Strategies for Inverse Profiling of Two Dimensional Dielectric Scatterers Using Electromagnetic Illumination

Electromagnetic tomography has been applied to problems in nondestructive evolution, ground-penetrating radar, synthetic aperture radar, target identification, electrical well logging, medical imaging etc. The problem of electromagnetic tomography involves the estimation of cross sectional distribution dielectric permittivity, conductivity etc based on measurement of the scattered fields. The inverse scattering problem of electromagnetic imaging is highly non linear and ill posed, and is liable to get trapped in local minima. The iterative solution techniques employed for computing the inverse scattering problem of electromagnetic imaging are highly computation intensive. Thus the solution to electromagnetic imaging problem is beset with convergence and computational issues. The attempt of this thesis is to develop methods suitable for improving the convergence and reduce the total computations for tomographic imaging of two dimensional dielectric cylinders illuminated by TM polarized waves, where the scattering problem is defmed using scalar equations. A multi resolution frequency hopping approach was proposed as opposed to the conventional frequency hopping approach employed to image large inhomogeneous scatterers. The strategy was tested on both synthetic and experimental data and gave results that were better localized and also accelerated the iterative procedure employed for the imaging. A Degree of Symmetry formulation was introduced to locate the scatterer in the investigation domain when the scatterer cross section was circular. The investigation domain could thus be reduced which reduced the degrees of freedom of the inverse scattering process. Thus the entire measured scattered data was available for the optimization of fewer numbers of pixels. This resulted in better and more robust reconstructions of the scatterer cross sectional profile. The Degree of Symmetry formulation could also be applied to the practical problem of limited angle tomography, as in the case of a buried pipeline, where the ill posedness is much larger. The formulation was also tested using experimental data generated from an experimental setup that was designed. The experimental results confirmed the practical applicability of the formulation.

Measurements of Electromagnetic Shielding Effect Using Htsc Materials

A simple experimental set-up is described to measure the electromagnetic shielding property of high Tc superconducting samples. Measurements were performed using HTSC materials in the form of laser ablated thin films, powders and sintered pellets. Samples used were Gd-123 in pure and doped form as well as a few Bi-based superconducting ceramics. For comparison, similar measurements were carried out on metals like aluminium, copper and μ metal. Very effective shielding was observed for HTSC materials compared to the conventional materials mentioned above. However it also depended on the sample types and poor shielding was observed for powdered HTSC material in comparison to thin films prepared by laser ablation.

Beam shaping of sectoral electromagnetic horn antennas using corner reflector technique

In the present thesis, possibility of beam shaping of sectoral horns and corner reflector systems'has been studied in detail. The experimental results obtained in the above two cases are compared. As far as the flanged sectoral horns are concerned, the special advantage is that the gain is increased without impairing impedance conditions. An intense study on corner reflector antennas shows that the been broadening or focussing will be possible by adjusting parameters involved. Beam tilting by imposing asymmetries is another interesting property of the systems. A comprehensive study of these fields has been presented in Chapter II. Chapter III is exclusively for describing the experimental techniques used in the present investigation. In Chapter IV, experimental results on flanged sectoral horns and corner reflector eyetses are presented. A comparative analysis of the experimental results obtained with flanged sectoral horns and corner reflector systems is presented in the Chapter V. The similarity and close resemblance in each aspects are shown by presenting typical results from these two eysteee. Theoretical aspects of both types of antennas are considered in Chapter VI. Attempts are made for co-ordinating the theoretical aspects and drawing a final conclusion. In Chapter VII. the final conclusion that the flanged sectoral horn may be considered as a corner reflector system has been drawn. The importance of the conclusions and usefulness are pointed out. The scope for further work in these lines has been indicated.

Corrugated flange technique for beam shaping of sectoral electromagnetic horn antennas

The need for improved feed systems for large reflector antennas employed in Radio Astronomy and Satellite tracking spurred the interest in horn antenna research in the 1960's. The major requirements were to reduce spill over, cross-polarisation losses,and to enhance the aperture efficiency to the order of about 75-8O%L The search for such a feed culminated in the corrugated horn. The corrugat1e 1 horn triggered widespread interest and enthusiasm, and a large amount of work(32’34’49’5O’52’53’58’65’75’79)has already been done on this type of antennas. The properties of corrugated surfaces has been investigated in detail. It was strongly felt that the flange technique and the use of corrugated surfaces could be merged together to obtain the advantages of both. This is the idea behind the present work. Corrugations are made on the surface of flange elements. The effect of various corrugation parameters are studied. By varying the flange parameters, a good amount of data is collected and analysed to ascertain the effects of corrugated flanges. The measurements are repeated at various frequencies, in the X— and S-bands. The following parameters of the system were studied: (a) beam shaping (b) gain (c) variation of V.S.U.R. (d) possibility of obtaining circularly polarised radiation from the flanged horn. A theoretical explanation to the effects of corrugated flanges is attempted on the basis of the line-source theory. Even though this theory utilises a simplified model for the calculation of radiation patterns, fairly good agreement between the computed pattern and experimental results are observed.

