Working in IT projects – Options and Limits of Work Design

Flexible forms of work like project work are gaining importance in industry and services. Looking at the research on project work, the vast majority of present literature is on project management, but increasingly, problems concerning the quality of work and the efficiency of project teams become visible. The question now is how project work can be structured in order to simultaneously provide efficient and flexible work and healthy working conditions ensuring the development of human resources for a long time. Selected results of publicly funded research into project work will be presented based on case studies in 7 software development /IT consulting project teams (N=34). A set of different methods was applied: interviews with management/project managers, group interviews on work constraints, a monthly diary about well-being and critical incidences in the course of the project, and a final evaluation questionnaire on project outcomes focusing on economic and health aspects. Findings reveal that different types of projects exist with varying degree of team members’ autonomy and influence on work structuring. An effect of self-regulation on mental strain could not be found. The results emphasize, that contradicting requirements and insufficient organizational resources with respect to the work requirements lead to an increased work intensity or work obstruction. These contradicting requirements are identified as main drivers for generating stress. Finally, employees with high values on stress for more than 2 months have significantly higher exhaustion rates than those with only one month peaks. Structuring project work and taking into account the dynamics of project work, there is a need for an active role of the project team in contract negotiation or the detailed definition of work – this is not only a question of individual autonomy but of negotiation the range of option for work structuring. Therefore, along with the sequential definition of the (software) product, the working conditions need to be re-defined.

The transformation of work? A quantitative evaluation of changes in work in Portugal

This report is made for the Work Package 15 of WORKS project and tries to develop more information on the Portuguese situation in the work structures changes in the recent years. It starts with an analysis of socio- economical indicators (Macro economical indicators, Employment indicators, Consumption, Technology at the workplace, Productivity), and then approaches the situation in terms of work flexibility in its dimensions of time use and New forms of work organisation. It traces employment in business functions with a sectoral and occupational approach, and analyses the occupational change in South Europe with particular relevance to Portugal (skill utilisation and job satisfaction, occupational and industrial mobility, quantitative evaluation of the shape of employment in Europe. Finaly are analysed the globalisation indicators.

O YouTube: potencialidades pedagógicas na aprendizagem da Língua Inglesa no 1.º ciclo do ensino básico

Mestrado em Ensino Precoce do Inglês

Noise management at work

Every single day millions of European workers are exposed to noise at work. One in five of European’s workers have to raise his voice to be heard for at least half of the time that there are at work and 7% suffer from work-related hearing impairment. In Europe noise-induced hearing loss is the most common reported occupational disease. This paper deals with issues related with noise management at work, especially regarding the compliance with the new noise European Directive, (2003/10/EC).

Work organisation and restructuring in the knowledge society

It is generally agreed that major changes in work are taking place in the organisation of work as corporate structures are transformed in the context of economic globalisation and rapid technological change. But how can these changes be understood? And what are the impacts on social institutions and on workers and their families? The WORKS project brought together 17 research institutes in 13 European countries to investigate these important issues through a comprehensive four year research programme.

Futures of work and skills: some foresight exercises in Europe and USA

The Knowledge-based society brought a new way of living and working. The increasing decline of work in primary sector and traditional industries, related with the significant increase of employment in the service sector and in the knowledge work, changed the way companies and individuals establish their relations, the way work and life is organised. These changes are usual and fast and so the feeling of insecurity and unpredictability become more and more sharp. In this context, foresight exercises are necessary tools helping in the identification of the key variables and main trends of evolution. This report will present some foresight studies about work and skills in Europe and USA, in order to contribute to think about possible evolutions and trends.

Assessing scenarios on the future of work

In this paper will be discussed different types of scenarios and the aims for using scenarios. Normaly they are being used by organisations due to the need to anticipate processes, to support policy-making and to understand the complexities of relations. Such organisations can be private companies, R&D organisations and networks of organisations, or even by some public administration institutions. Some cases will be discussed as the methods for ongoing scenario-building process (Shell Internacional). Scenarios should anticipate possible relations among social actors as in the Triple Helix Model, and is possible to develop strategic intelligence in the innovation process that would enable the construction of scenarios. Such processes can be assessed. The focus will be made in relation to the steps chosen for the WORKS scenarios. In this case is there a model of work changes that can be used for foresight? Differences according to sectors were found, as well on other dimensions. Problems of assessment are analysed with specific application to the scenario construction methods.

