Manifesta och latenta ideologier om lärande inom svensk spelmansrörelse under 1920-talet

The purpose of this article was to illuminate existing educational ideologies in the Swedish fiddler movement (Spelmansrörelsen) 1923-1927. This period was characterized by the organization and to some extent institutionalization of Swedish folk music. Furthermore, the purpose was to discuss the results in relation to the folk music education of today. The empirical data was taken from the journal Hembygden, which was a magazine for scholars, enthusiasts and practitioners of folk music. Theoretically, the study was based on a concept of ideology developed by Sven-Eric Liedman: in every time there are two basic forms of identifiable ideology, manifest and latent. From the empirical material as a whole (around 900 articles), a selection was made to find articles dealing with aspects of learning among the fiddlers (33 articles). After content analysis the following themes were generated: Fiddlers’ repertoire, Fiddlers’ masters, Rooms for learning, Learning formation. The writers in Hembygden often emphasized the autodidactic aspects of learning and especially the importance of learning by ear. This manifest ideology of authenticity presumed that learning directly from another fiddler by playing together was to prefer to formal schooling. In spite of a tendency towards more ensemble playing, the folk music education of today in Sweden is characterized by a similar retrospective ideology as in the 1920s.

Identificação da estrutura de escritório de gerenciamento de projetos adequada a partir da avaliação do nível de maturidade em Gerenciamento de Projetos: Um Estudo sobre a Área de Tecnologia da Informação da Petrobras

Changing has been addressed by projects and it had happened in a fast and disarrenged way. In consequence of the increasing on demand for projects, to get better success rate is essential manage projects adequately. The creation of an organitional structure intended to concentrate the development of process and methodologies is a great initiative to spread the projects management concepts. The purpose of this work is to apply a model to analyse the maturity level on project management of the Petrobras IT Department and indicate an Project Management Office adequated to the level found, that could be improved with the increase of the maturity level.

Projeto para criação do Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Oral e Ciências Sociais (Beira, Moçambique)

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo central propor a criação do Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Oral e Ciencias Sociais na cidade da Beira, em Moçambique. Pretende-se, com o Centro, promover projetos que possibilitem a constituição de acervos de caráter histórico e documental, contribuindo, assim, para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa acadêmica e para a valorização da história e da cultura Moçambicanas. O Centro terá como principal ferramenta metodológica de pesquisa a história oral. O acervo a ser constituído no contexto de distintos projetos resultará, portanto, de entrevistas gravadas com atores de diferentes extratos sociais, todos eles participantes diretos de eventos relevantes da história recente de Moçambique. Essas entrevistas deverão estar disponíveis, no Centro, juntamente com outros tipos de fontes, coletadas e organizadas com o objetivo de constituir um centro de referência sobre a história contemporanea do país. Toda a atividade do Centro será acompanhada de projetos de qualificação de equipes. Neste sentido, o Centro terá de lidar com dois importantes campos: a pesquisa, produção, preservação e difusão de fontes para a história contemporânea; e o apoio didático-pedagógico aos diversos níveis do processo de aprendizagem.

Relação entre produtividade total dos fatores e investimento em capital fixo para a economia brasileira

O presente trabalho utiliza a teoria do crescimento econômico a fim de analisar a relação das taxas de investimento em capital fixo e a evolução da produtividade total dos fatores no Brasil a partir de 1950 ate 2005. A partir de pesquisas bibliográficas abordam-se os estudos de Romer, Arrow, Pires, Solow se apresenta conceitos como o “learning by doing”, “spillovers” e decomposição da produtividade a fim de embasar teoricamente o estudo. As pesquisas apontam a importância da variável eficiência sobre a produtividade total dos fatores no caso brasileiro, principalmente durante os anos de incidência de inflação elevada. A metodologia aplicada no trabalho se utiliza dos dados coletados junto ao IPEAdata e Pen World Tables para formação bruta de capital fixo, produto interno bruto e dados populacionais para o cálculo da produtividade total dos fatores seguindo a metodologia proposta por Solow. Utilizam-se os dados calculados para se extrair uma relação matemática entre a produtividade total dos fatores e ao nível de estoque de capital físico. O estudo comprova a relação entre a produtividade e o investimento em capital físico, também fica demonstrada a grande importância da eficiência sobre a produtividade no caso brasileiro.

