Efeitos de peixes zooplanctívoros e onívoros sobre a resposta de comunidades planctônicas à fertilização por nutrientes

The food chain theory predict that presence of omnivory prevent the trophic cascade and could be a strong stabilizing factor over resource and consumer community dynamics, and that the nutrient enrichment destabilize populations dynamics. Most of the freshwater tropical reservoirs are eutrophic, and strategies that seek improve the water quality through the control of phytoplankton biomass and nutrient input, become essential for the improvement and preservation of water quality. The aim of this study was test the zooplanktivory (when larvae) and omnivory (when young and adult) effects of Nile Tilapia over the structure and dynamics of plankton communities, in addition or absence of nutrients enrichment. For this, one field experiment was performed with a factorial design 2x3 resulting in six treatments: control, without fish and nutrient (C); with omnivorous fish (O); with zooplanktivorous fish (Z); without fish and with enrichment of nutrients (NP); with omnivorous fish and nutrients (ONP); and, with zooplanktivorous fish and nutrients (ZNP). The two planktivory types reduced the zooplankton biomass and increased the phytoplankton biomass, but the omnivory of filter-feeding fish attenuated the trophic cascade magnitude. The fertilization by nutrients increases the nutrient concentrations in water and the phytoplankton biomass, but the effect on zooplankton is dependent of the trophic structure. In a general way, the effects of the fish and nutrient addition were addictive, but significant interactions among those factors were observed in the answer of some zooplankton groups. The effects of omnivorous fish over the temporal variability of phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass were very variable, the increase or reduce in variability of the plankton depending of the level of nutrients and of the analyzed variable. With base in this study, we conclude that the planktivory type exercised by the fish and the concentrations of nutrients in the water affects the force of pelagic trophic cascades and probably the success of biomanipulation programs for the handling of water quality in lakes and tropical reservoirs

Padrões cromossômicos e mapeamento de genes ribossomais 18S e 5S em peixes pelágicos Atlânticos

Cytogenetic studies in fish have been contributed significantly to a better understanding of the marine biodiversity, presenting information related to characterization, evolution and conservation of species e fisheries stocks. Among the marine species which cytogenetic data are less well known pelagic forms are detached, that despite the economic importance and conservation efforts have been suffering great pressure from the artisanal and industrial fisheries. The present work characterized cytogenetically six species of large pelagic fish in the Atlantic, belonging to the Order Perciformes, among them, four species of Scombridae, Thunnus albacares, T. obesus, Scomberomorus brasiliensis and Acanthocybium solandri and two Coryphaenidae, Coryphaena equiselis and C. hippurus using Classical cytogenetic methods as conventional staining, C-banding and Ag-NORs and molecular through staining fluorochromes AT and GC-specific and mapping of ribosomal multigene families, 18S and 5S. The identification of phylogenetic patterns and cytotaxonomic markers between the species and the presence of sex chromosomes in at least one species of Coryphaenidae, are particularly useful in the formulating of phylogenetic hypotheses, as well as comparisons between groups and populations

Efeito da alimentação de Schizaphis graminum com genótipos de sorgo no desenvolvimento do predador Cycloneda sanguinea

O pulgão Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) é uma das principais pragas do sorgo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o efeito da alimentação deste inseto com genótipos de sorgo resistentes e suscetíveis no desenvolvimento do predador Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). O pulgão foi criado em folhas dos genótipos de sorgo GR 11111 e TX 430 x GR 111, resistentes, GB 3B, de resistência moderada e BR 007B, suscetível ao hemíptero. As larvas de C. sanguinea foram alimentadas diariamente, ad libitum, com ninfas e adultos de S. graminum. A duração das fases de desenvolvimento e a sobrevivência de C. sanguinea não foram influenciadas pelo genótipo. Apenas a duração do quarto ínstar, da fase larval e do período de larva a adulto foram afetadas. O peso de larvas de segundo ínstar de C. sanguinea não foi afetado pelo genótipo. Nos demais ínstares e fase adulta, esse parâmetro foi diferenciado conforme o genótipo de sorgo utilizado como hospedeiro ao pulgão. Os genótipos resistentes GR 11111 e TX 430 x GR 111 não afetam adversamente o desenvolvimento e a fecundidade de C. sanguinea, durante uma geração. Estes genótipos demonstram compatibilidade com o predador e viabilizam o manejo de S. graminum na cultura do sorgo.

