Using domain-specific knowledge to improve information retrieval performance

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Using domain-specific knowledge to improve information retrieval performance

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Building Information Modelling in UK Construction Projects: A State of the Art Review

This paper aims to present a state-of-the-art review of the scope and practical implications of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) platform in the UK construction practice. Theoretical developments suggest that BIM is an integration of both product and process innovation, not just a disparate set of software tools. BIM provides effective collaboration, visual representation and data management, which enable the smooth flow of information throughout the project’s lifecycle. The most frequently reported benefits are related to Capital Cost (capex) and Operational costs (opex) and time savings. Key challenges, however, focus on the interoperability of software, capital installation costs, in-house experience, client preference and cultural issues within design teams and within the organisation. The paper concludes with a critical commentary on the changing roles and a process required to implement BIM in UK construction projects, and suggests areas for further research.

The Construction of Professional Identity

[Excerpt] The classification of ‘professions’ has been a debated topic (Abbott, 1988; Friedson 2001), with several researchers putting forth varying criteria which distinguish a profession from other occupations. Previously, an individual would be considered a professional only once they had completed and attained all of the training, certifications and credentials of a professional occupation and, of course, internalized this profession’s values and norms (Wilensky, 1964). Recently, researchers have begun to relax the criteria for classifying professional occupations, insisting only that the occupation be skill- or education-based (Benveniste, 1987; Ibarra, 1999). Furthermore, in today’s workplace, which is burgeoning with independent knowledge workers, the term ‘profession’ is often used as an adjective rather than a noun, describing how individuals carry out their work with knowledge and skill rather than the specific kind of work they do (see Chapter 9 in this book).

Floating Wetlands in the Puget Lowlands: Design, Construction, and Viability

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Vocational training and knowledge development: a deeper understanding

Construction management research literature has identified the importance of understanding the practical realities of skills and training provision and the role of reflective practice in the development of knowledge. This paper examines vocational training of experienced site staff in the development of their knowledge through SVQ training to investigate the primary factors for successful learning in site-based construction staff with a supervisory/management role. Using semi-structured interviews the impact of vocational training on individual candidates and other sitebased staff are investigated. The paper explores, through the reflections of 26 SVQ candidates (20 SVQ3 and 6 SVQ4), a deeper understanding of how site supervisors and site managers learn through the SVQ process and develop tacit knowledge through formal reflection. Reflective practice develops practical wisdom (Phronesis). The investigation explains aspects of practical wisdom and how knowledge, practice and skills are developed through vocational training. There is a clear perception by those completing the qualification that it has enabled them to perform their job better identifying numerous examples relating to problem solving, critical thinking, making decisions and leadership. It has been found that Phronesis is evident on a day-to-day basis on site activities developed through reflective practice in personal development. The reflective practice in developing knowledge also builds, within individuals, a better understanding of themselves and their capabilities through the learning achieved in the SVQ. Future work is identified around analysing the role of the assessor in facilitating Phronesis in the SVQ context.

THE ROLE OF RULES, EXAMPLES AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ACQUISITION OF DECLARATIVE AND PROCEDURAL SECOND LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE

The relevance of explicit instruction has been well documented in SLA research. Despite numerous positive findings, however, the issue continues to engage scholars worldwide. One issue that was largely neglected in previous empirical studies - and one that may be crucial for the effectiveness of explicit instruction - is the timing and integration of rules and practice. The present study investigated the extent to which grammar explanation (GE) before practice, grammar explanation during practice, and individual differences impact the acquisition of L2 declarative and procedural knowledge of two grammatical structures in Spanish. In this experiment, 128 English-speaking learners of Spanish were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments and completed comprehension-based task-essential practice for interpreting object-verb (OV) and ser/estar (SER) sentences in Spanish. Results confirmed the predicted importance of timing of GE: participants who received GE during practice were more likely to develop and retain their knowledge successfully. Results further revealed that the various combinations of rules and practice posed differential task demands on the learners and consequently drew on language aptitude and WM to a different extent. Since these correlations between individual differences and learning outcomes were the least observed in the conditions that received GE during practice, we argue that the suitable integration of rules and practice ameliorated task demands, reducing the burden on the learner, and accordingly mitigated the role of participants’ individual differences. Finally, some evidence also showed that the comprehension practice that participants received for the two structures was not sufficient for the formation of solid productive knowledge, but was more effective for the OV than for the SER construction.

