O género e o auto-conceito: contributos para o estudo do papel do género na formação do auto-conceito

Dissertação de mest., Psicologia Clínica e da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Univ. do Algarve, 2010

Espiritualidade no local de trabalho : da liderança ao empenhamento na Cybermap, Lda

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão de Empresas/MBA

O papel das competências emocionais no processo de autoeficácia académica em crianças do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Dissertação de Mestrado, Psicologia da Educação, especialidade em Contextos Educativos, 3 de Março de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

O trabalho de projeto como facilitador do desenvolvimento da motivação dos alunos

Relatório Final apresentado à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de mestre em Ensino do 1.º e 2.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico

Gaining a better understanding of how Outward Bound Western Canada course outcomes are achieved : a research study /

This study examined how Outward Bound Western Canada (OBWC) course outcomes are achieved by exploring the relationships among course components, students' characteristics, and course outcomes. OBWC is a wilderness-based adventure education organization that helps students achieve outcomes such as increased self-awareness, self-confidence, motivation, interpersonal skills, concern for others, and concern for the environment. This study explored the ways in which the various components of courses and the characteristics of students contribute to determining the outcomes students experience as a result of their courses. The purpose of the study was to gain a better understanding of how OBWC course outcomes are achieved in order to strengthen adventure education theory, enhance practice at OBWC and other adventure education organizations, and provide a foundation for further research on this topic. As an interpretive case study, this study sought to describe how OBWC course outcomes are achieved and to provide interpretations of the research findings. Data was gathered from OBWC students and instructors using the quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques of questionnaire, interview, and observation. Data collected from 98 participants ensured a considerable breadth to the study, while interviews with a number of participants also enabled the collection of in-depth data. Analysis and triangulation of the data from the various sources allowed discernment of the research findings. A comprehensive and detailed picture of how course outcomes are achieved emerged from the findings. Twenty-nine course components were found to influence course outcomes, including various aspects of course activities, the physical environment, instructors, and the group. The findings indicated that certain course components were most influential in determining increases to students' self-awareness, self-confidence, self-reliance, self-esteem, self-concept, motivation, self-responsibility, interpersonal skills, concern for others, and concern for the environment. A number of course components were found to indirectly contribute to positive course outcomes by helping maximize the effectiveness of other components, by increasing students' motivation while on course, or by facilitating the processing and transference of new information. The findings also suggested that several course components either directly or indirectly affected course outcomes in negative ways. In addition, the gender, age, population, and expectations of students were found to play a role in determining the course outcomes they experienced and in determining which course components caused those outcomes. Interpretation of the findings resulted in the generation of research-based theory. The main theoretical argument derived from the results of the study was that course outcomes are influenced by a combination of course components and characteristics of students. More specifically, the theory generated by the study indicated that five groupings of factors contribute to course outcomes, including course activities, the physical environment, instructors, the group, and students' characteristics. The study was considered in relation to existing adventure education literature and larger theoretical issues. The generated theory and research findings were then used to develop suggestions for improving practice at OBWC and other adventure education organizations, as well as for enhancing future research studies.

Disabled legislators : disability and Irish colonial pathology in James Joyce's Ulysses

Why are there so many disabled characters in James Joyce's Ulysses? "Disabled Legislators" seeks to answer this question by exploring the variety and depth of disability's presence in Joyce's novel. This consideration also recognizes the unique place disability finds within what Lennard Davis calls "the roster of the disenfranchised" in order to define Joyce as possessing a "disability consciousness;" that is, an empathetic understanding (given his own eye troubles) of the damaged lives of the disabled, the stigmatization of the disabled condition, and the appropriation of disabled representations by literary works reinforcing normalcy. The analysis of four characters (Gerty MacDowell, the blind stripling, the onelegged sailor, and Stephen Dedalus) treats disability as a singular self-concept, while still making necessary associations to comparably created marginal identities-predominantly the colonial Other. This effort reevaluates how Ulysses operates in opposition to liberal Victorian paradigms, highlighting disability's connections to issues of gender, intolerance, self-identification and definition.

