512 resultados para converters


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A coupled system simulator, based on analytical circuit equations and a finite element method (FEM) model of the motor has been developed and it is used to analyse a frequency-converterfed industrial squirrel-cage induction motor. Two control systems that emulate the behaviour of commercial direct-torque-controlled (DTC) and vector-controlled industrial frequency converters have been studied, implemented in the simulation software and verified by extensive laboratory tests. Numerous factors that affect the operation of a variable speed drive (VSD) and its energy efficiency have been investigated, and their significance in the simulation of the VSD results has been studied. The dependency of the frequency converter, induction motor and system losses on the switching frequency is investigated by simulations and measurements at different speeds for both the vector control and the DTC. Intensive laboratory measurements have been carried out to verify the simulation results.

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Concerns about condition of the environment and rising fossil fuel prices have accelerated the research of finding new cheap and environmental friendly energy source. Fuel cells are one of the most promising green technologies, especially in the field of distributed energy generation, backup power systems, transportation and mobile power generation. In this bachelor’s thesis use of fuel cells is studied, especially from the DC-DC converter point of view. This bachelor’s thesis concentrates on study of two different DC-DC converters. The aim of this thesis is to study design and steering methods for proposed converters. The ultimate aim of this thesis is to determine which one of proposed converters is most suitable for fuel cell applications.

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The objective of this master's thesis is to compare two different generator systems for wind turbines. It is the doubly fed induction generator system with three stage gearbox and the direct drive permanent magnet generator system. The comparison of generator systems is based on annual energy production for a given wind climate. For comparison a 3 MW, 15 rpm wind turbine is used. Modelling of a turbine rotor, gearbox and converters were done. Design of two generators was done and their performance was examined.

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Centrifugal pumps are widely used in industrial and municipal applications, and they are an important end-use application of electric energy. However, in many cases centrifugal pumps operate with a significantly lower energy efficiency than they actually could, which typically has an increasing effect on the pump energy consumption and the resulting energy costs. Typical reasons for this are the incorrect dimensioning of the pumping system components and inefficiency of the applied pump control method. Besides the increase in energy costs, an inefficient operation may increase the risk of a pump failure and thereby the maintenance costs. In the worst case, a pump failure may lead to a process shutdown accruing additional costs. Nowadays, centrifugal pumps are often controlled by adjusting their rotational speed, which affects the resulting flow rate and output pressure of the pumped fluid. Typically, the speed control is realised with a frequency converter that allows the control of the rotational speed of an induction motor. Since a frequency converter can estimate the motor rotational speed and shaft torque without external measurement sensors on the motor shaft, it also allows the development and use of sensorless methods for the estimation of the pump operation. Still today, the monitoring of pump operation is based on additional measurements and visual check-ups, which may not be applicable to determine the energy efficiency of the pump operation. This doctoral thesis concentrates on the methods that allow the use of a frequency converter as a monitoring and analysis device for a centrifugal pump. Firstly, the determination of energy-efficiency- and reliability-based limits for the recommendable operating region of a variable-speed-driven centrifugal pump is discussed with a case study for the laboratory pumping system. Then, three model-based estimation methods for the pump operating location are studied, and their accuracy is determined by laboratory tests. In addition, a novel method to detect the occurrence of cavitation or flow recirculation in a centrifugal pump by a frequency converter is introduced. Its sensitivity compared with known cavitation detection methods is evaluated, and its applicability is verified by laboratory measurements for three different pumps and by using two different frequency converters. The main focus of this thesis is on the radial flow end-suction centrifugal pumps, but the studied methods can also be feasible with mixed and axial flow centrifugal pumps, if allowed by their characteristics.

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Keskitaajuudella toimivia muuntajia käytetään laajalti tehoelektroniikkasovelluksissa kuten DC/DC-konverttereissa ja muissa hakkuriteholähteissä. Muuntaja on induktiivinen komponentti, jonka magneettisen tasapainon säilyttäminen hakkuriteholähteissä on laitteen virheettömän toiminnan kannalta tärkeää. Muuntajaa syöttävän virtapiirin on muodostettava symmetrinen syöttöjännite, jotta muuntajan vuo ei ajaudu positiiviseen tai negatiiviseen kyllästykseen. Tässä diplomityössä esitetään muuntajan sähkömagneettinen toimintaperiaate, kyllästymisen syyt hakkuriteholähteissä sekä kehitetään aktiivinen ohjaus vuotasapainon säilyttämiseksi. Hakkuriteholähteissä käytettävissä muuntajissa on monesti useampi kuin kaksi käämiä. Tässä työssä tutkittavassa muuntajassa on useita ensiöitä ja useita toisioita ja muuntajaa syötetään keskitaajuudella. Tämä tuo uusia ongelmia verrattuna perinteiseen yksivaiheiseen DC/DC-konvertteriin. Näihin ongelmiin esitetään ratkaisut diplomityön tutkimuksessa.