Potencial de alimentação de Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) em diferentes densidades de Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas, 1878) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Não preferência para alimentação e aspectos biológicos de Spodoptera eridania em cultivares de feijão-caupi

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the no-preference for feeding and biological aspects of Spodoptera eridania fed on cowpea cultivars BR17 Gurgueia, BRS Urubuquara, BRS Nova Era, Sempre Verde, BRS Milenio and BR3 Tracuateua. In free-choice test, leaf discs were placed in Petri dishes where one third instar larvae per cultivar was released, whereas in no-choice test one leaf disc was placed per Petri dish where one caterpillar per cultivar was released, evaluating their attractiveness after 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360 and 720 minutes, as well as the leaf area consumed. Randomized blocks and complete randomized blocks design were used for free-choice and no-choice tests, respectively, with six treatments and 10 replications. The evaluation of the biological parameters of S. eridania was carried out in Petri dishes where recently hatched caterpillars were transferred in the proportion of one per dish, and the leafs of the cultivars were offered to them during the whole larval period, and we evaluated: periods and viabilities of larvae and pupae, overall viability, weight of larvae and pupae, sex ratio, longevity and overall cycle. Complete randomized design was used with six treatments and 30 replications. In no- preference for feeding free-choice test the cultivars Sempre Verde and BR17 Gurgueia were the most and the least consumed, respectively. Regarding the effects of cowpea cultivars on larval viability we can infer that BRS Urubuquara and Sempre Verde show antibiosis-type resistance to S. eridania.

Efeito da aplicação de extratos aquosos em couve na alimentação de largatas de Ascia monuste orseis

Os efeitos de extratos aquosos de amêndoas de Azadirachta indica e frutos de Sapindus saponaria, aplicados em discos de folhas de couve (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) nas concentrações de 0,0117% e 1,0342% (p/v), respectivamente, foram estudados sobre a alimentação das lagartas de Ascia monuste orseis. Avaliou-se a atratividade e o consumo de área foliar de lagartas de primeiro e terceiro ínstar durante 24 horas, em condições de laboratório (T = 25 ± 2ºC, UR = 60 ± 10% e fotofase = 12 horas). Nos testes com e sem chance de escolha, para lagartas de primeiro ínstar e teste sem chance de escolha para lagartas de terceiro ínstar, não houve diferença quanto à atratividade das lagartas. No teste com chance de escolha para lagartas de terceiro ínstar, houve menor atratividade das lagartas pelos discos de folhas tratadas com S. saponaria, diferindo da testemunha. No decorrer de 24 horas de avaliações, pode-se observar 58,3% de lagartas atraídas na testemunha, não diferindo de A. indica e diferindo de S. saponaria, com 39,3% e 2,4% das lagartas atraídas, respectivamente. Quanto ao consumo de área foliar, o extrato de S. saponaria diminuiu o consumo de lagartas, em todos os testes realizados. Quando não tinham opção de escolha para se alimentar de folhas sem os extratos, as lagartas consumiram as folhas tratadas nas concentrações testadas, porém em menor quantidade. Os extratos testados neste experimento demonstram ter efeitos sobre a alimentação das lagartas de A. monuste orseis, possivelmente com propriedades deterrentes e/ou supressoras de alimentação.

Não preferência para oviposição e alimentação por Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) em genótipos de tomateiro

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Não-preferência para oviposição e alimentação de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) por cultivares de amendoim.

This study aimed to select peanut cultivars resistant to Spodoptera frugiperda, selecting non-oviposition and non-feeding preference in choice and no-choice tests. Peanut cultivars with upright growth habit (IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 and IAC Tatu ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 503, IAC 505, IAC 147, IAC 125, IAC Caiapo and IAC Runner 886) were evaluated. Tests of non-oviposition preference were conducted with newly emerged adults. Adults were fed a 10% honey solution, remaining in cages for 4 days until the start of the evaluations. The evaluations consisted of quantifying the number of eggs and egg masses, followed by calculating the number of eggs per egg mass. To perform non-feeding preference tests, leaf discs from different peanut cultivars were placed in disposable Petri dishes followed by releasing of a third-instar caterpillar for each cultivar. The attractiveness at 1, 5; 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 and 1,440 minutes was evaluated by counting the caterpillars that were feeding on cultivars. The leaf area consumed was evaluated at the end of the experiment for each cultivar. In the tests of non-oviposition and non-feeding preference, with choice or no-choice, none of the cultivars of the upright growth and runner growth habit influenced the oviposition or food of S. frugiperda. Thus, the peanut cultivars showed no resistance of the non-feeding and non-oviposition types.

