The mean-variance model from the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix

En este artículo, a partir de la inversa de la matriz de varianzas y covarianzas se obtiene el modelo Esperanza-Varianza de Markowitz siguiendo un camino más corto y matemáticamente riguroso. También se obtiene la ecuación de equilibrio del CAPM de Sharpe.

European guidelines for the development of mechanisms/tools supporting the individual demand for training through use of training Vouchers

El projecte de TAV es basa en la transferència d'un sistema de vals de capacitació, i en com aquest sistema de vals és adaptable a altres països o regions. En el document s'analitzen diferents conceptes teòrics sobre la conveniència o no de la implantació d'aquest sistema. A més a més, aquest document és una guia per a les organitzacions interessades en l'adaptació del sistema de vals formatius al seu territori, mostrant els passos a seguir i oferint eines útils per aconseguir-ho.

Inverse metamorphic zonation in very low-grade Tibetan zone series of SE Zanskar and its tectonic consequences (NW India, Himalaya)

The metamorphism of the carbonate rocks of the SE Zanskar Tibetan zone has been studied by `'illite crystallinity'' and calcite-dolomite thermometry. The epizonal Zangla unit overlies the anchizonal Chumik unit. This discontinuous inverse zonation demonstrates a late to post-metamorphic thrust of the first unit over the second. The studied area underwent a complex tectonic history: - The tectonic units were stacked from the NE to the SW, generating recumbent folds, NE dipping thrusts and the regional metamorphism. The compressive movements were active under lower temperature conditions, resulting in late thrusts that disturbed the metamorphic zonation. The discontinuous inverse metamorphic zonation dates from this phase. - A NE vergent backfolding phase occurred at lower temperature conditions. It caused the uplift of more metamorphic levels. - A late extensional phase is revealed by the presence of NE dipping low angle normal faults, and a major high angle fault, the Sarchu fault. The low angle normal faults locally run along earlier thrusts (composite tectonic contacts). Their throw has been sufficient to reset a normal stratigraphic superposition (young layers overlying old ones), but insufficient to erase the inverse metamorphic relationship. However, the combined action of backfolding and normal faulting can locally lessen, or even cancel, the inverse metamorphic superposition. After deduction of the normal fault translation, the vertical component of the original thrust displacement through stratigraphy is 400 m, which is a value far too low to explain the temperature difference between the two units. The horizontal component of displacement is therefore far more important than the vertical one. The regional distribution of metamorphism within the Zangla unit points out to an anchizonal front and an epizonal inner part. This fact is in agreement with nappe tectonics.

European guidelines for the development of mechanisms/tools supporting the individual demand for training through use of training Vouchers

El projecte de TAV es basa en la transferència d'un sistema de vals de capacitació, i en com aquest sistema de vals és adaptable a altres països o regions. En el document s'analitzen diferents conceptes teòrics sobre la conveniència o no de la implantació d'aquest sistema. A més a més, aquest document és una guia per a les organitzacions interessades en l'adaptació del sistema de vals formatius al seu territori, mostrant els passos a seguir i oferint eines útils per aconseguir-ho.

The influence of work context on demand for master's studies: a comparative analysisi between Brasil and Spain

The communication presents the results of an investigation of exploratory and comparative character which objective is to analyze the influence of the actual labour situation into the demand of official master studies in the field of education. The study has been developed in two countries with a very different labour situation: Brasil, country of economic expansion and Spain, in recession due to the actual economic crisis. In that sense, the study provides data for deep thinking about the influence of the constriction or expansion of employment on the behaviour and demand of the students who access master studies and on how the previous formative and labour trajectory affects their expectations, demands and future projects. The working methodology is qualitative and the strategy for data collection the “focus group”. As a first approach, two groups of discussion have been formed with master students. A first one with students from Universidad de Barcelona- España and another one with members of Universidade do Vale do Itajaí- Brasil. Then, we constituted a mixed group of discussion in order to analyze differences and similarities.