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Paineilmaa on kutsuttu neljänneksi perushyödykkeeksi veden, sähkön ja kaasun lisäksi. Paineilman kuluttaja on usein myös sen tuottaja. EU:n alueen teollisuudessa keskimää-rin 16 % kulutetusta kokonaissähkötehosta kuluu ilmakompressoreiden käyttöön. Taa-juusmuuttajan käyttö on viime vuosikymmeninä lisääntynyt merkittävästi, kun on pyrit-ty energiatehokkaisiin ratkaisuihin esimerkiksi pumppaus- ja puhallinjärjestelmissä. Kompressorijärjestelmissä taajuusmuuttajien käyttö ei ole vielä yhtä yleistä kuin esi-merkiksi pumppukäytöissä, vaikka taajuusmuuttajan käytöllä saavutetaan useimmissa tapauksissa huomattavia etuja. Tässä työssä tutkitaan taajuusmuuttajan hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia kompressorijär-jestelmien käytönaikaisten elinkaarikustannusten optimoimisessa. Työssä selvitetään säästöpotentiaalia, ja pohditaan pyörimisnopeussäädöllä saavutettavia etuja eri komp-ressorityypeillä. Lopuksi muodostetaan elinkaarikustannusanalyysit kahdelle todelliselle teollisuuden kompressorikohteelle. Tutkimusmenetelminä ovat kirjallisuustyö sekä asi-antuntijahaastattelut teollisuudesta. Työn tavoitteena on kartoittaa taajuusmuuttajan hyödyntämispotentiaalia kompressorijärjestelmissä ja luoda pohjaa mahdolliselle jatko-tutkimukselle.

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Tässä työssä tutkitaan eri voimansiirtokonseptien vaikutusta referenssitapauksen polttomoottorivoimalaitoksen energiatehokkuuteen ja polttoaineenkulutukseen staattisessa tilan-teessa. Referenssitapaukseksi on valittu ulkomerellä toimiva huoltoalus. Työssä esitellään dieselsähköisen laivan voimansiirtokonseptien toteutusvaihtoehtoja ja luodaan katsaus valittuihin generaattoreihin sekä taajuusmuuttajiin. Voimansiirtokonseptien hankintahintaa arvioidaan saatujen hintatietojen ja aikaisempien tutkimusten avulla. Lisäksi konseptien energian- ja polttoaineenkulutusta arvioidaan vuositasolla staattisessa tilanteessa. Perinteiselle kiinteän pyörimisnopeuden toteutukselle löydettiin haastajia sekä konseptien kuluttaman energian, että polttoaineen kannalta tarkasteltuna. Lisäksi työssä muodostetaan referenssialusta vastaava yksinkertainen simulointimalli, jolla voidaan arvioida voimalaitoksen tehohäviöitä sekä polttoaineenkulutusta eri ajotavoilla. Simulointimallilla tutkitaan myös energiavaraston tuomia etuja lisäämällä energiavarasto malliin. Mallia simuloitiin paikoitusajossa ilman energiavarastoa, sekä sen kanssa. Energiavaraston avulla saavutettiin merkittävät polttoainesäästöt.

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The objective of this master’s thesis is to investigate the loss behavior of three-level ANPC inverter and compare it with conventional NPC inverter. The both inverters are controlled with mature space vector modulation strategy. In order to provide the comparison both accurate and detailed enough NPC and ANPC simulation models should be obtained. The similar control model of SVM is utilized for both NPC and ANPC inverter models. The principles of control algorithms, the structure and description of models are clarified. The power loss calculation model is based on practical calculation approaches with certain assumptions. The comparison between NPC and ANPC topologies is presented based on results obtained for each semiconductor device, their switching and conduction losses and efficiency of the inverters. Alternative switching states of ANPC topology allow distributing losses among the switches more evenly, than in NPC inverter. Obviously, the losses of a switching device depend on its position in the topology. Losses distribution among the components in ANPC topology allows reducing the stress on certain switches, thus losses are equally distributed among the semiconductors, however the efficiency of the inverters is the same. As a new contribution to earlier studies, the obtained models of SVM control, NPC and ANPC inverters have been built. Thus, this thesis can be used in further more complicated modelling of full-power converters for modern multi-megawatt wind energy conversion systems.