Effects of a preschool parent enrichment programme on children and their parents /

This study evaluated a preschool parent enrichment programme to assess if child and parent involvement in the programme facilitated the children's subsequent school adjustment. Also examined were the programme's effects on parent-child relationships. Participants were 56 Junior-Senior Kindergarten and Grade One students from one elementary school. Parent participants were 12 parents from the preschool parent enrichment programme, 6 parents whose children had attended other preschool programmes, and 6 parents whose children had remained at home prior to school. Five elementary teachers and both nursery school teachers from the parent enrichment programme also participated. Measures used included the Florida Key to assess children's inferred self-concept as learner and four subscales (relating, asserting, coping and investing), and interviews to assess parent and teacher perceptions. Findings indicated that there was little difference between parent and teacher perceptions about children who had attended a preschool programme. Both groups showed improved social, emotional, and behavioural skill development, together with increased self-esteem, and the ability to cope with separation from their parents. This enabled children to make the transition from preschool to primary school more successful. Children from the parent enrichment programme were not readily identifiable in terms of the profile promulgated for disadvantaged children. The Florida Key showed a main effect for the coping subscale, indicating that children from the parent enrichment programme may show more confidence in their abilities, and seek assistance from teachers than children who had no preschool experience. The parent enrichment programme appeared to have the biggest impact on the parents. Parents reported improved relationships with their children, increased confidence and self-esteem, as well as improved parenting and general life skills. The implications for short-term gains for children from this type of programme are better readiness for school, more positive self-esteem, improved social behaviour, and a higher achievement motivation. The long-term gains for children are predicted to be fewer special education placements, less grade retention, and a lower dropout rate from school. The short-term gains for parents are better social support networks," greater self-confidence, better interactions with children, and improved parenting skills. The long-term benefits may be an increased motivation to continue education, gain employment, and less family breakdown and abuse.

Perceptions of intergroup bias : the roles of social projection and meta-stereotypes

Underlying intergroup perceptions include processes of social projection (perceiving personal traitslbeliefs in others, see Krueger 1998) and meta-stereotyping (thinking about other groups' perceptions of one's own group, see Vorauer et aI., 1998). Two studies were conducted to investigate social projection and meta-stereotypes in the domain of White-Black racial relations. Study 1, a correlational study, examined the social projection of prejudice and 'prejudiced' meta-stereotypes among Whites. Results revealed that (a) Whites socially projected their intergroup attitudes onto other Whites (and Blacks) [i.e., Whites higher in prejudice against Blacks believed a large percentage of Whites (Blacks) are prejudiced against Blacks (Whites), whereas Whites low in prejudice believed a smaller percentage of Whites (Blacks) are prejudiced]; (b) Whites held the meta:..stereotype that their group (Whites) is viewed by Blacks to be prejudiced; and (c) prejudiced meta-stereotypes may be formed through the social projection of intergroup attitudes (result of path-model tests). Further, several correlates of social projection and meta-stereotypes were identified, including the finding that feeling negatively stereotyped by an outgroup predicted outgroup avoidance through heightened intergroup anxiety. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings, investigating the social projection of ingroup favouritism and meta- and other-stereotypes about ingroup favouritism. These processes were examined experimentally using an anticipated intergroup contact paradigm. The goal was to understand the experimental conditions under which people would display the strongest social projection of intergroup attitudes, and when experimentally induced meta-stereotypes (vs. other-stereotypes; beliefs about the group 11 preferences of one's outgroup) would be most damaging to intergroup contact. White participants were randomly assigned to one of six conditions and received (alleged) feedback from a previously completed computer-based test. Depending on condition, this information suggested that: (a) the participant favoured Whites over Blacks; (b) previous White participants favoured Whites over Blacks; (c) the participant's Black partner favoured Blacks over Whites; (d) previous Black participants favoured Blacks over Whites; (e) the participant's Black partner viewed the participant to favour Whites over Blacks; or (£) Black participants previously participating viewed Whites to favour Whites over Blacks. In a defensive reaction, Whites exhibited enhanced social projection of personal intergroup attitudes onto their ingroup under experimental manipulations characterized by self-concept threat (i.e., when the computer revealed that the participant favoured the ingroup or was viewed to favour the ingroup). Manipulated meta- and otherstereotype information that introduced intergroup contact threat, on the other hand, each exerted a strong negative impact on intergroup contact expectations (e.g., anxiety). Personal meta-stereotype manipulations (i.e., when the participant was informed that her/ his partner thinks s/he favours the ingroup) exerted an especially negative impact on intergroup behaviour, evidenced by increased avoidance of the upcoming interracial interaction. In contrast, personal self-stereotype manipulations (i.e., computer revealed that one favoured the ingroup) ironically improved upcoming intergroup contact expectations and intentions, likely due to an attempt to reduce the discomfort of holding negative intergroup attitudes. Implications and directions for future research are considered.