Kinetics of chronic inflammation in Nile tilapia fed n-3 and n-6 essential fatty acids

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Fauna parasitária de peixes oriundos de pesque-pague do município de Franca, São Paulo, Brasil. I. Protozoários

The present work studied protozoan parasites of cultivated fishes (N = 433) from two feefishing farm situated in Franca, São Paulo, Brazil, during a period of April 1997 through March 1999. Specimens of piauçú Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Anostomidae), pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Characidae) carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Cyprinidae), Tillapia rendalli Boulenger, 1896 (Cichlidae), nile-tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cichlidae), matrinxã Brycon cephalus Günther, 1869 (Characidae) and tambacu hybrid (male of P. mesopotamicus x female of Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) were collected. The fishes were parasitized with protozoans Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet, 1876 (Protozoa), Trichodina sp. and Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schaperclaus, 1954), Lom, 1981 (Protozoa). In the cold season (autumn and/or winter) all species of fish were infected with I. multifiliis. Higher susceptibility to Trichodina sp. was observed in L. macrocephalus, C. carpio and P. mesopotamicus compared to tambacu, B. cephalus, T. rendalli and 0. niloticus. It was not observed significant difference (P > 0.05) in the seasonal variation of Trichodina sp. and P. pillulare infection of all species. A great number of P. pillulare without significant difference (P > 0.05) was reported to L. macrocephalus, P. mesopotamicus and tambacu.

Relação hepatosomática e esplenosomática em peixes teleósteos de cultivo intensivo

The mean values of hepatosomatic relation (HSR), splenosomatic relation (SSR) and relative condition factor (Kn) in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis nilolicus Trewavas, 1983); pacu (Piaractus mesopolamicus Holmberg, 1887); piauçu (Lepori-nus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988) and tambacu hybrid (P. mesopotamicus male x Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 female) are described. The experiment was carried out from feefishing farm situated in Franca, São Paulo State, Brazil. Nile tilapia showed the greatest HSR compared to pacu, piauçu and tambacu. Although, in the last three fishes the relation was similar. The SSR between tilapia and piausu was similar, but smaller than observed in pacu and tambacu. Nevertheless, SSR in pacu and tambacu was different. The hepatic weight/body weigth relation and hepatic weight/body length relation presented positive correlation in ali studied fishes. The splenic weight/body weigth relation and splenic weight/body length relation were not significam (P>0.05) in Nile tilapia, pacu and tambacu, but highly significant in piauçu (PO.01).

Fauna parasitária de peixes oriundos de pesque-pagues do município de Franca, São Paulo, Brasil. II. Metazoários

Metazoan fauna from cultivated fishes (N = 433) in two feefishing farm of Franca, State of São Paulo, Brazil, was studied during a period of April 1997 through March 1999. Specimens of piauçú Leporinus macrocephalus Garavello & Britski, 1988 (Anostomidae), pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg, 1887 (Characidae), carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 (Cyprinidae), Tillapia rendalli Boulenger, 1896 (Cichlidae), nile-tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cichlidae), matrinxã Brycon cephalus Günther, 1869 (Characidae) and tambacu hybrid (male of P. mesopotamicus x female of Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) were collected. A total of 29.3% was parasitized by monogenean, 9.7% with crustacean (copepodits and adults of Lernaea cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 and Argulus sp.) and 1.6% with myxosporean (Henneguya piaractus Martins & Souza, 1997 and Myxobolus colossomatis Moinar & Békési, 1993).The most susceptible species to myxosporean infestation was P. mesopotamicus. L. macrocephalus and P. mesopotamicus that showed a higher susceptibility to Argulus sp infestation. It was not observed significant difference (P > 0.05) in the seasonal variation of L. cyprinacea infection of all species. L. macrocephalus, P. mesopotamicus and tambacu showed a great number of P. pillulare with no significant difference (P > 0.05) between them. Monogenean infections were observed in all examined species, without significant difference (P > 0.05) in the seasonal variation. Nevertheless, occurrence of monogenean was higher in P. mesopotamicus and lower in Nile-tilapia. By the other hand, parasites number collected from P. mesopotamicus was lower in the winter. Copepodits of L. cyprinacea were found in the gills of P. mesopotamicus, tambacu and L. macrocephalus. However, adults of L. cyprinacea were observed only in the P. mesopotamicus and tambacu.