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Frequency converters are widely used in the industry to enable better controllability and efficiency of variable speed AC motor drives. Despite these advantages, certain challenges concerning the inverter and motor interfacing have been present for decades. As insulated gate bipolar transistors entered the market, the inverter output voltage transition rate significantly increased compared with their predecessors. Inverters operate based on pulse width modulation of the output voltage, and the steep voltage edge fed by the inverter produces a motor terminal overvoltage. The overvoltage causes extra stress to the motor insulation, which may lead to a prematuremotor failure. The overvoltage is not generated by the inverter alone, but also by the sum effect of the motor cable length and the impedance mismatch between the cable and the motor. Many solutions have been shown to limit the overvoltage, and the mainstream products focus on passive filters. This doctoral thesis studies an alternative methodology for motor overvoltage reduction. The focus is on minimization of the passive filter dimensions, physical and electrical, or better yet, on operation without any filter. This is achieved by additional inverter control and modulation. The studied methods are implemented on different inverter topologies, varying in nominal voltage and current.For two-level inverters, the studied method is termed active du/dt. It consists of a small output LC filter, which is controlled by an independent modulator. The overvoltage is limited by a reduced voltage transition rate. For multilevel inverters, an overvoltage mitigation method operating without a passive filter, called edge modulation, is implemented. The method uses the capability of the inverter to produce two switching operations in the same direction to cancel the oscillating voltages of opposite phases. For parallel inverters, two methods are studied. They are both intended for two-level inverters, but the first uses individual motor cables from each inverter while the other topology applies output inductors. The overvoltage is reduced by interleaving the switching operations to produce a similar oscillation accumulation as with the edge modulation. The implementation of these methods is discussed in detail, and the necessary modifications to the control system of the inverter are presented. Each method is experimentally verified by operating industrial frequency converters with the modified control. All the methods are found feasible, and they provide sufficient overvoltage protection. The limitations and challenges brought about by the methods are discussed.

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Työssä esiteltävä laite on osa DC-AC hakkuria, jolla muodostetaan 750 V tasajännitteestä yksivaiheista (230 VRMS, 50 Hz) galvaanisesti erotettua verkkojännitettä. Tasajännite muunnetaan resonanssikonvertterilla korkeataajuiseksi vaihtojännitteeksi, joka johdetaan erotusmuuntajaan. Galvaanisen erotuksen jälkeen korkeataajuisesta vaihtojännitteestä muodostetaan suoraan verkkotaajuista vaihtojännitettä työssä esiteltävällä syklokonvertterilla. Suunnittelussa on pyritty minimoimaan häviöt mahdollisimman tarkkaan, jotta laite olisi kilpailukykyinen ei-galvaanisesti erottavien konverttereiden kanssa. Tämä on toteutettu käyttämällä mahdollisimman vähän komponentteja virran kulkureitillä sekä soveltamalla pehmeää kytkentää kaikissa tilanteissa. Lopuksi esitellään prototyyppi, jonka tarkoitus oli selvittää laitteen toiminta ja ongelmakohdat käytännössä.

