Guidelines on the Provision of Structured Car Parking Facilities at Acute Hospitals

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How Wages and Employment Adjust to Trade Liberalization: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Austria

We study the response of regional employment and nominal wages to trade liberalization, exploiting the natural experiment provided by the opening of Central and Eastern European markets after the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1990. Using data for Austrian municipalities, we examine differential pre- and post-1990 wage and employment growth rates between regions bordering the formerly communist economies and interior regions. If the "border regions" are defined narrowly, within a band of less than 50 kilometers, we can identify statistically significant liberalization effects on both employment and wages. While wages responded earlier than employment, the employment effect over the entire adjustment period is estimated to be around three times as large as the wage effect. The implied slope of the regional labor supply curve can be replicated in an economic geography model that features obstacles to labor migration due to immobile housing and to heterogeneous locational preferences.

All-Optical Label Stacking: Easing the Trade-offs Between Routing and Architecture Cost in All-Optical Packet Switching

All-optical label swapping (AOLS) forms a key technology towards the implementation of all-optical packet switching nodes (AOPS) for the future optical Internet. The capital expenditures of the deployment of AOLS increases with the size of the label spaces (i.e. the number of used labels), since a special optical device is needed for each recognized label on every node. Label space sizes are affected by the way in which demands are routed. For instance, while shortest-path routing leads to the usage of fewer labels but high link utilization, minimum interference routing leads to the opposite. This paper studies all-optical label stacking (AOLStack), which is an extension of the AOLS architecture. AOLStack aims at reducing label spaces while easing the compromise with link utilization. In this paper, an integer lineal program is proposed with the objective of analyzing the softening of the aforementioned trade-off due to AOLStack. Furthermore, a heuristic aiming at finding good solutions in polynomial-time is proposed as well. Simulation results show that AOLStack either a) reduces the label spaces with a low increase in the link utilization or, similarly, b) uses better the residual bandwidth to decrease the number of labels even more

Sweerts sur Georges Lévy, 750 cmc [course motocycliste Paris-Reims-Paris, side-car, 6 juillet 1919] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54748

Boutet sur Rover, side-car 500 cmc [course motocycliste Paris-Reims-Paris, 6 juillet 1919] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54749

[Concurrent de la course motocycliste Paris-Reims-Paris, conduisant un side-car Rover, 6 juillet 1919] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54751

Catellas/Georges Leroy, 750 cm3 [le side-car n° 25 au départ de la course Paris-Reims-Paris] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54754

Lecomte sur Rover, 500 cmc [course motocycliste Paris-Reims-Paris, side-car, 6 juillet 1919] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54746

[Paul] Péan, sur Peugeot [course Paris-Reims-Paris, moto 6 HP avec side-car, 6 juillet 1919] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54734

Pasola sur A.J. S. [le side-car n° 31 au départ de la course Paris-Reims-Paris] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54756

War Signals: A Theory of Trade, Trust and Conflict

We construct a dynamic theory of civil conflict hinging on inter-ethnic trust and trade. The model economy is inhabitated by two ethnic groups. Inter-ethnic trade requires imperfectly observed bilateral investments and one group has to form beliefs on the average propensity to trade of the other group. Since conflict disrupts trade, the onset of a conflict signals that the aggressor has a low propensity to trade. Agents observe the history of conflicts and update their beliefs over time, transmitting them to the next generation. The theory bears a set of testable predictions. First, war is a stochastic process whose frequency depends on the state of endogenous beliefs. Second, the probability of future conflicts increases after each conflict episode. Third, "accidental" conflicts that do not reflect economic fundamentals can lead to a permanent breakdown of trust, plunging a society into a vicious cycle of recurrent conflicts (a war trap). The incidence of conflict can be reduced by policies abating cultural barriers, fostering inter-ethnic trade and human capital, and shifting beliefs. Coercive peace policies such as peacekeeping forces or externally imposed regime changes have instead no persistent effects.

An alternative socio-ecological strategy? International Trade Unions' engagement with climate change

In the context of a global ecological crisis, it is an important move when trade unions turn to environmentalism. Yet, the form that this environmentalism takes is often overlooked. This is especially the case with international trade unions. Based on an empirical study of international trade unions' engagement with the climate change issue, this article argues that international trade unions follow three different (and partially conflicting) strategies. I label these strategies as 'deliberative', 'collaborative growth' and 'socialist', and I examine each in turn. I argue that such analysis is important if we want to identify the potential for transforming the social relations of production that are at the root of the current climate crisis, and for identifying an alternative socio-ecological strategy.

Major Empson sur AV, pesage de Paris-Nice [cycle-car, 1100 cmc, course Paris-Nice] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57958