A phenomenological approach to understanding the psychological response to chronic low back pain

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a complex health problem of psychological manifestations not fully understood. Using interpretive phenomenological analysis, 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted to help understand the meaning of the lived experience of CLBP; focusing on the psychological response to pain and the role of depression, catastrophizing, fear-avoidance behavior, anxiety and somatization. Participants characterized CLBP as persistent tolerable low back pain (TLBP) interrupted by periods of intolerable low back pain (ILBP). ILBP contributed to recurring bouts of helplessness, depression, frustration with the medical system and increased fear based on the perceived consequences of anticipated recurrences, all of which were mediated by the uncertainty of such pain. During times of TLBP all participants pursued a permanent pain consciousness as they felt susceptible to experience a recurrence. As CLBP progressed, participants felt they were living with a weakness, became isolated from those without CLBP and integrated pain into their self-concept.

Teachers’ Beliefs and Perceptions of Bullying and Bullying Prevention Initiatives

While bullying prevention programs appear to be decreasing the number of bullying incidents overseas, bullying prevention programs here in Canada have not been proving as effective. Evaluations of bullying prevention programs often focus on the outcomes and neglect to examine the training regimen for teachers. As teachers are on the front lines of bullying prevention programs, the current study explored teachers’ beliefs about the various types of bullying, their perceptions of their own abilities (e.g., teacher bullying prevention efficacy (TBPE), self-concept, and theory of mind) to implement bullying prevention initiatives, and how the school climate may influence their efficacy beliefs. Participants in the current study were 61 Canadian teachers (n = 51 women), predominantly from Ontario. Participating teachers represented all elementary division levels (primary, junior, and intermediate). Participants’ teaching experience ranged from zero years of teaching (pre-service) to 28 years of experience (M = 10.50, SD = 7.35). It was found that participants reported a relatively high TBPE score, which was related to their likely intervention in cyberbullying situations but not for other forms of bullying situations. It was found that teachers were most likely to intervene in physical bullying than verbal, relational, and cyberbullying, respectively. TBPE was influenced by the school climate. Teachers’ scores on the theory of mind scale was not a significant indicator of any teachers’ bullying beliefs. Analyses exploring the relationship between bullying beliefs and self-concept, morality predicted teachers TBPE scores and the likelihood of intervention. Teachers’ recommendations for bullying prevention training and school bullying prevention programs were explored. Results are discussed in terms of implications for practice and future research.