Layered Information Modeling and a Knowledge Organization Paradigm: Inherent Classification and the Design of Interoperable Systems

In knowledge technology work, as expressed by the scope of this conference, there are a number of communities, each uncovering new methods, theories, and practices. The Library and Information Science (LIS) community is one such community. This community, through tradition and innovation, theories and practice, organizes knowledge and develops knowledge technologies formed by iterative research hewn to the values of equal access and discovery for all. The Information Modeling community is another contributor to knowledge technologies. It concerns itself with the construction of symbolic models that capture the meaning of information and organize it in ways that are computer-based, but human understandable. A recent paper that examines certain assumptions in information modeling builds a bridge between these two communities, offering a forum for a discussion on common aims from a common perspective. In a June 2000 article, Parsons and Wand separate classes from instances in information modeling in order to free instances from what they call the “tyranny” of classes. They attribute a number of problems in information modeling to inherent classification – or the disregard for the fact that instances can be conceptualized independent of any class assignment. By faceting instances from classes, Parsons and Wand strike a sonorous chord with classification theory as understood in LIS. In the practice community and in the publications of LIS, faceted classification has shifted the paradigm of knowledge organization theory in the twentieth century. Here, with the proposal of inherent classification and the resulting layered information modeling, a clear line joins both the LIS classification theory community and the information modeling community. Both communities have their eyes turned toward networked resource discovery, and with this conceptual conjunction a new paradigmatic conversation can take place. Parsons and Wand propose that the layered information model can facilitate schema integration, schema evolution, and interoperability. These three spheres in information modeling have their own connotation, but are not distant from the aims of classification research in LIS. In this new conceptual conjunction, established by Parsons and Ward, information modeling through the layered information model, can expand the horizons of classification theory beyond LIS, promoting a cross-fertilization of ideas on the interoperability of subject access tools like classification schemes, thesauri, taxonomies, and ontologies. This paper examines the common ground between the layered information model and faceted classification, establishing a vocabulary and outlining some common principles. It then turns to the issue of schema and the horizons of conventional classification and the differences between Information Modeling and Library and Information Science. Finally, a framework is proposed that deploys an interpretation of the layered information modeling approach in a knowledge technologies context. In order to design subject access systems that will integrate, evolve and interoperate in a networked environment, knowledge organization specialists must consider a semantic class independence like Parsons and Wand propose for information modeling.

Principles of knowledge organization: analysis and structures in the networked environment

Knowledge organization in the networked environment is guided by standards. Standards in knowledge organization are built on principles. For example, NISO Z39.19-1993 Guide to the Construction of Monolingual Thesauri (now undergoing revision) and NISO Z39.85- 2001 Dublin Core Metadata Element Set are two standards used in many implementations. Both of these standards were crafted with knowledge organization principles in mind. Therefore it is standards work guided by knowledge organization principles which can affect design of information services and technologies. This poster outlines five threads of thought that inform knowledge organization principles in the networked environment. An understanding of each of these five threads informs system evaluation. The evaluation of knowledge organization systems should be tightly linked to a rigorous understanding of the principles of construction. Thus some foundational evaluation questions grow from an understanding of stan dard s and pr inciples: on what pr inciples is this know ledge organization system built? How well does this implementation meet the ideal conceptualization of those principles? How does this tool compare to others built on the same principles?

Vidéos contre lectures: Une évaluation de l'utilisation de vidéos pour accomplir la construction initiale de connaissances