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Fuel cells are a promising alternative for clean and efficient energy production. A fuel cell is probably the most demanding of all distributed generation power sources. It resembles a solar cell in many ways, but sets strict limits to current ripple, common mode voltages and load variations. The typically low output voltage from the fuel cell stack needs to be boosted to a higher voltage level for grid interfacing. Due to the high electrical efficiency of the fuel cell, there is a need for high efficiency power converters, and in the case of low voltage, high current and galvanic isolation, the implementation of such converters is not a trivial task. This thesis presents galvanically isolated DC-DC converter topologies that have favorable characteristics for fuel cell usage and reviews the topologies from the viewpoint of electrical efficiency and cost efficiency. The focus is on evaluating the design issues when considering a single converter module having large current stresses. The dominating loss mechanism in low voltage, high current applications is conduction losses. In the case of MOSFETs, the conduction losses can be efficiently reduced by paralleling, but in the case of diodes, the effectiveness of paralleling depends strongly on the semiconductor material, diode parameters and output configuration. The transformer winding losses can be a major source of losses if the windings are not optimized according to the topology and the operating conditions. Transformer prototyping can be expensive and time consuming, and thus it is preferable to utilize various calculation methods during the design process in order to evaluate the performance of the transformer. This thesis reviews calculation methods for solid wire, litz wire and copper foil winding losses, and in order to evaluate the applicability of the methods, the calculations are compared against measurements and FEM simulations. By selecting a proper calculation method for each winding type, the winding losses can be predicted quite accurately before actually constructing the transformer. The transformer leakage inductance, the amount of which can also be calculated with reasonable accuracy, has a significant impact on the semiconductor switching losses. Therefore, the leakage inductance effects should also be taken into account when considering the overall efficiency of the converter. It is demonstrated in this thesis that although there are some distinctive differences in the loss distributions between the converter topologies, the differences in the overall efficiency can remain within a range of a few percentage points. However, the optimization effort required in order to achieve the high efficiencies is quite different in each topology. In the presence of practical constraints such as manufacturing complexity or cost, the question of topology selection can become crucial.

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In this doctoral thesis, methods to estimate the expected power cycling life of power semiconductor modules based on chip temperature modeling are developed. Frequency converters operate under dynamic loads in most electric drives. The varying loads cause thermal expansion and contraction, which stresses the internal boundaries between the material layers in the power module. Eventually, the stress wears out the semiconductor modules. The wear-out cannot be detected by traditional temperature or current measurements inside the frequency converter. Therefore, it is important to develop a method to predict the end of the converter lifetime. The thesis concentrates on power-cycling-related failures of insulated gate bipolar transistors. Two types of power modules are discussed: a direct bonded copper (DBC) sandwich structure with and without a baseplate. Most common failure mechanisms are reviewed, and methods to improve the power cycling lifetime of the power modules are presented. Power cycling curves are determined for a module with a lead-free solder by accelerated power cycling tests. A lifetime model is selected and the parameters are updated based on the power cycling test results. According to the measurements, the factor of improvement in the power cycling lifetime of modern IGBT power modules is greater than 10 during the last decade. Also, it is noticed that a 10 C increase in the chip temperature cycle amplitude decreases the lifetime by 40%. A thermal model for the chip temperature estimation is developed. The model is based on power loss estimation of the chip from the output current of the frequency converter. The model is verified with a purpose-built test equipment, which allows simultaneous measurement and simulation of the chip temperature with an arbitrary load waveform. The measurement system is shown to be convenient for studying the thermal behavior of the chip. It is found that the thermal model has a 5 C accuracy in the temperature estimation. The temperature cycles that the power semiconductor chip has experienced are counted by the rainflow algorithm. The counted cycles are compared with the experimentally verified power cycling curves to estimate the life consumption based on the mission profile of the drive. The methods are validated by the lifetime estimation of a power module in a direct-driven wind turbine. The estimated lifetime of the IGBT power module in a direct-driven wind turbine is 15 000 years, if the turbine is located in south-eastern Finland.

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Transportation of fluids is one of the most common and energy intensive processes in the industrial and HVAC sectors. Pumping systems are frequently subject to engineering malpractice when dimensioned, which can lead to poor operational efficiency. Moreover, pump monitoring requires dedicated measuring equipment, which imply costly investments. Inefficient pump operation and improper maintenance can increase energy costs substantially and even lead to pump failure. A centrifugal pump is commonly driven by an induction motor. Driving the induction motor with a frequency converter can diminish energy consumption in pump drives and provide better control of a process. In addition, induction machine signals can also be estimated by modern frequency converters, dispensing with the use of sensors. If the estimates are accurate enough, a pump can be modelled and integrated into the frequency converter control scheme. This can open the possibility of joint motor and pump monitoring and diagnostics, thereby allowing the detection of reliability-reducing operating states that can lead to additional maintenance costs. The goal of this work is to study the accuracy of rotational speed, torque and shaft power estimates calculated by a frequency converter. Laboratory tests were performed in order to observe estimate behaviour in both steady-state and transient operation. An induction machine driven by a vector-controlled frequency converter, coupled with another induction machine acting as load was used in the tests. The estimated quantities were obtained through the frequency converter’s Trend Recorder software. A high-precision, HBM T12 torque-speed transducer was used to measure the actual values of the aforementioned variables. The effect of the flux optimization energy saving feature on the estimate quality was also studied. A processing function was developed in MATLAB for comparison of the obtained data. The obtained results confirm the suitability of this particular converter to provide accurate enough estimates for pumping applications.