‘Driving Forces of Investment Decisions in Mutual Funds’

Unfortunately, in India it is a fact that most of the investors are not interested in mutual funds. Those who are investing, they are investing only very small amounts. But what is important to be noted here is that when compared to other financial instruments, investments in mutual funds are safer and also yields more returns on the investment portfolio. Moreover as an investment avenue mutual fund is available for those investors who are not willing to take any exposure directly in the security market. It also helps such investors to build their wealth over a period of time. At the retail level, investors are unique and are highly heterogeneous, and the mutual fund schemes' selection will also differ depends on their expectations. Hence, investors’ expectation is a very important factor in this regard that needs to be analysed by all the investment houses. Hence, the factors that drive the investment decisions of individual investors to meet their expectations by investing money in mutual funds need an in-depth analysis. These driving forces include the preference of investors on mutual fund compared to various available avenues of financial investments, risk attitude of investors, influence of characteristics of instruments of mutual funds on investors, the investment specific attitudes of investors, and influence of qualities of fund management on investors. The success of any mutual fund, a popular means of investment, depends on how effectively an Asset Management Company has been able to understand the level of influence of these factors on the decision of investors to invest in mutual funds. For a substantial growth in the mutual fund market, there must be a high level precision in the design and marketing of the products of mutual funds taking into account these driving forces by the Asset Management Companies. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a detailed study on investments in mutual funds in this direction. A review of available literature also revealed that no detailed study on mutual funds has so far been attempted in this direction; hence the present study on Driving Forces of Investment Decisions in Mutual Funds is undertaken.

Studies on the interaction of two level atoms with quantized electromagnetic field

The present study described about the interaction of a two level atom and squeezed field with time varying frequency. By applying a sinusoidal variation in the frequency of the field, the randomness in population inversion is reduced and the collapses and periodic revivals are regained. Quantum optics is an emerging field in physics which mainly deals with the interaction of atoms with quantised electromagnetic fields. Jaynes-Cummings Model (JCM) is a key model among them, which describes the interaction between a two level atom and a single mode radiation field. Here the study begins with a brief history of light, atom and their interactions. Also discussed the interaction between atoms and electromagnetic fields. The study suggest a method to manipulate the population inversion due to interaction and control the randomness in it, by applying a time dependence on the frequency of the interacting squeezed field.The change in behaviour of the population inversion due to the presence of a phase factor in the applied frequency variation is explained here.This study also describes the interaction between two level atom and electromagnetic field in nonlinear Kerr medium. It deals with atomic and field state evolution in a coupled cavity system. Our results suggest a new method to control and manipulate the population of states in two level atom radiation interaction,which is very essential for quantum information processing.We have also studied the variation of atomic population inversion with time, when a two level atom interacts with light field, where the light field has a sinusoidal frequency variation with a constant phase. In both coherent field and squeezed field cases, the population inversion variation is completely different from the phase zero frequency modulation case. It is observed that in the presence of a non zero phase φ, the population inversion oscillates sinusoidally.Also the collapses and revivals gradually disappears when φ increases from 0 to π/2. When φ = π/2 the evolution of population inversion is identical to the case when a two level atom interacts with a Fock state. Thus, by applying a phase shifted frequency modulation one can induce sinusoidal oscillations of atomic inversion in linear medium, those normally observed in Kerr medium. We noticed that the entanglement between the atom and field can be controlled by varying the period of the field frequency fluctuations. The system has been solved numerically and the behaviour of it for different initial conditions and different susceptibility values are analysed. It is observed that, for weak cavity coupling the effect of susceptibility is minimal. In cases of strong cavity coupling, susceptibility factor modifies the nature in which the probability oscillates with time. Effect of susceptibility on probability of states is closely related to the initial state of the system.

El taulell de forces com a eina de laboratori a l'Ensenyament Mitjà. 'La tabla de fuerzas como un instrumento de laboratorio en las Enseñanzas Medias'.