Exames curriculares e resultados educacionais: uma análise do exame nacional do ensino médio

Esta dissertação avalia os efeitos do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) sobre o ensino médio brasileiro. Esta avaliação baseia-se na teoria de que exames curriculares com a qualidade de gerar conseqüências diretas sobre os alunos, como no caso do ENEM, são capazes de influenciar positivamente o aprendizado dos alunos por dois canais: por aumento de seu esforço e pela pressão que exercem sobre professores e diretores. O presente trabalho avalia especificamente o segundo canal, sobre o qual o ENEM deve atuar por meio da divulgação ao público das notas médias por escola em todo o país. Neste sentido, estima-se o efeito da divulgação das notas do ENEM sobre os seguintes resultados educacionais: proficiência em Matemática e Língua Portuguesa no Saeb, alocação de insumos escolares e comportamento dos professores. Para tanto, dois métodos são propostos: i) diferenças em diferenças, utilizando dados dos Saeb de 2005 – um ano antes do início da divulgação – e 2007 – um ano após a primeira publicação – e ii) regressão com descontinuidade, explorando o fato de haver uma regra estrita para entrada da escola na divulgação – ter ao menos 10 concluintes do ensino médio participando do ENEM. Os resultados mostram que o fato uma escola ter seu resultado médio no ENEM divulgado não parece influenciar o desempenho de seus alunos nem a quantidade de seus insumos escolares, por nenhum dos métodos propostos. O método de diferenças em diferenças aponta ainda que os professores de escolas submetidas ao tratamento dessa divulgação parecem ter maior enfoque em atividades voltadas a resolução de exercícios e fixação de regras gramaticais, reação que é interpretada por parte da literatura como adversa. Estes últimos resultados, no entanto, podem estar refletindo apenas tendências temporais preexistentes e não um efeito de tratamento legítimo. Conclui-se então que o ENEM não deve estar servindo como indutor de melhorias dos resultados educacionais via pressão dos alunos do ensino médio. Porém, é possível levantar a hipótese de que este tipo de efeito ainda pode ser captado em prazos mais longos ou para grupos de escolas diferentes das usadas na análise.

Career concerns: a human capital perspective

We introduce human capital accumulation, in the form of learning by doing, in a life cycle model of career concerns and analyze how human capital acquisition a ects implicit incentives for performance. We show that standard results from the career concerns literature can be reversed in the presence of human capital accumulation. Namely, implicit incentives need not decrease over time and may decrease with the degree of uncertainty about an individual's talent. Furthermore, increasing the pre-cision of output measurement can weaken rather than strengthen implicit incentives. Overall, our results contribute to shed new light on the ability of markets to discipline moral hazard in the absence of explicit contracts linking pay to performance.

Identificação e análise dos fatores críticos de sucesso dos projetos de uma empresa do terceiro setor do ramo da saúde especializada em oncologia: caso Fundação XPTO

No atual cenário empresarial, em consequência da velocidade das mudanças e do dinamismo das informações no mundo contemporâneo, vem sendo amplamente discutido como as organizações podem responder de forma célere a esses movimentos e, assim, construir uma vantagem competitiva para assegurar a sustentabilidade dos negócios. Não obstante o caráter social e não-lucrativo das empresas do Terceiro Setor, esse segmento também caminha na busca de práticas de gestão baseadas em resultados. Nessa perspectiva, pensando em como a gestão por projetos pode promover mudanças positivas pela potencialização de ações e recursos, este trabalho tem como objetivo explorar, por meio de um estudo de caso, os fatores críticos de sucesso dos projetos em uma empresa do Terceiro Setor do ramo da saúde, especializada em oncologia, em um horizonte temporal de vinte e dois (22) meses. Foram utilizadas múltiplas fontes de evidências: análise da documentação histórica de quatro (04) projetos de média e alta complexidades, observação e acompanhamento de cinco (05) profissionais na fase de execução de um projeto de alta complexidade, verificação dos resultados da pesquisa qualitativa de maturidade em projetos e investigação do portfólio de projetos, através do relato de vinte (20) profissionais de saúde e administrativos. Na área acadêmica, diversos estudos tiveram como objeto os fatores críticos de sucesso dos projetos. No entanto, existe a necessidade de exploração do tema no ramo da saúde.