Parenting styles and adjustment in gifted children

Cette recherche porte sur la problématique du développement psychosocial des enfants doués. Bien qu’il existe des travaux qui indiquent que les enfants doués souffrent plus souvent de problèmes d’adaptation que les autres, comme l’isolement social, la dépression, l’anxiété et une faible estime de soi, la littérature de recherche considère peu l’environnement familial des enfants doués comme étant un facteur qui puisse contribuer au niveau d’adaptation de l’enfant. La présente recherche a eu donc pour objectif de déterminer si les styles parentaux, tels que définis par Baumrind, sont associés à l’adaptation des enfants doués. Les styles parentaux des parents ont été mesurés à l'aide d'un questionnaire auto-rapporté. Le niveau d’adaptation d’un groupe d’enfants doués, âgés de 7 à 11 ans, a été évalué à l’aide de mesures de comportement et de concept de soi. La douance a été mesurée avec un test d’intelligence standardisé. Quarante-huit enfants doués et 52 enfants du groupe contrôle ont participé à l'étude. Les résultats ont démontré que les parents des enfants doués utilisent majoritairement un style parental démocratique. Les mères ont rapporté être significativement plus démocratiques que les pères. Les parents ont identifié un sous-groupe d'enfants doués ayant des problèmes sociaux avec leurs pairs, tandis que ces enfants doués et leurs enseignants n’en n’ont pas indiqué. Aucune association n’a été mise en évidence entre l'utilisation d'un style parental particulier et les problèmes sociaux chez les enfants doués. Cependant, l’utilisation du style parental autoritaire des mères a été associée à des problèmes de comportement moins élevés ainsi qu’un concept de soi intellectuel plus élevé chez les enfants doués. Inversement, le style parental démocratique des mères a été associé à des problèmes de comportements plus élevés chez les enfants doués. Le style parental permissif des mères a été associé à des niveaux de concept de soi moins élevés chez les enfants doués. Pour les pères, les styles parentaux autoritaires et permissifs ont été associés à des niveaux d’adaptation et de concept de soi moins élevés chez les enfants doués. Enfin, le niveau d’adaptation ainsi que les styles parentaux ont été comparés entre les deux groupes d’enfants. Les deux groupes ont présenté des niveaux d’adaptation dans la gamme de la normalité. De plus, les parents des deux groupes d’enfants ont rapporté des styles parentaux similaires. Pour les pères des enfants du groupe de contrôle, le style parental démocratique a été associé à des niveaux d’adaptation plus élevés. Le style parental autoritaire des mères et le style parental permissif des pères ont été associés à des niveaux de concept de soi moins élevés chez les enfants du groupe de contrôle. En somme, les conclusions de cette thèse permettent une meilleure compréhension de la complexité des liens entre les styles parentaux et l’adaptation des enfants doués.

Impact of the ego-dystonic nature of obsessions on treatment outcome in eating disorders

Il s'agit d'une hypothèse largement répandue que l’égo-dystonie et l’égo-syntonie caractérisent les obsessions dans les troubles des conduites alimentaires (TCA) et que ces facteurs sont cliniquement pertinents pour la conceptualisation et le traitement des TCA. Cependant, les résultats empiriques sur ce sujet sont rares. Compte tenu du chevauchement reconnu entre les TCA, notamment l'anorexie et la boulimie (BN), et le trouble obsessionnel-compulsif (TOC) dans la phénoménologie et les caractéristiques psychologiques, un programme de thérapie cognitive basée sur les inférences (TBI) de 24 semaines, démontré efficace dans le traitement des TOC, a été adapté pour traiter les TCA. La recherche sur le TOC suggère que la transformation des pensées intrusives en obsessions est liée à la mesure dans laquelle les pensées intrusives menacent des perceptions fondamentales du soi et de l’identité. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'examiner le lien entre l’égo-dystonie et les TCA. Pour se faire, nous avons exploré le lien entre la nature égo-dystone des obsessions chez les patients souffrant d'un TCA et la peur de l'image de soi. Nous avons également étudié la relation entre la sévérité des symptômes TCA et l’égo-dystonie dans les obsessions. En outre, nous avons investigué les différences dans la présence de pensées égo-dystones et de peur face à son identité entre des sujets non-cliniques et des personnes atteintes d’un TCA. Enfin, nous avons comparé le degré d’égo-dystonie dans les pensées de personnes atteintes d’un TCA à celui dans les pensées d’individus souffrant d’un TOC. L’égo-dystonie dans les pensées a été mesurée par l'Ego Dystonicity Questionnaire (EDQ) et le degré de peur face à l’identité a été mesuré par le Fear of Self Questionnaire (FSQ) d’une part dans un échantillon de femmes souffrant d’un TCA (n = 57) et d’autre part dans un échantillon de participantes non-cliniques (n = 45). Les résultats révèlent que l’égo-dystonie et la peur face à l’identité étaient fortement corrélées à la fois dans l’échantillon clinique et non-clinique. Les scores de l’EDQ n’étaient pas significativement corrélés à la sévérité des symptômes TCA à l'exception de la sous-échelle d’irrationalité de l’EDQ qui était fortement associée à la sévérité des comportements compulsifs compensatoires. Les participantes souffrant d'un TCA avaient des scores significativement plus élevés à l’EDQ et au FSQ que les sujets non-cliniques. Ensuite, une étude de cas décrit l’application du programme de thérapie cognitive TBI pour une femme de 35 ans avec un diagnostic de BN. La pathologie TCA s’est significativement améliorée au cours de la TBI et six mois suivant la thérapie. Cette étude de cas met en évidence l'importance de cibler les idées surévaluées, les doutes et le raisonnement face au soi et à l’identité dans le traitement psychologique pour les TCA. Enfin, l’objectif final de cette thèse était d’examiner les changements au niveau (1) des symptômes TCA, (2) du degré d’égo-syntonie dans les obsessions, et (3) des mesures de peur face à l’identité, de motivation, d’humeur et d’anxiété au cours de la TBI et au suivi post six mois. L’égo-dystonie, la peur face à l’identité, les symptômes TCA et le stade motivationnel ont été mesurés chez 15 femmes souffrant de BN au cours du traitement et six mois après la TBI. Quatre vingt pourcent de l’échantillon, soit 12 des 15 participantes, ont démontré une diminution cliniquement significative des symptômes TCA et 53% ont cessé leurs comportements compensatoires au suivi post six mois. Les retombées cliniques relatives au traitement des TCA sont discutées.

