CARACTERÍSTICAS DAS ROCHAS DA FORMAÇÃO CORUMBATAÍ UTILIZADAS NA INDÚSTRIA DE REVESTIMENTO CERÂMICO.

A Formação Corumbataí é atualmente utilizada com sucesso pela indústria de revestimento cerâmico no pólo de cerâmica de Santa Gertrudes. Este engloba os municípios de Santa Gertrudes, Rio Claro, Cordeirópolis, Limeira, Piracicaba e Araras. De acordo com os estudos geológicos realizados, as argilas da Formação Corumbataí foram divididas em cinco litofácies cerâmicas, sendo elas: maciça, laminada, intercalada I, intercalada II e alterada. De acordo com suas características químicas, são consideradas como argilas com teores médios de elementos fundentes, com os valores da soma dos óxidos alcalinos (Na2O + K2O) variando de 2,9% na litofácies alterada até valores de 4,3% na litofácies intercalada I. Os argilominerais predominantes são a illita e a caulinita (presentes em todas as litofácies), além da montmorillonita que ocorre com freqüência nas litofácies intercalada I e II e laminada. Outros minerais importantes são: quartzo, feldspato do tipo albita, hematita e calcita. Os resultados cerâmicos possibilitaram enquadrar as litofácies cerâmicas dentro do Grupo BIIb na Classificação de Revestimentos Cerâmicos (BII – valores de resistência à flexão da ordem de 180-300 Kgf/cm2; b – valores de absorção de água (Abs) de 6 a 10%), porém, alguns valores de Abs ficaram acima de 10% nas litofácies intercalada I, intercalada II e na alterada.

Chemical and biological properties of phosphorus-fertilized soil under legume and grass cover (Cerrado region, Brazil)

The use of cover crops has been suggested as an effective method to maintain and/or increase the organic matter content, while maintaining and/or enhancing the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. The fertility of Cerrado soils is low and, consequently, phosphorus levels as well. Phosphorus is required at every metabolic stage of the plant, as it plays a role in the processes of protein and energy synthesis and influences the photosynthetic process. This study evaluated the influence of cover crops and phosphorus rates on soil chemical and biological properties after two consecutive years of common bean. The study analyzed an Oxisol in Selvíria (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil), in a randomized block, split plot design, in a total of 24 treatments with three replications. The plot treatments consisted of cover crops (millet, pigeon pea, crotalaria, velvet bean, millet + pigeon pea, millet + crotalaria, and millet + velvet bean) and one plot was left fallow. The subplots were represented by phosphorus rates applied as monoammonium phosphate (0, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 P2O5). In August 2011, the soil chemical properties were evaluated (pH, organic matter, phosphorus, potential acidity, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation) as well as biological variables (carbon of released CO2, microbial carbon, metabolic quotient and microbial quotient). After two years of cover crops in rotation with common bean, the cover crop biomass had not altered the soil chemical properties and barely influenced the microbial activity. The biomass production of millet and crotalaria (monoculture or intercropped) was highest. The biological variables were sensitive and responded to increasing phosphorus rates with increases in microbial carbon and reduction of the metabolic quotient.

Nutrição mineral e qualidade do fruto de algumas frutíferas tropicais: goiabeira, mangueira,bananeira e mamoeiro

Fruit quality is the result of the action of several factors, in particular the individual and combined effect of mineral nutrients. The proper evaluation of mineral nutritional requirements causes that fruit plants can express all their genetic potential. Thus, a research has been conducted in tropical fruit, for evaluating the influence of mineral nutrients on fruit quality; however, they appear dispersed. The objective of this review was to compile and report the effects of mineral nutrients on fruit quality of guava, mango, banana and papaya. Consequently, information about the influence of the essential elements in color, flavor, shape, size, appearance, penetration resistance, physiological disturbs disease incidence, physicochemical characteristics and lifetime of post - harvest fruit are presented.