Abstract : The goal of this study was to determine whether providing videos for students to watch before class would be more effective than assigning readings. The study took place within a flipped classroom: a methodology designed to engage students in the initial construction of knowledge before class, freeing up classroom time for active learning pedagogies. Preparing for class by watching videos should require less of the students’ time than doing readings, and they should respond better to videos than to readings because these more closely mimic this generation’s interactions with information and media. Consequently, flipped classroom students provided with videos should perceive a lower workload, which could translate into more positive learning outcomes. From an instructor’s perspective, however, developing and organizing videos is extremely time consuming. Thus, a teacher giving consideration to flipping their class would likely want to know whether videos would lead to positive outcomes for their students before actually committing to developing these. However, no research to date was identified which has examined the question of whether flipped class videos would be more effective than readings. The hypotheses for the study were that videos would result in measurable learning gains for the students, and would lead to lower time demands and perceived workloads, as well as more positive attitudes. These were tested using a quasi-experimental design involving a convenience sample of two small college General Biology 1 courses taught by the same teacher. One group had videos to watch before class for the first 1/3 of the course (treatment; Class A), during which the other was assigned readings (control; Class B). Following this, both groups were provided with videos. Student scores were compared on pre-instruction and in-class quizzes, activities, four unit tests, and a final exam. Further, students completed a 44 item survey as well as a demographic questionnaire. Results suggest greater learning gains for students provided with videos. Certainly, students from Class B improved significantly when provided with videos, especially as compared to Class A, whose improvement over the same time span was marginal. However, conclusions based on these results are somewhat tentative, as Class A performed rather poorly on all summative assessments, and this could have driven the patterns observed, at least partially. From the surveys, Class B students reported that they spent more time preparing for class, were less likely to do the necessary preparations, and generally perceived their effort and workload levels to be higher. These factors were significant enough that they contributed to four students from Class B (10% of the class) dropping the course over the semester. In addition, students from both groups also reported more positive attitudes towards videos than readings, although they did not necessarily feel that videos were (or would be) a more effective study and learning tool. The results of this study suggest that any effort on the part of an instructor to prepare or organize videos as pre-class instructional tools would likely be well spent. However, even outside of the context of a flipped classroom, this study provides an indication that assigned readings can place heavy workload requirements on students, which should give cause for any instructor employing mandatory readings to reassess their approach. Finally, since both groups were statistically equivalent across all measured demographic variables, it appears that some of the observed disparities in assessment scores may have been driven by differences in group dynamics. Consequently, the suggestion is made that an instrument to measure classroom climate should be incorporated into any research design comparing two or more interacting groups of students, as group dynamics have the potential to play a key role in any outcomes.||Résumé : L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer si fournir des vidéos aux étudiants avant une classe serait plus efficace comme méthode d’apprentissage individuel que de leur donner une liste de lectures à compléter. L'étude a eu lieu dans une classe renversée – une stratégie plus reconnu sous le nom de «classroom flipping» – ce qui ce trouve à être une méthodologie qui vise à obliger les élèves d’accomplir le transfert de connaissances initial avant la classe, en vue de libérer du temps de classe pour des activités pédagogiques plus approfondie. En théorie, pour les élèves, se préparer pour une classe renversé en regardant des vidéos devrait exiger moins de temps que d’être obligé à apprendre le matériel en lisant. En plus, présenter le matériel d’un cours avec des vidéos imite de plus près les genres d’interactions qu’on les étudiants de cette génération avec de l'information et les médias, ce qui devrait faciliter leur tâche. Par conséquent, les élèves d’une classe renversée fournies avec des vidéos devraient percevoir une charge de travail moins élevée, et ceci pourrait se traduire en bilans d'apprentissage plus positifs. Cependant, du point de vue du professeur, avoir à développer et organiser des vidéos se présente comme un gros défi, surtout en vue du temps et de l’effort qui sont requis. Ainsi, un enseignant qui songe à renversée sa classe voudrait probablement savoir si le fait d’offrir des vidéos mène à des résultats positifs avant de réellement s'engager dans le développement de ces derniers. Par contre, lors de l’écriture de ce texte, aucune étude n’a été identifié qui répond à cette question, et aucune publication compare la performance des étudiants lorsqu’ils ont des vidéos à regarder avec lorsqu’ils sont obligés de faire de la lecture pour se préparer. Alors, les hypothèses de l'étude étaient que des étudiants ayant accès à des vidéos démontreraient des gains d’apprentissages évidents, qu’ils apercevraient des requêtes de temps moins encombrantes et une charge de travail plus faible, et, en vue de ces derniers, que les étudiants auraient des attitudes plus positives envers le cours et le matériel. Les hypothèses ont été testés à l'aide d'un modèle quasi-expérimental, avec comme échantillon deux classes collégiales de Biologie générale 1, tout les deux enseignés par le même professeur. Un de ces groupes avaient accès à des vidéos pour se préparer pour chaque classe lors du premier tiers du cours, alors que l’autre groupe étaient obligé de faire de la lecture. Après le premier tiers du cours, ce qui fut 10 des 30 classes du semestre, les deux groupes ont été fournis avec des vidéos pour le restant du cours. Des notes ont été ramassées et comparées sur des mini-examens préparatoires avant et durant les classes, sur des activités complétées en classe, sur quatre examens en classe, et un examen final. En outre, les étudiants ont rempli un questionnaire composé de 44 items, ainsi qu’un autre questionnaire démographique. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent qu’une décision d’offrir des vidéos aux élèves peut mener à des gains d'apprentissage plus élevés comparativement à l’option lecture. En particulier, les élèves du groupe initial de lecture se sont considérablement améliorées lorsqu'ils ont été fournis avec des vidéos, surtout par rapport au groupe initial de vidéos, dont l’amélioration durant la même période était marginale. Cependant, ces conclusions sont un peu incertaines, parce que la performance du groupe initial de vidéos était globalement médiocre, ce qui aurait pu mener aux résultats observés. Par contre, les résultats obtenus des questionnaires étaient moins incertains, et indiquent que les élèves qui se sont vues attribués des lectures passaient plus de temps pour préparer leurs classes, étaient plus aptes à ne pas faire les préparatifs nécessaires, et ont aperçus leurs niveaux d'efforts et leurs charges de travails comme étant plus élevés. Ces facteurs étaient suffisamment importants qu'ils ont contribué au fait que quatre étudiants du groupe de lecture, soit 10% de la classe, ont abandonnés le cours durant le premier tiers du semestre. Finalement, les élèves ont démontrés des attitudes plus positives envers les vidéos, bien qu'ils ne trouvaient pas nécessairement que ceux-ci étaient plus efficaces que les lectures lorsqu’ils voulaient étudier pour les examens. Basé sur ces résultats, il est possible de conclure que tout effort de la part d'un instructeur pour préparer ou organiser des vidéos pédagogiques serait probablement un bon investissement. En plus, et même en dehors du contexte d'une classe renversée, cette étude offre une indication qu’une stratégie pédagogique qui oblige les étudiants à faire beaucoup de lecture peut imposer des exigences et une charge de travail très élevée pour les étudiants, ce qui devrait donner cause à tout instructeur qui attribue des lectures à réévaluer leur approche. Enfin, puisque les deux groupes étaient équivalents d’un point de vue statistique sur toutes les mesures démographiques, il semble que certaines disparités entre les deux groupes dans les notes d'évaluation et d’examens peuvent possiblement avoir été entraînées par des différentes dynamiques dans chaque group. Par conséquent, il est suggéré que des mesures de relations entre étudiants et de dynamiques de groupes devraient être incorporé dans n’importe qu’elle recherche comparant deux ou plusieurs groupes d’étudiants, et surtout quand ces étudiants sont en interaction, parce-que en toute apparence les dynamiques de groupes ont le potentiel de jouer un rôle clé dans les résultats obtenus.