The influence of work context on demand for master's studies: a comparative analysisi between Brasil and Spain

The communication presents the results of an investigation of exploratory and comparative character which objective is to analyze the influence of the actual labour situation into the demand of official master studies in the field of education. The study has been developed in two countries with a very different labour situation: Brasil, country of economic expansion and Spain, in recession due to the actual economic crisis. In that sense, the study provides data for deep thinking about the influence of the constriction or expansion of employment on the behaviour and demand of the students who access master studies and on how the previous formative and labour trajectory affects their expectations, demands and future projects. The working methodology is qualitative and the strategy for data collection the “focus group”. As a first approach, two groups of discussion have been formed with master students. A first one with students from Universidad de Barcelona- España and another one with members of Universidade do Vale do Itajaí- Brasil. Then, we constituted a mixed group of discussion in order to analyze differences and similarities.

The Demand for Social Insurance: Does Culture Matter?

Does culture shape the demand for social insurance against risks to health and work? We study this issue across language groups in Switzerland where a language border sharply separates social groups at identical actual levels of publicly provided social insurance. We find substantially stronger support for expansions of social insurance among residents of French, Italian or Romansh-speaking language border municipalities compared with their German-speaking neighbours in adjacent municipalities. Informal insurance does not vary enough to explain stark differences in social insurance but differences in ideology and segmented media markets potentially contribute to the discrepancy in demand for social insurance.

Analyse des résultats du dépistage systématique de la syphilis effectué dans le cadre de l'Etude Suisse de Cohorte VIH

L'Etude Suisse de Cohorte VIH a été mise en place en 1988. Plusieurs centres participent à cette étude : les hôpitaux universitaires de Zurich, Berne, Bâle, Genève et Lausanne, les hôpitaux cantonaux de Saint-Gall et du Tessin, 14 hôpitaux régionaux, ainsi que 35 praticiens privés. Cette étude a collecté des données de plus de 16500 personnes infectées par le VIH, de 1981 jusqu'aujourd'hui.¦Actuellement, plus de 7000 patients sont suivis tous les 6 mois. Parmi les analyses demandées au cours de ce suivi figure un test annuel de dépistage de la syphilis. Ce dépistage consiste en un test TPHA (Treponema Pallidum Haemagglutination Assay) où l'on observe l'hémagglutination de globules rouges qui ont absorbé des antigènes du tréponème, ou ses équivalents LIAISON et ARCHITECT.¦Si ce test TPHA est positif, un test VDRL, qui détecte des anticorps dirigés contre la cardiolipine, est effectué.¦Pour des raisons économiques, ce dépistage annuel systématique de la syphilis est remis en question par l'un des médecins praticiens participant à l'Etude Suisse de Cohorte VIH, estimant que ce dépistage ne devrait être demandé chaque année que chez les personnes étant identifiées comme à risque.¦Notre objectif est d'évaluer la nécessité de faire un dépistage de la syphilis annuel chez tous les patients de la Cohorte en comparaison à un dépistage annuel seulement chez le groupe jugé à risque.¦Pour pouvoir répondre à cette question, nous allons dans un premier temps faire une analyse descriptive : nous allons analyser quels patients ont développé une séroconversion en fonction de l'âge, du sexe et de la voie d'infection du VIH la plus probable (voie homosexuelle, hétérosexuelle ou consommation de drogues).¦Une conversion du test TPHA de négatif à positif n'est pas toujours synonyme d'infection à treponema pallidum. Une infection diagnostiquée au stade primaire et traitée efficacement ne provoque pas nécessairement des anticorps. A l'inverse, le test TPHA peut être faussement positif dû à une réaction croisée (p.ex. framboesie) ou non-spécifique (maladies auto-immunes). Pour l'analyse descriptive nous devons toutefois nous limiter à la séroconversion.¦Pour pouvoir faire cette analyse nous devons extraire certaines données, et procéder à un « nettoyage » de celles-ci : en effet, nous ne pouvons garder que les données des 700 patients ayant au moins un test initial de TPHA négatif, suivi d'un test TPHA positif avec un VDRL positif.¦Puis nous allons faire une étude « cas-témoins » pour comparer l'anamnèse sexuelle des patients présentant une séroconversion avec celle des patients qui n'ont pas développé d'anticorps, afin d'évaluer si nous pouvons définir, d'après l'anamnèse sexuelle, un groupe de sujets plus à risque de développer une syphilis. Cas et témoins seront stratifiés selon l'âge, le sexe et le mode d'infection du VIH.¦Comme troisième étape nous allons définir, pour un sous-échantillon, si le résultat positif du dépistage a permis de diagnostiquer la syphilis ou si le diagnostique avait déjà été établi grâce à la présence de symptômes.¦Etant donné que ce dépistage systématique est remis en cause pour des raisons financières, nous allons finalement, au cours de cette étude, estimer le coût des différentes options.¦Notre hypothèse, tirée d'après les déclarations de cas de syphilis de l'OFSP (Office Fédéral de la Santé Publique) et l'expérience des cliniciens, est que l'on trouve en effet que les homosexuels de moins de 50 ans représentent un grand pourcentage des personnes infectées par la syphilis. Cependant, nous ne savons pas si la fréquence d'infection des autres groupes de patients est suffisamment élevée pour justifier ce dépistage systématique.