Produtividade da cana-de-açúcar em relação a clima e solos da região noroeste do estado de São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Ecologia de cultivos: caracterização dos aspectos ecológicos dos diferentes cultivos no município de Cristais Paulistas-SP

Planning is an essential instrument for the agricultural occupation of the lands, because it supports the activities of food production and raw materials. It must be driven by techniques that provide the sustainability of these activities, so that also ensures the environmental balance of agroecosystems. Lands misuse can be considered as one of the causes of frustration of agricultural activities. Thus, the occurrence of discrepancies between the effective use (real use) of the land and its agricultural aptitude can compete, in many cases, to the decrease of productivity, as well as for soil degradation. In this way, this research intends to study the relationship between the temporary cultivations, halfperennial cultures, perennial and its developmental environment, determining the edaphoclimatic characteristics of landscapes. From then on, a letter shall be subject to the use and occupation of the soil for agriculture in the municipality of Cristais Paulista-SP, aiming to describe the spatial organization of land use and vegetation cover, and emphasizing management and conservative practices. For that, climatic factors were characterized, fundamentally humidity, temperature and luminosity; edaphics, including parental material, chemical and physical properties, fertility, soil temperature and climatic zoning; biotic, referring to the suitability of different cultures or to be implanted; physical, such as geomorphology, slope, geology, hypsometry and hydrology; socioeconomic, in particular production and marketing seasons; and the way they all, together, affect the adaptation, distribution and production of crops. Using this information, the zoning of the area of study was done based on the 21 nominated groups obtained, in addition to recommendations and suggestions for handling each type of cultivation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Relação solo-paisagem em um transecto da depressão periférica e do planalto ocidental, região de Rio Claro (SP)

As unidades de paisagens naturais se diferenciam pelo relevo, clima, cobertura vegetal, solos ou até mesmo pelo arranjo estrutural e do tipo de litologia. A caracterização pedológica e o entendimento das relações entre pedologia, geologia e geomorfologia são importantes para a compreensão da distribuição dos solos numa paisagem. Considerando esta como sendo uma combinação dinâmica e instável de elementos físicos, biológicos e antrópicos, e estando em constante evolução, realizou-se o estudo das características químicas, físicas, mineralógicas e morfológicas das coberturas superficiais de uma mesma Unidade Fisiográfica na região do Planalto Ocidental e da Depressão Periférica Paulista nas proximidades de Rio Claro – SP, para a compreensão de suas relações genéticas e cronológicas na evolução das paisagens da área. Para isso foram comparados os solos de dois transectos dentro dos compartimentos, levantando e analisando as características citadas para que se possa obter informações que permitiram o diagnóstico da evolução da área, visando contribuir para o avanço das coberturas superficiais e sua relação com a evolução da paisagem. Foi possível compreender determinados processos e produtos que deram origem às coberturas superficiais e consequentemente a algumas paisagens representativas da Quadrícula de São Carlos a partir dos métodos empregados. O estudo das coberturas de alteração intempérica da região centro-oeste paulista, e seu reconhecimento, são fundamentais para o ordenamento territorial e seu planejamento regional

Variação espacial e temporal da qualidade da água de três córregos tributários do Rio Bauru: respostas ao processo de recuperação de nascentes

Este trabalho objetivou analisar a qualidade da água de três córregos tributários do rio Bauru, levando em conta a poluição causada por produtos orgânicos e industriais que vinham sendo descartados nos mesmos e as eventuais melhorias conseqüentes das medidas paliativas assumidas pelo DAE-Bauru, mediante a instalação de interceptores-coletores de águas residuárias ao longo Daqueles corpos de água, até que a Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos do município seja construída e se dê início ao seu funcionamento. O monitoramento destes corpos de água durante o período de estiagem e de cheias proposto nesta pesquisa, incluiu investigações sobre as variáveis químicas e físicas de amostras das águas, obtidas mensalmente em 7 pontos de coleta, localizados a montante e a jusante dos pontos de instalação dos emissários, ao longo dos córregos. As amostras de água foram posteriormente analisadas para fossem obtidas informações sobre a eficácia da instalação dos interceptores com relação ao processo de recuperação da saúde dos corpos aquáticos em questão. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que, de um modo geral, as águas de todos os sistemas estudados ainda sofrem impactos, até porque ainda há aquelas que recebem o esgoto descartado “in natura”. No entanto, como ja era esperado, nos pontos de coleta localizados em segmentos dos córregos nos quais os emissários já foram instalados, o impacto ambiental é menor. Mediante a comparação dos resultados obtidos das análises das características físicas e químicas das águas dos sistemas estudados realizadas durante esta investigação com aqueles obtidos nos mesmos corpos de água, em 2007, pudemos observar melhorias da água em alguns dos pontos de coleta