Mechanical properties of adobe blocks used in building construction in Huambo Province - Angola

Despite significant advances in building technologies with the use of conventional construction materials (as concrete and steel), which significantly have driven the construction industry, earth construction have demonstrated its importance and relevance, as well as it has matched in an efficient and eco-friendly manner the social housing concerns. The diversity of earth construction techniques allowed this material to adapt to different climatic, cultural and social contexts until the present time. However, in Angola, the construction with earth is still associated with population fringes of weak economic resources, for which, given the impossibility of being able to acquire modern construction materials (steel, cement, brick, among others), they resort to the use of available natural materials. Furthermore, the lack of scientific and technical knowledge justifies the negative appreciation of traditional building techniques, and the derogatory way how are considered the earth constructions in Angolan territory. Given the country's current development status, and taking into account the environmental requirements and the real socio-economic sustainability of Angola, it is considered that one of the viable and adequate options, could be the recovering and upgrading of the ancestral techniques of earth construction. The purpose of this research is to develop the technical and scientific knowledge in order to improve and optimize these construction solutions, responding to the real problems of housing quality as well as to the current social, economic and environmental sustainability requirements. In this paper, a description of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the adobes typically used in the construction of traditional houses in some localities of Huambo, province in Angola, is carried out. The methodology was based on mechanical in-situ testing in adobe blocks manufactured with traditional procedures: i) tensile strength evaluated with the bending test and compressive strength test on earth blocks specimens; and, ii) durability and erodibility test by Geelong method adopting the New Zealand standard (NZS) procedures (4297: 1998; 4297: 1998 and 4297: 1999). The results allow the characterization of the materials used in the construction of raw earth in the Huambo region, contributing to the development of knowledge of these sustainable and traditional housing constructive solutions with a strong presence in Angola [1, 2]. This study is part of a larger project in the area of Earth Construction [3], which aims to produce knowledge which can stimulate the use of environmental friendly construction materials and contribute to develop constructive solutions with improved performance, durability, comfort, safety and sustainability.