Stress Of Women Entrepreneurs a Comparative With Women In Selected Groups In The District Of Ernakulam

The focus of this study is the stress of women entrepreneurs.As stress is associated with constraints and demands, and as a set of emerging conditions seem to affect the quality of life of women, it is more than just an occasional need to enquire in to the possibilities of promoting entrepreneurship by empowering women.As women entrepreneurs are increasingly involved in inherently complicated activities of improving their enterprise functioning ,it would be appropriate for women entrepreneurs to focus on transformational coping interventions.The study is limited to women entrepreneurs in the tiny sector.Women entrepreneurs registered in the Distric Industries ( DIC) and in the Kerala State Women’s Industries Association (KSWIA) are only selected for the study.It gaves a detailed description about empowerment of women.The social , economic ,political,ecological,and psychological importance of the study are detailed.It explains the family related stress, and the contextual system.This study is suggested on beliefs and values of women about their self-perception influencing gender bias, which contribute to stress and coping.This study is also needed about women’s believes and expectations about the probable effectiveness of various course of action and their ability to perform those actions.It is also neede for appraising coping potential of women and enhancing their stress base.It is important to research on stress and self-concept

Influence of personality factors on the consumption of personal care products

This research was undertaken with the primary objective of explaining differences in consumption of personal care products using personality variables. Several streams of research reported were reviewed and a conceptual model was developed. Theories on the relationship between self concept and behaviour was reviewed and the need to use individual difference variables to conceptualize and measure the salient dimensions of the self were emphasized. Theories relating to social comparison, eating disorders, role of idealized media images in shaping the self-concept, evidence on cosmetic surgery and persuasibility were reviewed in the study. These came from diverse fields like social psychology, use of cosmetics, women studies, media studies, self-concept literature in psychology and consumer research, and marketing. From the review three basic dimensions, namely self-evaluation, self-awareness and persuasibility were identified and they were posited to be related to consumption. Several personality variables from these conceptual domains were identified and factor analysis confirmed the expected structure fitting the basic theoretical dimensions. Demographic variables like gender and income were also considered.It was found that self-awareness measured by the variable public self-consciousness explain differences in consumption of personal care products. The relationship between public self-consciousness and consumption was found to be most conspicuous in cases of poor self-, evaluation measured by self-esteem. Susceptibility to advertising also was found to explain differences in consumption.From the research, it may be concluded that personality variables are useful for explaining consumption and they must be used together to explain and understand the process. There may not be obvious and conspicuous links between individual measures and behaviour in marketing. However, when used in proper combination and with the help oftheoretical models personality offers considerable explanatory power as illustrated in the seventy five percent accuracy rate of prediction obtained in binary logistic regression.