Estudo da superfície de fibras de carbono após tratamento de implantação iônica por imersão em plasma (3IP)

In this work, plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) treatments of carbon fibers (CFs) were performed in order to induce modifications of chemical and physical properties of the CF surface aimed to improve the performance of thermoplastic composite. The samples to be treated were immersed in nitrogen or air glow discharge plasma and pulsed at −3.0 kV for 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 min. After PIII processing, the specimens were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After CFs treatments, the CF/Polypropylene (PP) composites were produced by hot pressing method. Surface morphology of as-received CFs exhibited some scratches aligned along the fibers due to the fiber manufacturing process. After both treatments, these features became deeper, and also, a number of small particles nonuniformly distributed on the fiber surface can be observed. These particles are product of CF surface sputtering during the PIII treatment, which removes the epoxy layer that covers as-received samples. AFM analyses of CF samples treated with nitrogen depicted a large increase of the surface roughness (Rrms value approximately six times higher than that of the untreated sample). The increase of the roughness was also observed for samples treated by air PIII. Raman spectra of all samples presented the characteristic D- and G-bands at approximately 1355 and 1582 cm−1, respectively. Analysis of the surface chemical composition provided by the XPS showed that nitrogen and oxygen were incorporated onto the surface. The polar radicals formed on the surface lead to increasing of the CF surface energy. Both the modification of surface roughness and the surface oxidation contributed for the enhancement of CF adhesion to the polymeric matrix. These features were confirmed ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Atributos do solo e modalidade de semeadura na consorciação de milho com forrageiras e desempenho agronômico do feijoeiro em sucessão

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Emissão de CO2 do solo em áreas de restauração na Mata Atlântica

Pós-graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente - IGCE

Análisis de la evaluación e interrelación de los parámetros de calidad de las masas de agua de una cuenca : zona media de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Guadiana

El presente trabajo de investigación, pretende realizar un estudio de la evaluación y control de los parámetros de calidad en varias masas de agua de una misma cuenca. En este sentido, se ha concretado el trabajo en las principales masas de agua de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Guadiana, donde se encuentran, dos de los principales embalses nacionales; el embalse de La Serena, que con sus 3.219 Hm3 de capacidad es el mayor de España y el embalse de Cijara (6º de mayor capacidad del estado con 1.505 Hm3) El resto de embalses sobre los que versa el presente trabajo están, de una manera u otra forma, ligados geográfica e hidrológicamente a los dos mencionados. Se han analizado y estudiado diferentes series de datos de las características físico-químicas, características físicas, características químicas, características químico-biológicas y características bacteriológicas de los embalses de Cijara, Garcia Sola, Orellana, La Serena y Zújar entre los años 2000 y 2012. De éste análisis se desprende que existen relaciones entre líneas de tendencias de diferentes parámetros para los embalses estudiados de la Zona Media de la Cuenca Hidrográfica del Guadiana durante la serie estudiada. En la misma línea, se concluye que, por un lado existen relaciones entre diferentes parámetros de calidad de un mismo embalse, y por otro, que existen relaciones entre varios parámetros de diferentes embalses, con lo que conocido un valor de un parámetro determinado de un embalse se podría estimar (de forma aproximada) otro parámetro determinado de un embalse distinto de la misma cuenca. The present work of investigation tries to conduct a study of the evaluation and control of the quality parameters in several bodies of water in a basin. In this sense, is has completed work in the main bodies of water of the Guadiana hydrographic basin, where they are, two of the main national reservoirs; the reservoir of La Serena, which with its 3.219 Hm3 capacity is the largest in Spain and the embalse de Cíjara (6th largest State with 1.505 Hm3 capacity). The other reservoirs on which deals with this work are, in one way or another way, linked geographical and hydrologic to the two mentioned. They have been analyzed and studied different data series of physicochemical characteristics, physical characteristics, chemical properties, chemical-biological characteristics and features bacteriological of reservoirs of Cíjara, García single, Orellana, La Serena and Zújar between 2000 and 2012. This analysis shows that there are relations between lines of trends of different parameters for the studied reservoirs in the area average of the river Guadiana basin during the series studied. In the same vein, it is concluded that, on the one hand relationships exist between different quality parameters of a reservoir, and on the other, that there are relationships between various parameters of different reservoirs, with known value for a particular parameter of a reservoir could estimate (in approximate form) other specific parameter of a reservoir other than the same basin.