Processo de alimentação do Sistema de Informação do HiperDia: Estudo de Caso no município de Natal/RN

Although the records indicate the involvement of the City Christmas in the feeding system HiperDia, a survey conducted by the Health Ministry in 2004 found that the number of entries made in Natal was well below estimate. In order to understand the functioning of HiperDia, we performed this study to analyze the actions taken by the professionals involved in power system HiperDia in Natal / RN. The research has developed into a quantitative perspective, with the design of exploratory case study conducted in the health services that integrate the various levels of the organization who are directly involved with the process of system power HiperDia in Natal / RN , represented here by SMS, health districts and the Family Health Units in the period from August to October 2008.Study participants were 110 professionals, including nurses, physicians, operators, administrator and a coordinator. The survey results showed that feeding HiperDia in Natal was maintained mainly by health professionals and operators. Activities include carrying out the state registration, monitoring, and updating of data transfer routines. They report that the difficulties in the process of feeding data are related to the work of teams and / or lack of structure of the Program of Hypertension and Diabetes (HA and DM), the discontinuity of federal investments in improving the HiperDia and lack of training. We can see then that the process of feeding system on Christmas HiperDia therefore is developing the three levels (SMS, districts and health units), however is not matching the expectations established by MS, considering that the gaps the flow of information are undermining the end result of this process

Sistema de alimentação de livre escolha com milho em grão ou moído e concentrado proteico para frangos de corte

O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar os sistemas de alimentação convencional ou de livre escolha, utilizando 6 dietas a base de milho em grão ou moído e concentrado protéico sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte do l° ao 45° dia de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x2 (6 tratamentos e 2 sexos), com 3 repetições de 30 aves. Os tratamentos foram: T1-Milho moído + Concentrado do 1° ao 45° dia, fornecidos misturados; T2-Milho moído + Concentrado do 1° ao 45° dia, fornecidos separados em 2 comedouros; T3- Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos misturados, do l° ao 14° dia e do 15° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos misturados; T4 Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos misturados, do 1° ao 14° dia e do 15° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos separados; T5 - Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos misturados do 1° ao 21° dia e do 22° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos misturados; T6- Milho moído + Concentrado, fornecidos separados, do l ° ao 21° dia e do 22° ao 45° dia, milho em grão + concentrado, fornecidos misturados. Pêlos resultados e condições que realizou-se o presente trabalho conclui-se que: o milho em grão pode ser fornecido a frangos de corte misturado ao concentrado a partir do 15° dia de idade; o milho moído não proporcionou bons resultados de desempenho no programa de alimentação de livre escolha: as aves alimentadas com milho em grão apresentaram maior peso de moela, bem como acumularam mais gordura na carcaça; autilização de milho em grão fornecido junto ao concentrado, embora tenha proporcionado desempenho ligeiramente inferior à ração convencional, pode ser considerado satisfarório, sendo uma alternativa para pequenos produtores avícolas.

Effects of different sampling intervals on apparent protein and energy digestibility of common feed ingredients by juvenile oscar fish (Astronotus ocellatus)

O presente estudo avaliou a digestibilidade aparente da proteína e da energia de ingredientes (farelo de soja, farinha de peixe, farelo de trigo e milho) por juvenis de apaiari (Astronotus ocellatus) usando dois diferentes intervalos de coleta (30 min. e 12h). Os 160 juvenis de apaiari utilizados (22,37 ± 3,06 g de peso corporal) foram divididos em quatro tanques rede plásticos e cilíndricos, cada um colocado em um tanque de alimentação de 1.000 L. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 (2 intervalos de coleta de fezes e 4 ingredientes foram) com quatro repetições. Os testes estatísticos não detectaram efeito da interação entre o intervalo de coleta e tipo de ingrediente nos coeficientes de digestibilidade. O intervalo de coleta não afetou a digestibilidade da proteína e da energia. As características físicas das fezes dos juvenis de apaiari aparentemente as tornam menos sensíveis à perda de nutrientes por lixiviação, permitindo intervalos de coleta maiores. A digestibilidade da proteína dos ingredientes avaliados foi semelhante, mostrando que a digestibilidade aparente de ingredientes animais e vegetais por juvenis de apaiari é eficiente. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia foram maiores para a farinha de peixe e o farelo de soja comparado a farelo de trigo e milho. Ingredientes ricos em carboidratos (farelo de trigo e milho) apresentaram os piores coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia e, portanto, não são usados eficientemente pelos juvenis de apaiari.