Caracterização da região 5'-terminal de um isolado brasileiro do Southern bean mosaic virus

O presente trabalho caracteriza a região 5'-terminal de um isolado do Southern bean mosaic virus encontrado no Estado de São Paulo (SBMV-SP). O RNA foi extraído de partículas virais purificadas e submetido a RT-PCR usando oligonucleotídeos desenhados para amplificar cerca de 590 nt da região 5'-terminal do RNA viral. Foi obtido um fragmento de tamanho esperado que, após clonagem e seqüenciamento, mostrou a existência de uma região não codificadora com 92 nt e a primeira ORF, começando no primeiro AUG (posição 93) e terminando no códon UGA na posição 534. Na região não codificadora foi detectado um segmento parcialmente complementar ao RNA ribossomal 18S. A ORF1 codifica uma proteína de 147 aminoácidos com massa molecular estimada de 17080 Da. A extremidade 3' da ORF1 sobrepõe a extremidade 5' da ORF2 em 34 nucleotídeos. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a região 5'-terminal do RNA do SBMV-SP é similar ao isolado Arkansas (SBMV-ARK) descrito na América do Norte.

En hälsning

Soitinnus: piano.

L'Univers

1868/12/06 (Numéro 590).

Fitossociologia de cerrado sensu stricto no município de Abaeté-MG

O cerrado tem sido objeto de discussão de grupos temáticos que estudam a conservação de biodiversidade no Estado de Minas Gerais. São inúmeras as áreas de conservação com vegetação de cerrado das quais não se têm informações a respeito de sua composição florística e estrutura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar florística e fitossociologicamente uma área de cerrado sensu stricto, no município de Abaeté-MG. A área de estudo é um fragmento com 2 ha de cerrado sensu stricto, preservado como área de reserva da CAF-Santa Bárbara, situada nas coordenadas 19º05'S e 44º58'W, a uma altitude de 480 m, em leve depressão próxima de uma vereda. O clima pertence ao tipo Cwa pelo sistema de Köppen, com precipitação média anual de 1.400 mm. O solo é do tipo Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Foram instaladas 15 parcelas de 200 m² (10 x 20 m), distribuídas sistematicamente ao longo de trilhas, distanciadas 10 m entre si. Foram amostrados todos os indivíduos lenhosos vivos com circunferência do caule ao nível do solo (CAS) igual ou maior que 10 cm. O índice de Shannon foi de 3,590 e a equabilidade foi de 0,804, considerados comuns para cerrados bem conservados. Foram amostrados 1.339 indivíduos, sendo a composição florística constituída por 85 espécies, distribuídas em 44 famílias. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Leguminosae Caesalpinioideae com sete espécies, Annonaceae com cinco, Myrtaceae, Malpighiaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Anacardiaceae, Rubiaceae e Bignoniaceae com quatro, seguidas de Vochysiaceae e Leguminosae Papilionoideae com três. As espécies que apresentaram o maior valor de importância (VI) foram Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. (22,21), Myrcia lingua Berg (18,18) Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (17,91), Eugenia dysenterica DC. (17,58), Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. (13,69) e Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul (11,86).