Valoración de Indicadores de calidad para el diseño e implementación de tecnologías de manejo en Luvisoles de la zona norte de la provincia de Las Tunas, Cuba

La calidad del suelo es una herramienta de evaluación que puede facilitar la adaptación de prácticas de manejo que promuevan sistemas agropecuarios sostenibles. La investigación de este trabajo se inició con un diagnóstico participativo en 12 comunidades rurales de la provincia de Las Tunas en el año 2009 en el cual los productores identificaron los puntos críticos de calidad de los suelos de la región y sirvieron de punta de partida para seleccionar las variables físicas, químicas y biológicas a determinar en cinco sistemas de uso agropecuario (arboleda, pasto natural, pasto cultivado y dos sistemas silvopastoriles) en la zona La Veguita, municipio Las Tunas. El sistema arboleda se utilizó como referencia de las propiedades naturales del suelo. El pasto natural se distingue por el desarrollo de especies de baja productividad, sin embargo el pasto cultivado está representado por Pennisetum purpureum vc CUBA CT-115, y constituye una contribución a la tecnología de bancos de biomasa, para utilizarse en el pastoreo durante la seca. Los sistemas silvopastoriles están representados por Leucaena leucocephala Lam. en franjas y Panicum maximun vc. Likoni, los que se diferencian en su diseño, manejo y propiedades mineralógicas. El objetivo fundamental fue valorar indicadores de calidad de los suelos Luvisoles háplicos sobre granitoides, para diseñar e implementar tecnologías de manejo que permitan incrementar la capacidad agroproductiva de los suelos. Mediante el análisis de componentes principales se obtuvo un conjunto mínimo de indicadores físicos, químicos y biológicos que proporcionaron información útil referente a los procesos edáficos y se integraron para determinar un índice de calidad. En el sistema de uso, caracterizado por el pasto cultivado (Pennisetum purpureum) se estableció, en parcelas experimentales, un ensayo de corta duración, en el que se comparó el laboreo tradicional y el laboreo sin inversión del prisma, con y sin aplicación de compost. En ambos sistemas de labranza se evaluó el desarrollo del cultivo e indicadores de calidad del suelo. Los resultados mostraron que del conjunto de indicadores edáficos estudiados se seleccionaron 6 en los que la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, materia orgánica, potasio intercambiable, contenido de arena, densidad aparente y biomasa de lombrices explicaron la mayor variabilidad y sirvieron de base para evaluar la calidad de estos suelos. Se establecieron valores umbrales de referencia de indicadores de calidad, que permitirán evaluar y monitorear los sistemas de uso y manejo de la región. El sistema Silvopastoril 2 resultó el de mayor índice de calidad de los suelos tomando como referencia la arboleda por su condición natural. El manejo silvopastoril influyó predominantemente en mejores resultados productivos pero las características edáficas principalmente físicas, deben definir su diseño y manejo. El sistema de pastos cultivados con Pennisetum purpureum vc CUBA CT 115, alcanzó la mayor acumulación de carbono orgánico, sin embargo, el manejo limitó su calidad física y el funcionamiento productivo del sistema. De manera general los sistemas de uso no garantizan un índice de la calidad del suelo, puesto que se ve afectado por las propiedades edáficas y las prácticas de manejo. En el ámbito biológico, las lombrices constituyeron los organismos más numerosos con predominio en los sistemas silvopastoriles y arboleda. Los valores superiores de densidad y biomasa de oligoquetos y mayor diversidad de otros individuos de la macrofauna, indican que la presencia de árboles en los pastizales de gramínea potencia y diversifican las comunidades de macroinvertebrados del suelo. El sistema de labranza sin inversión del prisma propicia una mejor calidad física del suelo, manteniendo el carbono e incrementando los rendimientos del Penisetum purpureum cv CUBA CT 115. La labranza tradicional, a base de aradura y grada, afecta a los contenidos de materia orgánica en el corto plazo y mantiene capas compactas en el horizonte subyacente, además influye desfavorablemente al flujo del aire, agua y al desarrollo radical de los pastos. La aplicación de compost favoreció mejores resultados productivos en ambas tecnologías de manejo. Los resultados alcanzados recomiendan la implantación de tecnologías de manejo conservacionistas y la aplicación de materiales orgánicos que restituyan los elementos nutricionales requeridos por los pastos, por lo que no se justifica la continuidad del uso de prácticas tradicionales de laboreo con inversión del prisma que se realizan actualmente. ABSTRACT The soil quality is an assessment tool, which could facilitate the adaptation of management practices that promote sustainable agricultural systems. The present investigation was carried out with a participatory diagnostic in twelve rural communities from Las Tunas province in 2009, in which producers identified the critical soil quality points of region and served as a starting point to select the physical, chemical and biological variables, in order to determine on five agricultural used systems (grove, natural grass, cultivated grass and two silvopastoral systems) in La Veguita zone from municipality Las Tunas. The system grove was used as reference of natural soil properties. The natural grass is distinguished by the development of low-productivity species, however the cultivated grass is represented by Pennisetum purpureum vc CUBA CT-115, and is a contribution to the biomass banks technology, in order to use in grazing during the dry season. The silvopastoral systems are represented by Leucaena leucocephala Lam. in stripes and Panicum maximum cv. Likoni, which differ in their design, handling and mineralogical properties. The main aim of this study was to assess the quality indicators for haplic Luvisols on granitoids for designing and implementing management technologies in order to increase the agroproductive capacity of soils. A minimal set of physical, chemical and biological indicators by Principal Component Analysis was obtained, which provided some useful information regarding soil processes and their integration for determining an index of quality. In the use system, characterized for the cultivated grass (Pennisetum purpureum) a short term assay in experimental plots was established, where the traditional and prism without inversion tillage were compared with and without compost application. In both tillage systems were evaluated the crop development and soil quality indicators. The results showed that the studied soil indicators set, six were selected, specifically the ones with exchangeable cationic capacity, organic matter, interchangeable potassium, sand content, bulk density and earthworm biomass, which explained the higher variability and served as the basis for evaluating the soil quality. The Reference threshold values of quality indicators for evaluating and monitoring the use and management systems from the region were established. The silvopastoral system 2 had the highest quality soil index, taking of reference the grove system for its natural condition. The silvopastoral management influenced on better productive results, but the soil characteristics, particularly the physical properties to be defined its design and management. However, the cultivated grass system with Pennisetum purpureum vc CUBA CT 115, reached the greatest accumulation of organic carbon. However, the management limited its physical quality and productive performance of the system. In addition, the use systems do not guarantee an index of soil quality, since it is affected by soil properties and management practices. From the biological aspect, the earthworms are the most numerous organisms on the silvopastoral systems and grove. The higher values of oligochaetes biomass and density and the greater diversity of other organisms from macrofauna indicate that the tree presence on the pasture grasses allows enhancing and diversifying soil macro invertebrate communities. The non-inversion prism tillage system provides a better physical quality of soil, maintaining the carbon content and increasing the yields of Penisetum purpureum vc CUBA CT 115. The traditional tillage, using the plowing and harrowing affects the organic matter content in a short term and keeps on compact layers of underlying horizon, and adversely affects the air and water flow, and pasture radical development. The compost application favored the best production results in both management technologies. The results obtained recommend the implementation of conservation management technologies and the application of organic materials that restore the nutritional elements required by the pasture, so it does not justify the continued use of traditional tillage practices with prism investment that are currently being made.