Fragmentation? The future of work in Europe in a global economy: the WORKS final International Conference debate

WORKS final conference report

Gender and other factors associated with the use of hearing protection devices at work

OBJECTIVE To analyze whether sociodemographic, occupational, and health-related data are associated with the use of hearing protection devices at work, according to gender. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2006, using a random sample of 2,429 workers, aged between 18 and 65 years old, from residential sub-areas in Salvador, BA, Northeastern Brazil. Questionnaires were used to obtain sociodemographic, occupational, and health-related data. Workers who reported that they worked in places where they needed to shout in order to be heard were considered to be exposed to noise. Exposed workers were asked whether they used hearing protection devices, and if so, how frequently. Analyses were conducted according to gender, with estimates made about prevalence of the use of hearing protection devices, prevalence ratios, and their respective 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS Twelve percent (12.3%) of study subjects reported that they were exposed to noise while working. Prevalence of the use of hearing protection devices was 59.3% for men and 21.4% for women. Men from higher socioeconomic levels (PR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.14;1.90) and who had previous audiometric tests (PR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.15;1.88) were more likely to use hearing protection devices. For women, greater perceived safety was associated with the use of protection devices (PR = 2.92; 95%CI 1.34;6.34). This perception was specifically related to the presence of supervisors committed to safety (PR = 2.09; 95%CI 1.04;4.21), the existence of clear rules to prevent workplace injuries (PR = 2.81; 95%CI 1.41;5.59), and whether they were informed about workplace safety (PR = 2.42; 95%CI 1.23;4.76). CONCLUSIONS There is a gender bias regarding the use of hearing protection devices that is less favorable to women. The use of such devices among women is positively influenced by their perception of a safe workplace, suggesting that gender should be considered as a factor in hearing conservation programs.

Work, malaise, and well-being in Spanish and Latin-American doctors

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the relations between the meanings of working and the levels of doctors work well-being in the context of their working conditions. METHOD The research combined the qualitative methodology of textual analysis and the quantitative one of correspondence factor analysis. A convenience, intentional, and stratified sample composed of 305 Spanish and Latin American doctors completed an extensive questionnaire on the topics of the research. RESULTS The general meaning of working for the group located in the quartile of malaise included perceptions of discomfort, frustration, and exhaustion. However, those showing higher levels of well-being, located on the opposite quartile, associated their working experience with good conditions and the development of their professional and personal competences. CONCLUSIONS The study provides empirical evidence of the relationship between contextual factors and the meanings of working for participants with higher levels of malaise, and of the importance granted both to intrinsic and extrinsic factors by those who scored highest on well-being.