Musiikkialan ennakointi- ja osaamistarveselvitys

Tämän selvitystyön tavoitteena oli selvittää ja ennakoida, miltä musiikkialan tulevaisuus näyttää ja minkälaista osaamista alalla tarvitaan. Selvitys- ja ennakointityö perustuu tilastoihin, aikaisempiin tutkimuksiin, asiantuntijahaastatteluihin ja työpajoihin. Selvitystyön tilaaja on Uudenmaan elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskus. Musiikkiala määritellään selvityksessä laajasti. Siihen sisällytetään koko arvoverkosto, joka toimii musiikin ympärillä, sisältäen myös muut toimialat, jotka hyödyntävät välillisesti musiikkia. Musiikkialaa tarkastellaan elinkeinopoliittisesta ja yrittäjyyden näkökulmasta, eli tarkastelun kohteena on musiikin kautta syntyvä liiketoiminta ja se, miten sen edellytyksiä voidaan tukea. Tutkimuksen kiteytyksenä voidaan todeta, että musiikkialan tulevaisuus on täynnä mahdollisuuksia. Äänitemyynnin tavat ja jakelukanavat ovat monipuolistuneet ja fyysisten äänitteiden myynnin laskun vastapainona live-musiikki sekä lisensointitoiminta ovat kasvaneet voimakkaasti. Meneillään oleva murroskausi rikastuttaa musiikin tarjontaa, käyttöä sekä liiketoimintamalleja, samalla kun fyysisestä äänitteestä irtautuminen avaa mahdollisuuden kehittää uusia vaihtoehtoisia ja toisaalta täydentäviä käyttötapoja perinteisten äänitteiden rinnalle. Musiikkialan ja sen osaamistarpeiden muutoksen keskiössä on ajattelutavan, ansaintalogiikan ja toimijoiden kulttuurin muuttuminen tuotantokeskeisestä ajattelusta kohti palveluliiketoimintaa. Asiakassuhdeajattelu on noussut keskeiseksi samalla kun musiikin arvon käsite muuttuu ja äänitteen omistamisen sijaan arvoa luo enenevässä määrin yhteys artistiin sekä puhuttelevat, aidot tarinat sekä ilmiöt musiikin yhteydessä. Musiikkialan yleinen painopiste on siirtymässä tarjonnasta, eli äänitteiden tekemisestä kysynnän luomiseen eli kiinnostuksen herättämiseen ja musiikkikokemuksen rikastuttamiseen. Muutos tuotantokeskeisestä ajattelusta palvelu – ja asiakaskeskeiseen ajatteluun kyseenalaistaa vallitsevan toiminnan logiikan sekä olemassa olevat rakenteet. Muutoksen taustalla on myös jatkuvasti kehittyvä teknologia, joka digitalisoitumisen myötä on antanut ennen kokemattoman vallan musiikin kuuntelijoille sekä monipuolistanut musiikin tekemisen, kokemisen ja hyödyntämisen mahdollisuuksia, avaten samalla tilaisuuksia uusille yrittäjille.

Resultados das técnicas de reprodução assistida em mulheres doadoras de oócitos no ciclo de tratamento

OBJETIVO: comparar os resultados de ciclos de reprodução assistida em mulheres doadoras de oócitos no ciclo de tratamento com o de mulheres não doadoras. MÉTODOS: foram avaliadas, retrospectivamente, as taxas de gravidez, implantação e abortamento de 50 pacientes que doaram oócitos durante o ciclo de reprodução assistida (grupo de doadoras) e de 50 pacientes que não doaram oócitos (grupo de não-doadoras), em clínica privada de reprodução assistida em São Paulo, entre os anos de 2001 e 2003. Os critérios de inclusão no estudo foram os seguintes: idade menor que 35 anos; ciclos menstruais regulares; dosagem basal de FSH<10 mUI/mL; pacientes submetidas à primeira tentativa de fertilização assistida; recuperação de mais de seis oócitos maduros após a aspiração folicular. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio do teste do chi2. RESULTADOS: ambos os grupos eram comparáveis em termos de idade, indicação e duração da infertilidade. A média de idade no grupo de doadoras foi de 30,6 anos e no grupo de não doadoras, 31,1 anos. Todas as pacientes tiveram mais do que seis oócitos aspirados e identificados. No grupo de doadoras foram recuperados 590 oócitos e 215 oócitos foram doados para receptoras (36,5%), levando à transferência de 152 embriões. Foram obtidas 15 gestações (30% por transferência), com 2 abortamentos (13,3%), sendo que a taxa de implantação foi de 11,2%. No grupo de não-doadoras, recuperaram-se 545 oócitos e foram transferidos 153 embriões. Foram obtidas 17 gravidezes (34% por transferência) e houve três abortamentos (17,6%). A taxa de implantação foi de 14,3%. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois grupos no que se refere às taxas de gravidez, implantação e abortamento (p>0,05). CONCLUSÃO: em pacientes que recuperam mais de seis oócitos, a doação de oócitos no ciclo de tratamento não prejudica os resultados dos ciclos de reprodução assistida e não eleva as taxas de abortamento.