Pirolisis y gasificación de biomasas: optimización del proceso de transformación energética mediante distintos sistemas de reacción

Las proyecciones muestran un incremento en la demanda de energía primaria a nivel global para los próximos diez años. Para disminuir los efectos adversos sobre el medio ambiente del uso de combustibles fósiles, las políticas energéticas de España y la Unión Europea tienen como uno de sus objetivos principales incrementar el uso fuentes renovables en la producción energética para el año 2020.La biomasa es una de las principales fuentes renovables para la generación de energía primaria en España. Sin embargo su alto contenido en humedad y su baja densidad energética entre otras características de este material, suponen desventajas para su uso directo como combustible. Los procesos de conversión termoquímica son una alternativa para la obtención de productos sólidos, líquidos y gases de mejor potencial energético utilizando biomasa como materia prima. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo general el estudio y la optimización de procesos de conversión termoquímica de biomasa. Para cumplir con este objetivo el trabajo combina análisis experimentales y de simulación de distintas tecnologías de transformación termoquímica de biomasa. Antes de iniciar los estudios experimentales de los procesos de transformación termoquímica, se realiza una caracterización química, física y combustible de ocho de biomasas de naturaleza lignocelulósica y amilácea. Esta caracterización incluye el análisis del comportamiento termoquímico utilizando las técnicas de termogravimetría (TG-DTG), TG-FTir y pirólisis analítica (Py-GC/MS). Después de la caracterización se seleccionan tres tipos de biomasas (madera de pino, hueso de aceituna y hueso de aguacate) que son utilizadas como materia prima en el estudio experimental de procesos de gasificación, torrefacción y pirólisis en distintos sistemas de reacción de escala de laboratorio. Estos estudios se realizan para optimizar las condiciones de operación de cada uno de los procesos y caracterizar los productos obtenidos. El trabajo realizado incluye el rediseño y puesta en marcha de un sistema de gasificación de lecho fluidizado así como de un sistema de torrefacción y pirólisis en horno rotatorio. Los estudios experimentales incluyen un análisis de distintas condiciones de operación (temperatura, composición atmosférica, tiempo de residencia, condiciones fluidomecánicas, tamaño de partícula del combustible, condiciones de condensación) con el objetivo de determinar las condiciones óptimas de operación de cada uno de los procesos analizados respecto de las características químicas, físicas y combustibles de los productos. Para la optimización de las condiciones de operación del sistema de gasificación de lecho fluidizado se realiza un análisis complementario del comportamiento hidrodinámico utilizando la metodología de análisis computacional fluidodinámico o mecánica de fluidos computacional (CFD). Los resultados obtenidos permiten determinar las condiciones óptimas de operación del sistema de reacción de lecho fluidizado. Finalmente, la tesis incluye el análisis de una planta comercial de gasificación localizada en Júndiz (Álava, España), centrándose en la caracterización del material particulado eliminado de la corriente de gas generado, con el objetivo de determinar su proceso de formación, características y establecer posibles aplicaciones comerciales.

Evaluación de tecnologías de manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp. híbrido)