A Dobragem em Portugal: novos paradigmas na tradução audiovisual

En un país acostumbrado a una cultura en que domina el subtitulado, se ha podido observar, en la última década, una incremento de productos audiovisuales doblados tanto para cine como para televisión. El fenómeno del doblaje, aún poco conocido y estudiado, podrá llevar a un cambio de actitudes y de hábitos del público portugués. La necesidad de observar y analizar el doblaje en Portugal, así como la voluntad de comprender este fenómeno constituyen la bases de esta tesis, como resultado concreto de una investigación llevada a cabo en el ámbito de los Estudios de Traducción Audiovisual, con vista a la obtención del grado académico de Doctor en Traducción y Paratraducción, otorgado por la Universidad de Vigo. El presente trabajo tiene como punto de partida el macrocontexto de la Traducción Audiovisual, pero se focaliza en el doblaje y, secuencialmente, en la realidad del doblaje en Portugal y en el doblaje de productos infanto-juveniles, incidiendo sobre el humor como un microcosmo relevante, debido a su especificidad en términos lingüísticos y culturales para la observación de este fenómeno. Se comprende la Traducción Audiovisual como mediación lingüística, cultural y semiótica centrada en un producto – el texto audiovisual. Este es el resultado de la acción combinatoria de signos verbales, visuales y auditivos. Cada uno transporta un sentido único e insustituible para la comunicación, ganando nuevos significados en las varias combinaciones creadas por esos mismos signos. Este polimorfismo semiótico se concretiza a través de la conjugación singular y exclusiva de todos los elementos verbales y no verbales, consistiendo en algo más que una suma de factores. Es un nuevo texto que se construye en un momento y en un espacio determinados.En este contexto, sobresale un fenómeno que está ganando más relevancia como modalidad traductora en la televisión portuguesa: la aceptación “inconsciente” del doblaje, ya que los programas doblados con imagen real se están imponiendo gradualmente y el público infanto-juvenil tiene una mayor apetencia por estos productos, contribuyendo así en un consumo creciente del doblaje. Asistiendo a este cambio en los comportamientos, se cuestiona si estaremos frente a un nuevo tipo de espectador, más receptivo al doblaje, una vez que las nuevas generaciones, acostumbradas desde edad temprana a ver programas doblados, pueden cambiar sus preferencias y hábitos televisivos, adoptando una actitud más positiva hacia el doblaje. De esta manera, se considera la hipótesis de que el consumo masivo de productos audiovisuales doblados por los jóvenes actuales llevará a la aceptación del doblaje como medio preferencial de acceso al texto audiovisual, lato senso en el futuro. En este sentido y con el propósito de comprender y describir el fenómeno del doblaje en Portugal, conviene analizar varios aspectos, principalmente los de la oferta de productos audiovisuales doblados, del proceso técnico y profesional, de las preferencias de los receptores, del producto y de la traducción. Desde una perspectiva histórica, en la génesis de la opción por subtitular los productos audiovisuales extranjeros en Portugal, habría un intento de desincentivar el consumo de películas extranjeras y de impulsar la distribución de la producción nacional, que se adecuaba más a los valores del régimen de Salazar. Aún después del cambio de régimen, los subtítulos se mantuvieron como modalidad traductora dominante, que resulta de un proceso de habituación y aculturación que puede explicar el mantenimiento de las preferencias del público portugués durante décadas. Sin embargo, en Portugal se ha asistido al aumento gradual de la oferta televisiva y fílmica, sobre todo desde la introducción de los canales privados de señal abierta y por suscripción. La observación y contabilización de la oferta elevisiva reveló un número significativo de productos audiovisuales doblados en Portugal, dirigidos hacia los segmentos etarios más jóvenes. La hegemonía del doblaje con relación a los subtítulos, en lo que se refiere a la traducción de los productos infanto-juveniles extranjeros, condujo a un incremento del consumo de programas infanto-juveniles doblados. Ante esto y debido a la utilización del doblaje, se constató el dominio de la lengua portuguesa en la programación infanto-juvenil, lo que disminuye el contacto de este público con las lenguas extranjeras. Así se comprobó una tendencia a ampliar el ámbito de acción del doblaje en las emisiones televisivas, respondiendo a las cuotas de lengua portuguesa en la televisión en Portugal. Se imponía así ir remontarse hasta el origen del producto final y comprender cómo funciona el proceso técnico del doblaje. Para eso viví in loco la experiencia de la grabación en estudio, entrevisté personalmente y por correo electrónico a los profesionales del área, vi y analicé documentos de vídeo emitidos en la televisión y en Internet sobre esta actividad profesional. De la observación llevada a cabo en el terreno, se comprobó que el proceso de doblaje en Portugal es, sobre todo, una cadena secuencial de profesionales, que pasa por la intervención de distintos agentes en el texto doblado, no siendo únicamente responsabilidad del traductor. La versión final se somete a la manipulación lingüística de los directores de doblaje, a la adaptación sonora de los técnicos de sonido y a la interpretación de los actores, No se pudo comprobar el grado de responsabilidad de cada interviniente, dado que no fue posible acceder a las primeras versiones traducidas Se ha demostrado que el traductor es uno entre muchos agentes en el proceso técnico y que su intervención termina cuando entrega el texto traducido al director de doblaje. Considerando que en Portugal son los niños y los jóvenes los principales destinatarios del doblaje, se comprobó el perfil heterogéneo de este público, delimitado por franjas etarias y caracterizado por la especificidad de sus competencias lingüísticas, culturales y cognitivas, así como por la inexperiencia vivencial. Este hecho propicia la adopción del doblaje modalidad traductora preferencial para este segmento etario. Se confirmó, como resultado de la observación empírica efectuada, que la tipología de los programas televisivos infanto-juveniles en Portugal es poco diversificada y algo repetitiva, con gran prevalencia de la animación sobre la imagen real. Sin embargo, esta investigación reveló la existencia de un nuevo tipo de formato televisivo, con elevado potencial investigativo y que modificó los hábitos y las costumbres del público infanto-juvenil: las teencoms. Esta nueva tipología televisiva, compuesta por secuencias cortas de historias, por un ritmo acelerado de la acción y un discurso dotado de estructuras discursivas sencillas con un enfoque humorístico de fácil comprensión y asimilación por los espectadores más jóvenes, se emite doblada, contrariamente a la práctica imperante en Portugal de utilizar subtítulos en los programas extranjeros. Después de describir cómo ocurre y se materializa este fenómeno, hace falta comprender el porqué de este cambio de actitud. El doblaje de programas infanto-juveniles puede contener ‘ingredientes’ atractivos que cautivan a este nuevo público, haciéndolo una práctica natural y apetecible. Se cuestiona si los consumidores de programas infanto-juveniles doblados aceptan esta modalidad de TAV (Traducción Audiovisual) como natural e invisible, ya que estos presentan coherencia funcional y, así, garantizan niveles elevados de satisfacción. En este sentido, importa comprender cuáles son los factores de atracción y comprobar la eficacia del producto doblado. Uno de esos factores es el humor, como lo demuestra la cantidad de productos audiovisuales cómicos en Portugal destinados a las franjas etarias más jóvenes. Con relación a la traducción de textos humorísticos, dos ideas figuran en varios estudios: la dificultad en traducir el humor debido a las características lingüístico-culturales de cada comunidad, y la necesidad de recurrir a estrategias funcionalistas para que la comunidad pueda ser replicada en el producto audiovisual doblado. De la misma manera, considero que, por su subjetividad, la transferencia interlingüística del humor parece realmente una de las áreas más complejas para el traductor. Pero desde la óptica del investigador, se reveló como un objeto de análisis productivo y revelador del fenómeno del doblaje.

