Tools & Techniques - Statistics: Propensity score techniques.

Propensity score (PS) techniques are useful if the number of potential confounding pretreatment variables is large and the number of analysed outcome events is rather small so that conventional multivariable adjustment is hardly feasible. Only pretreatment characteristics should be chosen to derive PS, and only when they are probably associated with outcome. A careful visual inspection of PS will help to identify areas of no or minimal overlap, which suggests residual confounding, and trimming of the data according to the distribution of PS will help to minimise residual confounding. Standardised differences in pretreatment characteristics provide a useful check of the success of the PS technique employed. As with conventional multivariable adjustment, PS techniques cannot account for confounding variables that are not or are only imperfectly measured, and no PS technique is a substitute for an adequately designed randomised trial.

Minimally invasive photopolymerization in intervertebral disc tissue cavities

Photopolymerized hydrogels are commonly used for a broad range of biomedical applications. As long as the polymer volume is accessible, gels can easily be hardened using light illumination. However, in clinics, especially for minimally invasive surgery, it becomes highly challenging to control photopolymerization. The ratios between polymerization- volume and radiating-surface-area are several orders of magnitude higher than for ex-vivo settings. Also tissue scattering occurs and influences the reaction. We developed a Monte Carlo model for photopolymerization, which takes into account the solid/liquid phase changes, moving solid/liquid-boundaries and refraction on these boundaries as well as tissue scattering in arbitrarily designable tissue cavities. The model provides a tool to tailor both the light probe and the scattering/absorption properties of the photopolymer for applications such as medical implants or tissue replacements. Based on the simulations, we have previously shown that by adding scattering additives to the liquid monomer, the photopolymerized volume was considerably increased. In this study, we have used bovine intervertebral disc cavities, as a model for spinal degeneration, to study photopolymerization in-vitro. The cavity is created by enzyme digestion. Using a custom designed probe, hydrogels were injected and photopolymerized. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and visual inspection tools were employed to investigate the successful photopolymerization outcomes. The results provide insights for the development of novel endoscopic light-scattering polymerization probes paving the way for a new generation of implantable hydrogels.

Inference of evolutionary forces acting on human biological pathways

Because natural selection is likely to act on multiple genes underlying a given phenotypic trait, we study here the potential effect of ongoing and past selection on the genetic diversity of human biological pathways. We first show that genes included in gene sets are generally under stronger selective constraints than other genes and that their evolutionary response is correlated. We then introduce a new procedure to detect selection at the pathway level based on a decomposition of the classical McDonald–Kreitman test extended to multiple genes. This new test, called 2DNS, detects outlier gene sets and takes into account past demographic effects and evolutionary constraints specific to gene sets. Selective forces acting on gene sets can be easily identified by a mere visual inspection of the position of the gene sets relative to their two-dimensional null distribution. We thus find several outlier gene sets that show signals of positive, balancing, or purifying selection but also others showing an ancient relaxation of selective constraints. The principle of the 2DNS test can also be applied to other genomic contrasts. For instance, the comparison of patterns of polymorphisms private to African and non-African populations reveals that most pathways show a higher proportion of nonsynonymous mutations in non-Africans than in Africans, potentially due to different demographic histories and selective pressures.

Treatment of optic neuritis with erythropoietin (TONE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial-study protocol.

INTRODUCTION Optic neuritis leads to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. The standard treatment is a methylprednisolone pulse therapy. This treatment slightly shortens the time of recovery but does not prevent neurodegeneration and persistent visual impairment. In a phase II trial performed in preparation of this study, we have shown that erythropoietin protects global retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT-G) in acute optic neuritis; however, the preparatory trial was not powered to show effects on visual function. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Treatment of Optic Neuritis with Erythropoietin (TONE) is a national, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial with two parallel arms. The primary objective is to determine the efficacy of erythropoietin compared to placebo given add-on to methylprednisolone as assessed by measurements of RNFLT-G and low-contrast visual acuity in the affected eye 6 months after randomisation. Inclusion criteria are a first episode of optic neuritis with decreased visual acuity to ≤0.5 (decimal system) and an onset of symptoms within 10 days prior to inclusion. The most important exclusion criteria are history of optic neuritis or multiple sclerosis or any ocular disease (affected or non-affected eye), significant hyperopia, myopia or astigmatism, elevated blood pressure, thrombotic events or malignancy. After randomisation, patients either receive 33 000 international units human recombinant erythropoietin intravenously for 3 consecutive days or placebo (0.9% saline) administered intravenously. With an estimated power of 80%, the calculated sample size is 100 patients. The trial started in September 2014 with a planned recruitment period of 30 months. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION TONE has been approved by the Central Ethics Commission in Freiburg (194/14) and the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (61-3910-4039831). It complies with the Declaration of Helsinki, local laws and ICH-GCP. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01962571.