Elterliche Geschlechtsstereotype und deren Einfluss auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept von Grundschulkindern

Ausgangspunkt dieser Dissertation ist die Überlegung, warum Mädchen und Frauen in mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern und Berufen unterrepräsentiert sind. Irrtümlicherweise werden als Erklärung hierfür häufig Geschlechterdifferenzen in der Mathematikleistung herangezogen. Diese bieten jedoch aufgrund nicht einheitlicher Forschungsbefunde keinen zufriedenstellenden Erklärungsansatz. Naheliegender ist es, das mangelnde Selbstvertrauen von Mädchen in Mathematik (als mathematisches Selbstkonzept bezeichnet) als Ursache heranzuziehen, denn verschiedene Studien kamen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Mädchen, auch bei vergleichbarer Leistung, ein geringeres mathematisches Selbstkonzept aufweisen als Jungen (Dickhäuser & Stiensmeier-Pelster, 2003; Frome & Eccles, 1998; Rustemeyer & Jubel, 1996; Skaalvik & Skaalvik, 2004). Die Rolle der Eltern als primäre Sozialisationsinstanz wird als bedeutsamer Einflussfaktor auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept von Kindern beschrieben. Besonders für den Bereich Mathematik besteht die Gefahr, dass Eltern durch geschlechtsstereotype Einstellungen und Erwartungen ihre Tochter ungünstig beeinflussen (Jacobs, 1991; Tiedemann, 2000). In dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, inwiefern Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype zuungunsten der Mädchen in Mathematik äußern und inwiefern sich diese – schon zur Grundschulzeit – in den elterlichen Einschätzungen (elterliche Leistungs- und Fähigkeitseinschätzungen sowie elterliche Ursachenerklärungen) des eigenen Kindes widerspiegeln. Es wird angenommen, dass Mädchen entsprechend dem klassischen Geschlechtsstereotyp weniger talentiert und weniger leistungsstark in Mathematik eingeschätzt werden als Jungen. Für die Einschätzungen des eigenen Kindes wird erwartet, dass diese geschlechtsspezifische Verzerrungen zuungunsten der Mädchen aufweisen. Anhand von Pfadmodellen wird in dieser Arbeit der Einfluss elterlicher Geschlechtsstereotype und Einschätzungen, unter Kontrolle der vorangegangenen Mathematikleistung und des vorangegangenen mathematischen Selbstkonzeptes des Kindes, auf das aktuelle mathematische Selbstkonzept des Kindes am Ende des dritten Schuljahres analysiert. Als Grundlage dienen Daten von circa 900 Schülern und 400 Eltern aus dem Projekt Persönlichkeits- und Lernentwicklung von Grundschulkindern (PERLE). Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit können bisherige Forschungsbefunde aus dem Sekundarbereich für den Grundschulbereich replizieren und weitere erstmalige Befunde ergänzen. Zusammenfassend kann festgehalten werden, dass knapp zwei Drittel der Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype zuungunsten der Mädchen in Mathematik äußern. Die Pfadanalysen ergeben, dass nicht das Geschlecht des Kindes, sondern Wechselwirkungen zwischen Geschlecht und elterlichen Geschlechtsstereotypen die elterlichen Einschätzungen des eigenen Kindes beeinflussen. Wenn Eltern Geschlechtsstereotype vertreten, schätzen sie eine Tochter ungünstiger ein als einen Sohn (unabhängig von der tatsächlichen Mathematikleistung des Kindes). Die elterlichen Einschätzungen haben wiederum einen signifikanten Einfluss auf das mathematische Selbstkonzept des Kindes. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit werden abschließend diskutiert und Ansätze für Interventionen aufgezeigt.