Serum biochemistry of 4-day-old ostriches (Struthio camelus)

An analysis was made of 30 four-day-old ostriches to evaluate their protein, metabolite, mineral, and serum enzyme profiles, to correlate them with the birds' sex. The values obtained were: Total proteins 3.59±0.72g/dL, albumin 1.04±0.14g/dL, globulins 2.51±0.56g/dL, A:G ratio 0.43± 0.07, total cholesterol 615.10±101.15mg/dL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) 132.72±20.33mg/dL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 454.93±90.81mg/dL, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) 27.45±9.96mg/dL, triglycerides 137.23±49.78mg/dL, uric acid 6.24±2.15mg/dL, urea 18.27±12.33mg/dL, creatinine 0.30±0.04mg/dL, total calcium 9.38± 0.76mg/dL, ionized calcium 7.17±0.64mg/dL, phosphorus 6.96±0.91mg/dL, Ca:P ratio 1.37±0.21, iron 24.74±13.02µg/dL, sodium 142.03±6.17mEq/L, chlorides 109.59± 4.99mEq/L, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 200.67±31.42 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 3.90±1.92 U/L, γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) 1.18±0.73 U/L, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 597.30± 231.36 U/L, and creatine kinase (CK) 2348.30±755.60 U/L. Males and females showed significant differences in total proteins, globulins, alkaline phosphatase, A:G ratio, and uric acid.

Effects of starter diet supplementation with arginine on broiler production performance and on small intestine morphometry

The effects of starter diet (days 1 to 21) supplemented with arginine (Arg) on the production performance and duodenum and jejunum mucosa morphometry of broilers were studied. Male Cobb broiler chickens (990) were randomly assigned to one of five treatments in a complete random design. Measurements of 33 chicks per treatment were made in six repetitions. The treatments consisted of a basal diet with 1.390% digestible Arg (no supplementation) and four dietary levels (1.490%, 1.590%, 1.690%, and 1.790%), providing a relationship with lysine of 1.103; 1.183; 1.262; 1.341 and 1.421%, respectively. From the age of 22 days on, all birds received conventional grower diet. The data were submitted to regression analysis by polynomial decomposition of the degrees of freedom in relation to the levels of Arg. The Arg supplementation increased (P<0.05) the live weight and the feed conversion ratio without increasing the feed intake of the birds. However, no effect was observed (P>0.05) in the growth phase (days 22 to 42) in the absence of the Arg supplementation. The supplementation of Arg over of NRC recommendation during the starter phase may be necessary for the expression of the maximal weight gain potential in birds. No effect (P<0.05) of Arg dietary supplementation was observed either on small intestine weight and length at any age. However, the duodenum villus:crypt ratio increased and the crypt depth decreased in the first week in response to increasing dietary Arg. It is concluded that broiler Arg dietary supplementation in the starter diet improved production performance and small intestine morphometry, especially in the first week.

Myxosporidiosis in intensively-reared Piaractus mesopotamicus: Histopathological diagnosis by means of Ziehl-Neelsen staining

Samples of different organs from intensively-reared Piaractus mesopotamicus were collected and processed using routine histological techniques in order to produce thin sections for staining with hematoxylin-eosin and with the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Through examination under an optical microscope, myxosporidians of the genera Henneguya sp. and Myxobolus sp. were identified, respectivelyin the gills and kidneys of P. mesopotamicus. Plasmodia with immature spores of Henneguya sp. were located along the secondary lamellae, with total length of 30.45±4.84µm and width of 3.52±0.33µm. Spores of Myxobolus sp. were located in the kidneys, with total length of 8.94±0.82µm and width of 5.59±0.39µm. Histopathological analysis of the gills showed plasmodia containing spores of Henneguya sp., at intralamellar and intravascular localities, at different stages of development. Spores of Myxobolus sp. were identified in the kidneys, in the peritubular region and in the interstices and glomerulus, surrounded by melanomacrophages. Focal hemorrhage was recorded in a few cases. Ziehl-Neelsen staining allowed to identify particular features of the spores and facilitated biometry and enabled classification in comparison with hematoxylin-eosin, thus demonstrating its usefulness for histopathological diagnosis of the parasitosis.