En Cuba, las arvenses que afectan al cultivo de la caña de azúcar son una de las causas fundamentales de los bajos rendimientos agrícolas y su control constituye unas de las principales partidas de gastos. En general, se aplican los herbicidas, así como otros métodos de control, sin tener en cuenta el tipo de suelo y las características de estas plantas. Sobre el manejo de arvenses no existen trabajos de investigación que aborden aspectos de eficiencia energética de las producciones y daños al ambiente. Por lo antes señalado, el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar diversas tecnologías de manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp. híbrido), en cepas de primavera y retoño, en tres tipos de suelos, con el propósito de obtener producciones sustentables. El área de estudio se localizó en los campos de la Empresa Azucarera del municipio “Majibacoa”, provincia de Las Tunas (oriente de Cuba), que posee condiciones edafoclimáticas que abundan a lo largo del país. Los tres tipos de suelos más representativos son Fersialítico Pardo Rojizo ócrico, Pardo Mullido y Vertisol Crómico gléyco. En dicha área se han identificado 31 especies de arvenses, 16 de la clase Liliopsida y 15 de la Magnoliopsida. En un primer grupo de experimentos, se desarrollaron nueve ensayos de campo para evaluar la efectividad de herbicidas y mezclas de estos en el manejo de arvenses en el cultivo de la caña de azúcar, tanto en cepas de primavera como de retoño, en los tres tipos de suelos. Se establecieron parcelas de 80 m2 distribuidas en bloques al azar con cuatro réplicas. La efectividad se evaluó por medio del porcentaje de cobertura por arvenses y la fitotoxicidad provocada a las plantas de caña, teniendo en cuenta el coste asociado a cada tratamiento. En aplicaciones preemergentes en caña planta de primavera, el herbicida más eficiente fue el Isoxaflutole con dosis de 0,15; 0,20 y 0,25 kg.ha-1 de producto comercial (pc) en los suelos Fersialítico, Pardo y Vertisol respectivamente. En aplicaciones postemergentes tempranas la mezcla más eficiente fue la de Isoxaflutole + Ametrina +2,4-D con las dosis de Isoxaflutole citadas anteriormente. En aplicaciones preemergentes en cepa de retoño, el herbicida más eficiente fue el Isoxaflutole a dosis de 0,20 kg.ha-1 pc para el suelo Fersialítico y a 0,25 kg.ha-1 pc para los suelos Pardo y Vertisol. En un segundo grupo, se realizaron seis ensayos de campo distribuidos en dos fases. En la primera fase, se desarrollaron tres experimentos, uno por cada tipo de suelo, para evaluar la eficiencia de nueve tecnologías de manejo de arvenses (químicas y físicas combinadas) en cepa de primavera de caña de azúcar. En la siguiente fase, los tres ensayos restantes (uno por tipo de suelo) evaluaron tecnologías de manejo de arvenses durante dos ciclos de producción de caña de azúcar (etapa de primavera y retoño). En la etapa de primavera se aplicó la tecnología más eficiente de los tres experimentos anteriores y durante la etapa de retoño se evaluaron otras nueve tecnologías propias de este tipo de cepa. En estos experimentos los diferentes tratamientos se aplicaron en franjas distribuidas al azar con cuatro réplicas. En las tecnologías evaluadas se emplearon los herbicidas y mezclas que resultaron más eficientes en el primer grupo de experimentos. En cada caso, se evaluaron la eficiencia energética de la producción de azúcar y otros derivados, la resistencia a la penetración de los suelos, la carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera producto de la combustión del diésel y los beneficios al aplicar las diferentes tecnologías. En la primera fase (cepa de primavera), la tecnología con mejor resultado fue la aplicación preemergente de Isoxaflutole inmediatamente después de la plantación, seguida de descepe químico con Glufosinato de amonio, más labor con grada múltiple aproximadamente a los 80 días de la plantación y aplicación pre-cierre con Glufosinato de amonio. En la segunda fase (dos ciclos del cultivo), el mejor resultado se obtuvo cuando en la etapa de retoño se realizó una aplicación preemergente de Isoxaflutole, descepe químico con Glufosinato de amonio y aplicación pre-cierre con este mismo herbicida. En los tres tipos de suelos durante los dos ciclos, la eficiencia energética tuvo valores de 7,2 - 7,5, la resistencia a la penetración 1,2 - 1,5 MPa, la carga contaminante hacia la atmósfera fue de 63,3 - 64,9 kg.t-1 de caña cosechada y beneficios de 8.324 - 8.455 pesos cubanos por hectárea. Este estudio demuestra que un control eficiente de las arvenses debe tener en cuenta necesariamente el tipo de suelo. Así, en los Vertisoles, con mayor contenido en arcilla, se requieren mayores dosis de Isoxaflutole y la eficiencia energética de la producción es menor. La persistencia de ciertas