Experimentar la utilización de la 'tabla de fuerzas' en la enseñanza de la Física de BUP como herramienta de laboratorio. 68 alumnos de segundo de BUP del curso 1986/87. Se parte de las conclusiones extraídas de otra investigación realizada por el mismo autor (estudio de las cualidades que tiene de obtener el material de prácticas de laboratorio de Física y Química); en él se constata la existencia de graves deficiencias en el material de prácticas de Física que normalmente se utiliza, especialmente el material experimental de Mecánica. En consecuencia se lleva a cabo la construcción de una tabla de fuerzas. Paralelamente se proponen una serie de prácticas teniendo en cuenta las instrucciones para el uso de dicha tabla. Material didáctico. Consulta de libros. Cuestionario ad hoc. Trabajos. -47 trabajos pueden considerarse correctos: 69'1 por ciento. - 9 trabajos presentan pequeñas desviaciones debidas a incorrectas compensaciones: 13'3 por ciento. - 12 trabajos presentan pequeñas desviaciones en la dirección de la resultante: 17'6 por ciento. El alumno participa de una manera activa en la experiencia y, manipulando las pinzas y las pesas, deviene el protagonista. Ha mejorado la habilidad del alumno por el trabajo experimental y su capacidad de extraer conclusiones. Ha mejorado el cálculo vectorial y tiene los conceptos de magnitud escalar y vectorial más claros.

Forces around us.

Un enfoque interactivo que introduce los conceptos básicos de la ciencia física en los primeros años de escuela, como algo que empuja o tira e incluye una discusión de fuerzas como la gravedad, el viento, el magnetismo, el peso, y el agua. Cada doble página introduce un nuevo tema, se da información, se hacen preguntas y proponen actividades que animen a los niños a hacer descubrimientos y desarrollar nuevas ideas por ellos mismos en los primeros años de escuela.

Forces.

Qué son las fuerzas. Qué es la fricción, el cambio de forma, el cambio de dirección, los frenos, el cambio de velocidad, la velocidad, El movimiento, como se fabrican fuerzas y cuales son las fuerzas de la naturaleza son las preguntas que se hacen para comprender el papel de las fuerzas en nuestra vida cotidiana. cada ejemplo está relacionado con una actividad que ayuda a los niños a entender los conceptos científicos más importantes.

Electricity and forces.

Con fáciles experimentos, este título anima a los niños a descubrir más acerca del impacto que tienen en nuestra vida la electricidad y las fuerzas. El contenido y el enfoque reflejan materias que se enseñan dentro de las directrices del Programa Nacional de Estudios, por lo que sirve de apoyo a la escuela. Además de la información sobre los grandes científicos y sus famosos descubrimientos, cada libro contiene una serie de experimentos que son fáciles de seguir y pueden llevarse a cabo en condiciones de seguridad en el hogar, utilizando materiales de fácil acceso. Anima a los niños a proceder de una manera lógica y pensar por sí mismos. La electricidad es una de las muchas fuerzas que nos dan luz, calor y sonido. Para niños de siete a once años.

All about forces. 'Todo sobre fuerzas'.

Con la ayuda de fotografías de la vida diaria y ejemplos cotidianos, se explican de una forma sencilla, las fuerzas de la física que motivan que los objetos se muevan. Estas fuerzas son, empujar y arrastrar, pero también existen otras, como la gravedad que actúa sobre la Tierra, y la fricción. Por otra parte, se estudian los usos prácticos de ellas y su relación con el trabajo y las máquinas. La naturaleza tiene sus propias fuerzas de destrucción, cómo la lluvia y el viento.

Experiments with forces.

El libro presenta, con ilustraciones a color y sencillas explicaciones, diferentes y fáciles experimentos científicos relacionados con las fuerzas físicas que ayudarán a los niños a comprender los conceptos básicos de forma aplicada. Los temas tratados son: gravedad, equilibrio de fuerzas, presión atmosférica, buzo cartesiano, propulsión a chorro, flotabilidad, medición de fuerzas, fuerza del aire y tensión superficial. Incluye una introducción, una sección con los materiales y herramientas necesarios para realizar los experimentos, un glosario de términos, índice, y una página Web actualizada con regularidad.

Effectiveness of visual feedback provided by an electromagnetic articulograph (EMA) system: training vowel production in individuals with hearing impairment

An electromagnetic articulograph (EMA) system was used to provide a participant with congenital hearing loss visual biofeedback information on speech production. Five normally hearing listeners reported a change in their perception of the speech sound /æ/ in the various conditions of the study.