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Ilmastonmuutos ja fossiilisten polttoaineiden ehtyminen ovat edesauttaneet uusiutuvien energialähteiden tutkimusta huomattavasti. Lisäksi alati kasvava sähköenergian tarve lisää hajautetun sähköntuotannon ja vaihtoehtoisten energialähteiden kiinnostavuutta. Yleisimpiä hajautetun sähköntuotannon energialähteitä ovat tuulivoima, aurinkovoima ja uutena tulokkaana polttokennot. Polttokennon kytkeminen sähköverkkoon vaatii tehoelektroniikkaa, ja yleensä yksinkertaisessa polttokennosovelluksessa polttokenno kytketään galvaanisesti erottavan yksisuuntaisen DC/DC-hakkurin ja vaihtosuuntaajan kanssa sarjaan. Polttokennon rinnalla voidaan käyttää akkua tasaamaan polttokennon syöttämää jännitettä, jolloin akun ja polttokennon väliin tarvitaan kaksisuuntainen DC/DC-hakkuri, joka pystyy siirtämään energiaa molempiin suuntiin. Tässä diplomityössä on esitetty kaksisuuntaisen DC/DC-hakkurin tilayhtälökeskiarvoistusmenetelmään perustuva malli sekä mallin perusteella toteutettu virtasäätö. Tutkittava hakkuritopologia on kokosilta-tyyppinen boost-hakkuri, ja säätömenetelmä keskiarvovirtasäätö. Työn tuloksena syntyi tilayhtälömalli kaksisuuntaiselle FB boost -hakkurille sekä sen tulokelan virran säätämiseen soveltuva säädin. Säädin toimii normaalitilanteissa hyvin, mutta erikoistilanteissa, kuten hakkurin tulojännitteen äkillisessä muutostilanteessa, vaadittaisiin tehokkaampi säädin, jolla saavutettaisiin nopeampi nousuaika ilman ylitystä ja oskillointia.

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Työssä tutkitaan mahdollisuutta hyödyntää sähkömoottorien nopeudensäätöön suunniteltuja kaupallisia taajuusmuuttajia osana aktiivisesti säädetyn magneettilaakeroinnin säätöjärjestelmää. Magneettilaakerijärjestelmän ohjaamiseksi tarvitaan vahvistin, jonka tehtävänä on muuntaa paikkasäätöjärjestelmältä tuleva ohjearvo virraksi, jännitteeksi tai magneettivuoksi voiman tuottamiseksi laakerikäämityksellä. Nykyaikaiset modernit taajuusmuuttajat mahdollistavat säätöalgoritmien suorittamisen sekä liitynnän muuhun automaatiojärjestelmään kenttäväylien kautta. Tämän järjestelmäintegraation myötä olisi mahdollista rakentaa modulaarinen säätöjärjestelmä hyödyntäen luotettavaksi todettuja teollisuusautomaatiotuotteita vain muutamalla itse magneettilaakerijärjestelmään liittyvällä tuotteella. Haluttaessa hyödyntää kolmivaiheinen taajuusmuuttaja mahdollisimman tehokkaasti magneettilaakerin teholähteenä tulee laakerikäämityksien kytkeytymistä taajuusmuuttajaan tarkastella tarkemmin. Kirjallisuustutkimuksessa keskitytään taajuusmuuttajan tehokytkimien muodostaman vaihtosuuntaajan eri rakennevaihtoehtojen sekä virtasäädön dynaamisten ominaisuuksien tarkasteluun. Soveltuvien rakennevaihtoehtojen sekä virtasäädön suorituskyky todennetaan simuloinnein ja lopuksi todellisella koelaitteistolla. Magneettilaakeroinnilla varustetun sähkökoneen roottorin onnistunut leijuttaminen viiden vapausasteen suhteen paikkasäädettynä sekä mittauksien tulokset osoittavat, ettei taajuusmuuttajien järjestelmäarkkitehtuurista löydy merkittäviä esteitä muuttajien hyödyntämiseksi magneettilaakerisovelluksissa.