arvenses, especialmente de la clase Liliopsida, requiere de un manejo integrado que incluya diferentes tipos de herbicidas. ABSTRACT In Cuba, weeds affecting the sugarcane are one of the main causes of low agricultural yields, and their control constitutes some of the main items of expenditure. In general, herbicides are applied, as well as other control methods, without keeping in mind the soil type and the characteristics of these plants. Moreover, weed control research approaching aspects about energy efficiency of the crop production, and environmental damages are missing. Hence, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate diverse technologies of weed handling in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid), both in spring cane plant and ratoon, in three types of soils, with the purpose of obtaining sustainable productions. The study area was located in the fields of the Sugar Enterprise of the Municipality "Majibacoa”, Las Tunas province (east of Cuba) that possesses ecological conditions that are plentiful along the country. The three more representative types of soils are Fersialitic, Brown, and Vertisol. In this area 31 weeds species have been identified, 16 of the Class Liliopsida and 15 of the Magnoliopsida. In a first group of experiments, nine field rehearsals were developed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides and mixtures of these for weed handling in sugarcane, in spring cane plants as well as in ratoon, in the three types of soils. Plots of 80 m-2 were distributed at random blocks with four replications. The effectiveness was evaluated by means of the covering percentage by weeds and the provoked toxicity to the cane plants, keeping in mind the cost associated to each treatment. In preemergence applications in spring cane plant, the most efficient herbicide was the Isoxaflutole with dose of 0.15; 0.20 and 0.25 kg.ha-1 of commercial product (pc) in the soils Fersialítico, Brown and Vertisol respectively. In early postemergence applications the most efficient mixture was that of Isoxaflutole + Ametrina + 2,4-D with the doses of Isoxaflutole mentioned previously. In preemergence applications in ratoon, the most efficient herbicide was the Isoxaflutole at dose of 0.20 kg.ha-1 pc for the soil Fersialític and to 0.25 kg. ha-1 pc for the Brown soil and Vertisol. In a second group, six field rehearsals distributed in two phases were carried out. In the first phase, three experiments were developed, one for each soil type, to evaluate the efficiency of nine technologies of weed handling in spring cane plant. In the following phase, the three remaining rehearsals (one for each soil type) diverse technologies of weed handling were evaluated during two cycles of sugarcane production (spring stage and ratoon). In the spring stage the most efficient technology in the three previous experiments was applied and during ratoon stage other nine technologies were evaluated. In these experiments the different treatments were applied in fringes distributed at random with four replicas. In the evaluated technologies the herbicides and mixtures were used selecting those that were more efficient in the first group of experiments. In each case, the energy efficiency of the sugar production and other derivatives, the soil penetration resistance, the polluting load toward the atmosphere product of the combustion, and the benefits when applying the different technologies were all evaluated. In the first phase (spring cane plant), the technology with better result was the preemergence application of Isoxaflutole immediately after the plantation, followed by chemical eradication with Ammonia Glufosinate, hoeing work with multiple tier approximately to the 80 days of the plantation and pre-closing application with Ammonia Glufosinate. In the second phase (two cycles of the cultivation), the best result was obtained when a preemergence application of Isoxaflutole was carried out in sprout's stage, chemical eradication with Ammonia Glufosinate and pre-closing application with this same herbicide. In the three types of soils during the two cycles, the energy efficiency achieved values of 7.2 to 7.5, the resistance to the penetration 1.2 - 1.5 MPa, the polluting load toward the atmosphere was of 63.3 - 64.9 kg.t-1 of the harvested cane and the obtained benefits of 8,324 - 8,455 Cuban pesos per hectare. This study demonstrates that an efficient control of the weeds should necessarily keep in mind the soil type. This way, in the Vertisols, with more clay content, bigger dose of Isoxaflutole is required and the energy efficiency of the production is smaller. The persistence of certain weeds, especially of the class Liliopsida, requires of an integrated handling him to include different types of herbicides.