Linking supply to demand: the neuronal monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 and the alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor GluR2/3 subunit are associated in a common trafficking process.

MCT2 is the major neuronal monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) that allows the supply of alternative energy substrates such as lactate to neurons. Recent evidence obtained by electron microscopy has demonstrated that MCT2, like alpha-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors, is localized in dendritic spines of glutamatergic synapses. Using immunofluorescence, we show in this study that MCT2 colocalizes extensively with GluR2/3 subunits of AMPA receptors in neurons from various mouse brain regions as well as in cultured neurons. It also colocalizes with GluR2/3-interacting proteins, such as C-kinase-interacting protein 1, glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 and clathrin adaptor protein. Coimmunoprecipitation of MCT2 with GluR2/3 and C-kinase-interacting protein 1 suggests their close interaction within spines. Parallel changes in the localization of both MCT2 and GluR2/3 subunits at and beneath the plasma membrane upon various stimulation paradigms were unraveled using an original immunocytochemical and transfection approach combined with three-dimensional image reconstruction. Cell culture incubation with AMPA or insulin triggered a marked intracellular accumulation of both MCT2 and GluR2/3, whereas both tumor necrosis factor alpha and glycine (with glutamate) increased their cell surface immunolabeling. Similar results were obtained using Western blots performed on membrane or cytoplasm-enriched cell fractions. Finally, an enhanced lactate flux into neurons was demonstrated after MCT2 translocation on the cell surface. These observations provide unequivocal evidence that MCT2 is linked to AMPA receptor GluR2/3 subunits and undergoes a similar translocation process in neurons upon activation. MCT2 emerges as a novel component of the synaptic machinery putatively linking neuroenergetics to synaptic transmission.

Demand-based structural change and balanced economic growth

[eng] We analyze the equilibrium of a multi-sector exogenous growth model where the introduction of minimum consumption requirements drives structural change. We show that equilibrium dynamics simultaneously exhibt structural change and balanced growth of aggregate variables as is observed in US when the initial intensity of minimum consumption requirements is sufficiently small. This intensity is measured by the ratio between the aggregate value of the minimum consumption requirements and GDP and, therefore, it is inversely related with the level of economic development. Initially rich economies benefit from an initially low intensity of the minimum consumption requirements and, as a consequence, these economies end up exhibiting balanced growth of aggregate variables, while there is structural change. In contrast, initially poor economies suffer from an initially large intensity of the minimum consumption requirements, which makes the growth of the aggregate variables unbalanced during a very large period. These economies may never exhibit simultaneously balanced growth of aggregate variables and structural change.