in the moment of evaluation, pain in movement, and pain localization) as a function of CROM. Results.-Compared with controls, individuals with TM had numerically inferior CROM in all parameters, and significant reduction in 3 of them: extension (59.3 vs 68.1, P = .02), left lateral flexion (44.5 vs 49.1, P = .03), and right rotation (62.2 vs 69.6, P = .02). Compared with individuals with migraine, the TM group presented significantly reduced mobility only for extension ( 59.3 vs 68.4, P = .02). Migraineurs also had numerically inferior ROM, contrasted to controls, in 5 of the 6 parameters, although significance was seen just for right rotation (60.8 vs 68.6 P < .01). There was no correlation between cervical mobility and migraine parameters. The CROM was not reduced for the symptomatic side of migraine, in cases of unilateral pain. Conclusion.-Contrasted to controls, individuals with episodic and TM have decreased cervical range of motion.

Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders in the Population: An Epidemiological Study

Aims: To estimate the prevalence of symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) as a function of age and gender, in a representative urban sample from the Brazilian population. Methods: A total of 1,230 inhabitants (51.5% women) aged 15 to 65 years were interviewed by a validated phone survey. Sample size had been previously calculated. TMD symptoms were assessed through five questions, as recommended by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain, in an attempt to identify possible TMD. Data were derived by age and gender. Prevalence of each TMD symptom, and of combination of symptoms, was calculated. Results: At least one TMD symptom was reported by 39.2% of the individuals. Pain related to TMD was noted by 25.6% of the population. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) sound was the most common symptom of TMD, followed by TMJ pain and masticatory muscle pain. All symptoms were more prevalent in women than in men. With men used as the reference, a relative risk (RR) of at least one TMD symptom in women was 1.31 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14 to 1.52). When at least two symptoms were present, the RR was 1.93 (95% CI = 1.49 to 2.51). For three or more TMD symptoms, the RR was 2.49 (95% CI = 1.67 to 3.71). Women were also more likely than men to have TMD pain (RR = 1.78; 9% CI = 1.45 to 2.18). Conclusion: Individual symptoms, as well as a combination of TMD symptoms, are prevalent in the Brazilian urban population and are more frequent in women than in men. Additional studies should focus on risk factors for and relevance of TMD for the sufferers. J OROFAC PAIN 2010;24:270-278

Nocturnal awakening with headache and its relationship with sleep disorders in a population-based sample of adult inhabitants of Sao Paulo City, Brazil

Our aim was to estimate the prevalence of nocturnal awakening with headache (NAH) in the population of Sao Paulo City according to gender, age (20-80 years old) and socioeconomic classes and its relationship to sleep disorders, sleep parameters, anxiety, depression, fatigue, life quality and obesity. We used a population-based survey with a representative three-stage cluster sample. Questionnaires and scales were applied face-to-face, and polysomnography was performed in 1101 volunteers, aged 42 +/- 14 years, 55% women. The complaint of NAH occurring at least once a week had a prevalence of 8.4%, mostly in women, obese subjects and those aged 50-59 years-old. We observed associations of NAH with insomnia, restless leg syndrome (RLS), nightmares and bruxism, but not obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. In a logistics regression model, risk factors for NAH were female gender, odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]) 4.5 (2.8-7.3); obesity, OR 1.9 (1.1-3.3); age between 50 and 59 years, OR 2.4 (1.2-4.7); severe anxiety, OR 8.1 (3.6-18.1); RLS, 2.7 (1.2-5.6); and nightmares, 2.2 (1.3-3.7). Our study shows that NAH was highly prevalent in the population of Sao Paulo and suggests that this phenomenon has specific characteristics with specific risk factors: obesity, RLS and nightmares.

Signs of Temporomandibular Disorders in Migraine Patients: A Prospective, Controlled Study

Objectives: To identify signs of temporomandibular disorders and cervical pain in individuals with episodic and chronic (transformed) migraine (CM), relative to controls without headaches. Methods: In this prospective, controlled, double-blind study, we examined 93 individuals divided in 3 groups: episodic migraine EM, (n= 31), CM chronic migraine (n= 34), and controls without migraine (n= 28). We recorded signs of temporomandibular disorders, and of pain in the neck, after the protocol of Helkimo (1974). We calculated the odds ratio (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) of symptoms as a function of headache status. Data from all groups were paired and compared using the chi(2) test. The level of significance was 5% in 2-tailed tests. Results: Relative to controls, participants with EM and CM were significantly more likely to have tenderness in the masticatory muscles [controls = 28%, migraine = 54%, (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.1-8.9), CM = 73% (OR = 6.9, 95% CI = 2.3-21.2)], and in the temporomandibular joint [controls = 25%, migraine = 61%, (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.5-14.5), CM = 61% (OR = 4.8, 95% CI = 1.6-14.5)]. They were numerically (but nonsignificantly) more likely to have limited lateral jaw movements (CM = 34%; EM = 26%; NP = 18%), joint sounds (CM = 44%; EM = 29%; NP = 28%), and tenderness in neck muscles (CM = 64%; EM = 51%; NP = 35%). Conclusion: In a tertiary care population, individuals with EM and CM are more likely to have tenderness at the temporomandibular joint and on the masticatory muscles, relative to controls. Studies are needed to investigate whether treatment of 1 disorder will improve the other.