Koukuttava ja haastava oppimislautapeli on nykypäivää

Peliarvostelu

Environmental blue light prevents stress in the fish Nile tilapia

The present study aimed to test the effects of blue, green or white light on the stress response of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Each color was tested on two groups of isolated adult Nile tilapia (8 replicates each): one being subjected to confinement stress, and the other not (control). A different environmental color was imposed on each compartment by covering the light source with cellophane of the respective color (green or blue; no cellophane was used for white light). The intensity of green, white and blue lights was 250, 590 and 250 lux, respectively. Basal plasma cortisol levels were determined for each fish prior to the experimental procedures. The fish were confined by being displaced toward one side of the aquarium using an opaque partition for 1 h both in the morning and the afternoon of the two consecutive days of the test. At the end of this 48-h period, plasma cortisol levels were measured again. Basal cortisol levels (ng/ml) were similar for each group (ANOVA, F(2;42) = 0.77, P = 0.47). Thus, plasma cortisol levels were analyzed in terms of variation from their respective basal level. After confinement, plasma cortisol levels were not increased in fish submitted to a blue light environment. Thus, blue light prevents the confinement-induced cortisol response, an effect not necessarily related to light intensity.

Incidence, risk factors and prognostic factors of acute renal failure in patients admitted to an intensive care unit

The objective of the present study was to assess the incidence, risk factors and outcome of patients who develop acute renal failure (ARF) in intensive care units. In this prospective observational study, 221 patients with a 48-h minimum stay, 18-year-old minimum age and absence of overt acute or chronic renal failure were included. Exclusion criteria were organ donors and renal transplantation patients. ARF was defined as a creatinine level above 1.5 mg/dL. Statistics were performed using Pearsons' chi2 test, Student t-test, and Wilcoxon test. Multivariate analysis was run using all variables with P < 0.1 in the univariate analysis. ARF developed in 19.0% of the patients, with 76.19% resulting in death. Main risk factors (univariate analysis) were: higher intra-operative hydration and bleeding, higher death risk by APACHE II score, logist organ dysfunction system on the first day, mechanical ventilation, shock due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/sepsis, noradrenaline use, and plasma creatinine and urea levels on admission. Heart rate on admission (OR = 1.023 (1.002-1.044)), male gender (OR = 4.275 (1.340-13642)), shock due to SIRS/sepsis (OR = 8.590 (2.710-27.229)), higher intra-operative hydration (OR = 1.002 (1.000-1004)), and plasma urea on admission (OR = 1.012 (0.980-1044)) remained significant (multivariate analysis). The mortality risk factors (univariate analysis) were shock due to SIRS/sepsis, mechanical ventilation, blood stream infection, potassium and bicarbonate levels. Only potassium levels remained significant (P = 0.037). In conclusion, ARF has a high incidence, morbidity and mortality when it occurs in intensive care unit. There is a very close association with hemodynamic status and multiple organ dysfunction.

The use of light-emitting diodes to stimulate mitochondrial function and liver regeneration of partially hepatectomized rats

The biostimulating effect of laser radiation has been observed in many areas of Medicine. However, there are still several questions to be answered, among them the importance of light coherence in the stimulatory process. In the present study, we used light-emitting diodes (LED) to promote the stimulation of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Fourteen male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were submitted to partial hepatectomy (70%) followed by LED light irradiation (630 nm) of the remaining part of the liver at two doses, i.e., 10 (N = 7) and 140 (N = 7) J/cm². A group irradiated with laser, 590 nm (N = 7, 15 J/cm²) was performed for the study of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index. Data are reported as mean ± SEM. Statistical comparisons of the groups were performed by analysis of variance for parametric measurements followed by the Bonferroni post-test, with the level of significance set at P < 0.05. Respiratory mitochondrial activity was increased in the irradiated groups (states 3 and 4; P < 0.05), with better results for the group exposed to the lower LED dose (10 J/cm²). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeling index, by immunohistochemical staining, was similar for both LED-exposed groups (P > 0.05) and higher than for the control group (P < 0.05). The cell proliferation index obtained with LED and laser were similar (P > 0.05). In conclusion, the present results suggest that LED irradiation promotes biological stimulatory effects during the early stage of liver regeneration and that LED is as effective as laser light, independent of the coherence, divergence and cromaticity.