Programmed cell death: a way of life for plants.

Cell death in higher plants has been widely observed in predictable patterns throughout development and in response to pathogenic infection. Genetic, biochemical, and morphological evidence suggests that these cell deaths occur as active processes and can be defined formally as examples of programmed cell death (PCD). Intriguingly, plants have at least two types of PCD, an observation that is also true of PCD in animals [Schwartz, L. M., Smith, W.W., Jones, M. E. E. & Osborne, B. A. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 980-984]. Thus, in plants, PCD resembles either a common form of PCD seen in animals called apoptosis or it resembles a morphologically distinct form of cell death. The ubiquitous occurrence and necessity of PCD for plant development and defense suggest that the underlying mechanisms of regulation and execution of these processes merit further examination.

Multiple regulatory variants located in cell type-specific enhancers within the PKP2 locus form major risk and protective haplotypes for canine atopic dermatitis in German shepherd dogs.

BACKGROUND Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease triggered by allergic reactions involving IgE antibodies directed towards environmental allergens. We previously identified a ~1.5 Mb locus on canine chromosome 27 associated with CAD in German shepherd dogs (GSDs). Fine-mapping indicated association closest to the PKP2 gene encoding plakophilin 2. RESULTS Additional genotyping and association analyses in GSDs combined with control dogs from five breeds with low-risk for CAD revealed the top SNP 27:19,086,778 (p = 1.4 × 10(-7)) and a rare ~48 kb risk haplotype overlapping the PKP2 gene and shared only with other high-risk CAD breeds. We selected altogether nine SNPs (four top-associated in GSDs and five within the ~48 kb risk haplotype) that spanned ~280 kb forming one risk haplotype carried by 35 % of the GSD cases and 10 % of the GSD controls (OR = 5.1, p = 5.9 × 10(-5)), and another haplotype present in 85 % of the GSD cases and 98 % of the GSD controls and conferring a protective effect against CAD in GSDs (OR = 0.14, p = 0.0032). Eight of these SNPs were analyzed for transcriptional regulation using reporter assays where all tested regions exerted regulatory effects on transcription in epithelial and/or immune cell lines, and seven SNPs showed allelic differences. The DNA fragment with the top-associated SNP 27:19,086,778 displayed the highest activity in keratinocytes with 11-fold induction of transcription by the risk allele versus 8-fold by the control allele (pdifference = 0.003), and also mapped close (~3 kb) to an ENCODE skin-specific enhancer region. CONCLUSIONS Our experiments indicate that multiple CAD-associated genetic variants located in cell type-specific enhancers are involved in gene regulation in different cells and tissues. No single causative variant alone, but rather multiple variants combined in a risk haplotype likely contribute to an altered expression of the PKP2 gene, and possibly nearby genes, in immune and epithelial cells, and predispose GSDs to CAD.

Shaker music : inspirational hymns and melodies illustrative of the resurrection life and testimony of the Shakers.

"Errata": p. [1] at end.

Samuel McChord Crothers : interpreter of life /

"The substance of the following pages was given in the form of an address, at the service of dedication of a tablet in memory of Mr. Crothers, in Unity Church, St. Paul, Minnesota, Sunday, December 8, 1929."

The works and life of Walter Bagehot,

"Second memoir, by Richard Holt Hutton (from Dict. of nat. biog.)": v. 1, p. 47-64.

The Venerable Bede, his life and writings,

"This book in its original form was an essay for the degree of bachelor in divinity in the University of Cambridge. It was published in 1879 by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, in their series of ʻThe Fathers for English Readers.̓"--Pref.

Lewis Arundel; or, The railroad of life.

First edition in book form; first appeared anonymously in Sharpe's London magazine, 1848-51.

School life.

"Official organ of the United States Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior"

The life of the grasshopper,

Some of the chapters have already appeared, part under different titles and part in an abbreviated form, in an interesting miscellany extracted from the Souvenirs, translated by Mr. Bernard Miall, under the title of Social life in the insect world. cf. Translator's note.

Public and private life of animals /

Adapted in abbreviated form from the French edition, originally compiled and edited by P.J. Hetzel with many contributions by himself.

The life and adventures of Michael Armstrong, the factory boy /

First edition in book form. Originally issued in twelve monthly numbers.

Holiness of Christians in the present life.

"The following treatise, nearly in its present form was published in Vol. 1, of the Oberlin Evangelist."

Letters to a young lady, on a variety of useful and interesting subjects: : calculated to improve the heart, to form the manners, and enlighten the understanding. In two volumes. /

Dedicated to Queen Charlotte.

Seventy-five years in old Virginia; with some account of the life of the author and some history of the people amongst whom his lot was cast,--their character, their condition, and their conduct before the war, during the war and after the war,

Mode of access: Internet.

Work and life; a study of the social problems of today,

"Some of the chapters of this book, in substance but not in form, have appeared in various magazines...The ideas advanced have also been presented in a series of popular lectures delivered in ...cities of the middle West."--Pref.