Divergência entre prática e recomendações para modelos de atuação do PMO : o caso de uma empresa de grande porte do setor industrial

Neste trabalho, o objetivo é identificar, a partir da análise de um estudo de caso, quais são as principais divergências encontradas quando se compara o que a teoria preconiza como o escopo e a abordagem dos Project Management Offices - PMOs e o que acontece na prática, no que diz respeito à real atuação destas estruturas. O tema pode ser considerado relevante devido ao fato de fornecer uma melhor compreensão sobre como as estruturas de PMO realmente atuam, principalmente no que diz respeito ao escopo, isto é, se o PMO é um Programa-Projeto, um PMO Departamental ou um PMO Corporativo e relativamente a sua amplitude, ou seja, se sua atuação é operacional, tática ou estratégica. Para este estudo foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa, por meio da abordagem de estudo de caso. Foi selecionada uma empresa de grande porte do setor de manufatura não estruturada por projeto para avaliação. A empresa do estudo de caso possui uma estrutura organizacional complexa que possibilita um estudo abrangente. A atuação dos PMOs do estudo de caso foi discutida à luz da revisão de literatura e levando-se em conta, também, as informações colhidas a partir da observação participante. Os resultados deste trabalho permitem concluir que o pressuposto defendido, que é a existência de divergências entre o que a teoria preconiza como escopo e abordagem do PMO e a real atuação dos PMOs, foi confirmado através do estudo de caso; além disso, não existe relação de causalidade clara entre o escopo de atuação dos PMOs e sua posição hierárquica dentro da empresa; e não existe uma atuação padrão destas estruturas, quando comparadas às funções que elas exercem. Por fim, são apresentadas recomendações relativas ao estudo de caso realizado, ou seja, é importante realizar um estudo multicasos entre ao menos uma empresa não estruturada por projeto e outra estruturada por projeto e comparar a atuação dos seus PMOs para melhor compreensão do tema, incluir mais stakeholders no grupo de entrevistados dentro do estudo de caso, realizar um survey com várias empresas de vários segmentos dentro do território nacional e um possível estudo onde seja verificado se tipologias diferentes de estruturas organizacionais podem afetar a atuação práticas dos PMOs.

Terapia ocupacional em ação interdisciplinar: jogos educativo-nutricionais na prevenção da obesidade infantil

The inter-subjectivity is the answer in the search for the solution of complex problems, which concerns interfaces of knowledge, respecting their borders. This paradigm is essential in the author's work. So, the search on screen is based on this perspective, by using inter-subject groups of work conduced by professionals of Computer Science, Social Communication, Architecture and Urbanism, Pedagogy, Psicopegagogy, Nutritional Science, Endocrinology, Occupational Therapy and Nursing, it was also part of this group an 8 year old child, daughter of one of the professional who took part of the group. This thesis aims to present the course of investigation developed, analyzing the action of inter-subject Occupational Therapy and Nutrition on the promotion of learning nutritional concepts through educative-nutritional games in order to prevent child's obesity in an educative context. The research was analytic, interventionist and almost experimental. It took place in a public school in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, between August and December 2004. It was selected a sample non-probabilistic, by convenience, of 200 children, born from 1994 to 1996. It was selected almost nonprobabilistically, by convenience, 200 children born between 1994 and 1996. To analyze the results it was used a triangulation, associated by quantitative and qualitative approaches. The basis collect happened through games specially manufactured to these research- video-games, board games, memory games, puzzles, scramble, searching words and iterative basics. There were semi-structured interviews, direct and structured observations and focus in-groups. It was noticed the efficiency of educativenutritional games in the learning process, which lead to a changing of attitude towards the eating choices. These games gave similar results in relation to the compared variations preferences, experience and attitudes, theses attitudes were observed through the game; and the categories to compare the possibility of learning by playing, the fantasy in the learning process, learning concepts of nutritional education and the need of help in the learning process (mediation). It was proved that educativenutritional games could be used to teach nutritional concepts, in an inter-subjective action of Occupational Therapy and Nutrition in schools. The simultaneous application of these games lead to the optimization of child s learning process. It should be emphasized the need of studies about the adaptation of tools used in a child s Nutritional Education, with the help of inter-subjective action. Because just one subject, in a fractionated way can give an answer to complex problems and help to a change of the reality with effectiveness and resolution