Exposure to psychosocial risk factors in the context of work: a systematic review

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the scientific literature about the effects of exposure to psychosocial risk factors in work contexts. METHODS A systematic review was performed using the terms “psychosocial factors” AND “COPSOQ” in the databases PubMed, Medline, and Scopus. The period analyzed was from January 1, 2004 to June 30, 2012. We have included articles that used the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) as a measuring instrument of the psychosocial factors and the presentation of quantitative or qualitative results. German articles, psychometric studies or studies that did not analyze individual or work factors were excluded. RESULTS We included 22 articles in the analysis. Individual factors, such as gender, age, and socioeconomic status, were analyzed along with work-related factors such as labor demands, work organization and content, social relationships and leadership, work-individual interface, workplace values, justice and respect, personality, health and well-being, and offensive behaviors. We analyzed the sample type and the applied experimental designs. Some population groups, such as young people and migrants, are more vulnerable. The deteriorated working psychosocial environment is associated with physical health indicators and weak mental health. This environment is also a risk factor for the development of moderate to severe clinical conditions, predicting absenteeism or intention of leaving the job. CONCLUSIONS The literature shows the contribution of exposure to psychosocial risk factors in work environments and their impact on mental health and well-being of workers. It allows the design of practical interventions in the work context to be based on scientific evidences. Investigations in specific populations, such as industry, and studies with more robust designs are lacking.

Relationship of health workers with their organization and work: a cross-cultural study

ABSTRACT We analyzed the differences, by Student’s t-test and ANOVA, between nurses and physicians from Portugal, Poland, Spain, and United Kingdom regarding their relationship with their work and organization. In total, 1,401 professionals answered the HSA-QHPR questionnaire. There are different levels of connection between physicians and nurses. The United Kingdom has the lowest levels of connection with the work while Portugal has the highest levels of relationship with the organization. The results provide guidelines for the development of policies and differential strategies aimed at improving the quality of healthcare service.

Work-in-progress on a thin IEEE1451.0 - architecture to implement reconfigurable Weblab infrastructures

Institutions have been creating their own specific weblab infrastructures. Usually, they use distinct software and hardware architectures comprehending instruments and modules (I&M) able to be parameterized but difficult to be shared. These aspects are impairing their widespread in education, since collaboration between institutions, in developing and sharing resources, is still low. To handle both aspects, this paper proposes the adoption of the IEEE1451.0 Std. with FPGA technology for creating reconfigurable weblab infrastructures. It is suggested the adoption of an IEEE1451.0 infrastructure with compatible instruments, described in Hardware Description Languages (HDL), to be reconfigured in FPGA-based boards. Besides an overview of the IEEE1451.0 Std., this paper presents a solution currently under development which seeks to enable the reconfiguration and the remote control of weblab infrastructures using a set of IEEE1451.0 HTTP commands.

O balanced scorecard aplicado a uma pme do setor audiovisual

Mestrado em Contabilidade e Gestão das Instituições