Learning Process in Teaching and Bio-pedagogical Knowledge Building

Bio-pedagogy is built on praxis, i.e. the interrelationship between reflection and innovative action where these two merge in the construction of senses to generate knowledge. Then, the following question arises: How is teaching understood? How can practice be renovated from the action-reflection-action in a recurring manner and in life itself? A way to search for those answers is the systematization of experiences –a modality of qualitative research. It promotes the transformation of a common practice, based on knowledge building by holistic approaches to the educational process complexity. The systematization of bio-pedagogical experiences involves self-organization, joy, uncertainty and passion; it respects freedom and autonomy, and generates relational spaces, which promote creative processes in learning.

Construction of the Cognitive Dimension of the Scientific Literacy in the Students through the Costa Rican Biological Sciences Olympics

This research recognizes the cognitive contributions to the students participating in the Third Costa Rican Biological Sciences Olympics that will define the advancement and strengthening in the construction of its conceptual dimension in the scientific literacy.  This paper is based, mainly, on qualitative approach techniques (ethnographic design:  case study); however, some data are interpreted through quantitative methodologies (descriptive design with an explanatory and exploratory touch) for the analysis of a sample of 54 high school students, finalists in the category A of the Olympics, through the use of tools such as a documentary study and a survey, in July 2009.  The information generated was analyzed using elements of inferential and descriptive statistics, figures and histograms.  It was proved that there is a better cognitive management in the topics assessed, an increase in the students’ academic performance as the tests are applied, a commitment for the academic update supported by the development of several tasks for previous preparation, curriculum contributions unprecedented based on our sample, a consent to optimize student’s knowledge about Biology, which will allow the application of scientific notions to diversify and renew the knowledge, according to what is established in the principles of scientific literacy.

Children’s socialization, involved parenting, and the construction of the family-school partnership in everyday family interactions: a study on parent-assisted homework as a morally dense educational arena

This study investigates an activity that takes place at the intersection between family and school and plays a key role in the building of the family-school partnership largely promoted by education policies: parent-assisted homework. Even though this topic is not new in pedagogical research, what is innovative about this study is the focus on naturally occurring parent-child conversations during homework. Adopting a phenomenological approach to the study of educational events and relying on conversation analysis, the present study analyzes 62 video-recorded sessions of parent-assisted homework collected in 19 Italian families with children aged 6-10 years old (i.e., attending primary school). The analysis of parent-child interactions reveals that parent-assisted homework is not only a site for formal learning but also and primarily a morally dense educational arena. Through the ‘small talks’ that accompany the completion of homework exercises, parents and children evoke and co-construct moral ideologies concerning topics as diverse as learning, school rules and standards, ‘good, involved parenting’, the family-school partnership, children’s autonomy, virtue, time management, and the organization of knowledge and authority in interaction. By taking part in everyday homework interactions, children are educated to culture-specific ethical systems and socialized into morally competent members of their communities, while parents implement the family-school partnership and comply with the model of “involved parent” proposed by pedagogical research and policies. Providing empirical evidence for the moral and educational relevance of ordinary family talk, this study contributes to pedagogical research on family life and promotes parents’ reflexivity about their mundane interactive activities.

[theoretical Construction In The Sociology Of Health: A Reflection On Its Trajectory].

The scope of this paper is to reflect on the theoretical construction in the constitution of the sociology of health, still called medical sociology in some countries. Two main ideas constitute the basis for this: interdisciplinarity and the degree of articulation in the fields of medicine and sociology. We sought to establish a dialogue with some dimensions - macro/micro, structure/action - that constitute the basis for understanding medicine/health in relation to the social/sociological dimension. The main aspects of these dimensions are initially presented. Straus' two medical sociologies and the theory/application impasses are then addressed, as well as the dilemmas of the sociology of medicine in the 1960s and 1970s. From these analyses the theoretical production before 1970 is placed as a counterpoint. Lastly, the sociology of health is seen in the general context of sociology, which underwent a fragmentation process from 1970 with effects in all subfields of the social sciences. This process involves a rethinking of the theoretical issues in a broadened spectrum of possibilities. The 1980s are highlighted when theoretical issues in the sociology of health are reinvigorated and the issue of interdisciplinarity is once again addressed.