Araça amarelo: atividade antioxidante, composição nutricional e aplicação em barra de cereais

Brazil has a great diversity of native fruits, which are not always widely consumed, being sold only in certain regions, due to their difficulty of post-harvest conservation. One such fruit is yellow guava, interesting source of nutrients. To promote the consumption and use of this fruit to the consumer public in different regions of the country, this study evaluated the incorporation of yellow Ya-cy araçá in formulating a cereal bar. Therefore, fruits were evaluated for their chemical, physical and chemical characteristics and bioactive compounds in different stages of maturation yellow guava (green, mature and dried forms). The behavior of guava yellow front of to UV-C radiation was also evaluated. After these reviews, there was obtained yellow ripe guava flour after previous tests, was added to the base formulation cereal bar. For the experimental planning and development of the formulations was used factorial design 22 with a central point. The developed formulations were subjected to sensory evaluation using for treatment of multivariate data analysis (Principal Component Analysis- ACP). The preferred formulation in sensory evaluation was evaluated in their physical characteristics (texture), physical-chemical (moisture, ash, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fiber and calorie), mineral content and fatty acid profile. The results indicated that the added yellow guava cereal bar developed in this study is one way to application and use of guava, increasing the consumption of fruit to different regions of the country, and can be considered a functional product, not only to contain the fruit in its composition, but also to present many beneficial nutrients that contribute to the health of consumers.