Intencionalidades e práticas na construção de metodologias o CEFET-SE

Successive curricular changes that occurred in professional education altered pedagogical practices, and these practices being developed by means of integrating projects, at Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Sergipe (CEFET-SE), between 2001 and 2003, originated some questions which became the study object of this thesis. We search for theoretical support mainly in GEPEM research (GEPEM/UFRN) works and practices in order to analyze elements that emerged from this pedagogical practice. To do so, we take as main reference the research of qualitative approach. We developed documents analysis, interviews, considering three aspects: the scenery where these changes took place, the conception and implementation of the Integrating Projects for what, we ask support in pedagogy of projects studies and principles of interdisciplinary, and contextualization as curriculum structuring elements. This research brought out some difficulties, conflicts and possible consensus in developing the methodological strategies for the Projects. In this process of coexistence of the traditional and the new, of an unavoidable distance between what was thought and what was effectively done, elements for a new pedagogical practice emerged. This could be noticed in terms of participative work, formative moments, teacher s autonomy related to the pedagogical work. A new door could be open to the possibilities of taking conscience of accepting the differences and oneself autoexperimentation. These are the possibilities that make men, not being mere information deposit, can dialog and transform, producing his existence by this means. In the present case, the existence of being teacher, the build himself in the time of possibilities

Aprendizado por Reforço com Valores deInfluência em Sistemas Multi-Agente

We propose a new paradigm for collective learning in multi-agent systems (MAS) as a solution to the problem in which several agents acting over the same environment must learn how to perform tasks, simultaneously, based on feedbacks given by each one of the other agents. We introduce the proposed paradigm in the form of a reinforcement learning algorithm, nominating it as reinforcement learning with influence values. While learning by rewards, each agent evaluates the relation between the current state and/or action executed at this state (actual believe) together with the reward obtained after all agents that are interacting perform their actions. The reward is a result of the interference of others. The agent considers the opinions of all its colleagues in order to attempt to change the values of its states and/or actions. The idea is that the system, as a whole, must reach an equilibrium, where all agents get satisfied with the obtained results. This means that the values of the state/actions pairs match the reward obtained by each agent. This dynamical way of setting the values for states and/or actions makes this new reinforcement learning paradigm the first to include, naturally, the fact that the presence of other agents in the environment turns it a dynamical model. As a direct result, we implicitly include the internal state, the actions and the rewards obtained by all the other agents in the internal state of each agent. This makes our proposal the first complete solution to the conceptual problem that rises when applying reinforcement learning in multi-agent systems, which is caused by the difference existent between the environment and agent models. With basis on the proposed model, we create the IVQ-learning algorithm that is exhaustive tested in repetitive games with two, three and four agents and in stochastic games that need cooperation and in games that need collaboration. This algorithm shows to be a good option for obtaining solutions that guarantee convergence to the Nash optimum equilibrium in cooperative problems. Experiments performed clear shows that the proposed paradigm is theoretical and experimentally superior to the traditional approaches. Yet, with the creation of this new paradigm the set of reinforcement learning applications in MAS grows up. That is, besides the possibility of applying the algorithm in traditional learning problems in MAS, as for example coordination of tasks in multi-robot systems, it is possible to apply reinforcement learning in problems that are essentially collaborative

Contribuições para a análise de sinais neuronais e biomédicos

Following the new tendency of interdisciplinarity of modern science, a new field called neuroengineering has come to light in the last decades. After 2000, scientific journals and conferences all around the world have been created on this theme. The present work comprises three different subareas related to neuroengineering and electrical engineering: neural stimulation; theoretical and computational neuroscience; and neuronal signal processing; as well as biomedical engineering. The research can be divided in three parts: (i) A new method of neuronal photostimulation was developed based on the use of caged compounds. Using the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA caged by a ruthenium complex it was possible to block neuronal population activity using a laser pulse. The obtained results were evaluated by Wavelet analysis and tested by non-parametric statistics. (ii) A mathematical method was created to identify neuronal assemblies. Neuronal assemblies were proposed as the basis of learning by Donald Hebb remain the most accepted theory for neuronal representation of external stimuli. Using the Marcenko-Pastur law of eigenvalue distribution it was possible to detect neuronal assemblies and to compute their activity with high temporal resolution. The application of the method in real electrophysiological data revealed that neurons from the neocortex and hippocampus can be part of the same assembly, and that neurons can participate in multiple assemblies. (iii) A new method of automatic classification of heart beats was developed, which does not rely on a data base for training and is not specialized in specific pathologies. The method is based on Wavelet decomposition and normality measures of random variables. Throughout, the results presented in the three fields of knowledge represent qualification in neural and biomedical engineering

Estratégias baseadas em aprendizado para coordenação de uma frota de robôs em tarefas cooperativas

In multi-robot systems, both control architecture and work strategy represent a challenge for researchers. It is important to have a robust architecture that can be easily adapted to requirement changes. It is also important that work strategy allows robots to complete tasks efficiently, considering that robots interact directly in environments with humans. In this context, this work explores two approaches for robot soccer team coordination for cooperative tasks development. Both approaches are based on a combination of imitation learning and reinforcement learning. Thus, in the first approach was developed a control architecture, a fuzzy inference engine for recognizing situations in robot soccer games, a software for narration of robot soccer games based on the inference engine and the implementation of learning by imitation from observation and analysis of others robotic teams. Moreover, state abstraction was efficiently implemented in reinforcement learning applied to the robot soccer standard problem. Finally, reinforcement learning was implemented in a form where actions are explored only in some states (for example, states where an specialist robot system used them) differently to the traditional form, where actions have to be tested in all states. In the second approach reinforcement learning was implemented with function approximation, for which an algorithm called RBF-Sarsa($lambda$) was created. In both approaches batch reinforcement learning algorithms were implemented and imitation learning was used as a seed for reinforcement learning. Moreover, learning from robotic teams controlled by humans was explored. The proposal in this work had revealed efficient in the robot soccer standard problem and, when implemented in other robotics systems, they will allow that these robotics systems can efficiently and effectively develop assigned tasks. These approaches will give high adaptation capabilities to requirements and environment changes.

Brazilian Students and Working Capital: An Analysis of Their Decisions When Using Virtual Market Business Games

This study aims to demonstrate that data from business games can be an important resource for improving efficiency and effectiveness of learning. The proposal presented here was developed from preliminary studies of data from Virtual Market games that pointed the possibility of identifying gaps in learning by analyzing the decisions of students. This proposal helps students to refine their learning processes and equips tutors with strategies for teaching and student assessment. The proposal also complements the group discussion and/or debriefing, which are widely used to enhance learning mediated by games. However, from a management perspective the model has the potential to be erroneous and miss opportunities, which cannot be detected because of the dependence on the characteristics of the individual, such as ability to communicate and work together. To illustrate the proposed technique, data sets from two business games were analyzed with the focus on managing working capital and it was found that students had difficulties managing this task. Similar trends were observed in all categories of students in the study-undergraduate, postgraduate and specialization. This discovery led us to the analysis of data for decisions made in the performance of the games, and it was determined that indicators could be developed that were capable of indentifying inconsistencies in the decisions. It was decided to apply some basic concepts of the finance management, such as management of the operational and non-operational expenditures, as well as production management concepts, such as the use of the production capacity. By analyzing the data from the Virtual Market games using the indicator concept, it was possible to detect the lack of domain knowledge of the students. Therefore, these indicators can be used to analyze the decisions of the players and guide them during the game, increasing their effectiveness and efficiency. As these indicators were developed from specific content, they can also be used to develop teaching materials to support learning. Viewed in this light, the proposal adds new possibilities for using business games in learning. In addition to the intrinsic learning that is achieved through playing the games, they also assist in driving the learning process. This study considers the applications and the methodology used.

Concepções e práticas de educação ambiental de professores de uma escola pública

Os dados e análises que apresentaremos neste artigo resultam de investigação sobre a realização de projetos de educação ambiental na escola pública, cujo objetivo principal foi investigar as concepções e práticas de Educação Ambiental de professores que afirmam realizar tais ações. A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de análise documental, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de observação. As concepções de professores acerca da Educação Ambiental orientam, de certa forma, a maneira como eles interpretam as finalidades atribuídas a ela e o tipo de práticas a que recorrem para alcançá-las. Na investigação feita, constatou-se que essas concepções e práticas eram de natureza comportamental e focavam-se na resolução de problemas de modo pragmático, revelando-se limitadas no desenvolvimento de atividades de Educação Ambiental por meio de projetos.