Position Errors Caused by GPS Height of Instrument Blunders

Height of instrument (HI) blunders in GPS measurements cause position errors. These errors can be pure vertical, pure horizontal, or a mixture of both. There are different error regimes depending on whether both the base and the rover both have HI blunders, if just the base has an HI blunder, or just the rover has an HI blunder. The resulting errors are on the order of 30 cm for receiver separations of 1000 km for an HI blunder of 2 m. Given the complicated nature of the errors, we believe it would be difficult, if not impossible, to detect such errors by visual inspection. This serves to underline the necessity to enter GPS HI's correctly.

Position Errors Caused by GPS HI Blunders

Height of instrument (HI) blunders in GPS measurements cause position errors. These errors can be pure vertical, pure horizontal, or a mixture of both. There are different error regimes depending on whether both the base and the rover both have HI blunders, if just the base has an HI blunder, or just the rover has an HI blunder. The resulting errors are on the order of 30 cm for receiver separations of 1000 km for an HI blunder of 2 m. Given the complicated nature of the errors, we believe it would be difficult, if not impossible, to detect such errors by visual inspection. This serves to underline the necessity to enter GPS HIs correctly.

Chronology and annual proxy data of Lago Grande di Monticchio sediments

We present new annual sedimentological proxies and sub-annual element scanner data from the Lago Grande di Monticchio (MON) sediment record for the sequence 76-112 thousand years before present (ka). They are combined with the previously published decadal to centennial resolved pollen assemblage in order to provide a comprehensive reconstruction of six major abrupt stadial spells (MON 1-6) in the central Mediterranean during early phase of the last glaciation. These climatic oscillations are defined by intervals of thicker varves and high Ti-counts and coincide with episodes of forest depletion interpreted as Mediterranean stadial conditions (cold winter/dry summer). Our chronology, labelled as MON-2014, has been updated for the study interval by tephrochronology and repeated and more precise varve counts and is independent from ice-core and speleothem chronologies. The high-resolution Monticchio data then have been compared in detail with the Greenland ice-core d18O record (NorthGRIP) and the northern Alps speleothem d18Ocalcite data (NALPS). Based on visual inspection of major changes in the proxy data, MON 2-6 are suggested to correlate with Greenland stadials (GS) 25-20. MON 1 (Woillard event), the first and shortest cooling spell in the Mediterranean after a long phase of stable interglacial conditions, has no counterpart in the Greenland ice core, but coincides with the lowest isotope values at the end of the gradual decrease in d18Oice in NorthGRIP during the second half of the Greenland interstadial (GI) 25. MON 3 is the least pronounced cold spell and shows gradual transitions, whereas its NorthGRIP counterpart GS 24 is characterized by sharp changes in the isotope records. MON 2 and MON 4 are the longest most and pronounced oscillations in the MON sediments in good agreement with their counterparts identified in the ice and spelethem records. The length of MON 4 (correlating with GS 22) supports the duration of stadial proposed by the NALPS timescales and suggests ca 500 yr longer duration than calculated by the ice-core chronologies GICC05modelext and AICC2012. Absolute dating of the cold spells provided by the MON-2014 chronology shows good agreement among the MON-2014, the GICC05modelext and the NALPS timescales for the period between 112 and 100 ka. In contrast, the MON-2014 varve chronology dates the oscillations MON 4 to MON 6 (92-76 ka) ca. 3,500 years older than the most likely corresponding stadials GS 22 to GS 20 by the other chronologies.

Mineralogical, sedimentological and paleontological analyses of ODP Hole 127-797B upper Quarternary sediments

Nearly continuous cores of Quaternary fine-grained sediments with distinct dark-light colored cycles were recovered from Sites 794, 795, and 797 in the basinal parts of the Japan Sea during Leg 127. A comparison of gray value (darkness) profiles supplemented by visual inspection of core photographs between sites indicated that most of the dark and light layers were correlatable between sites, and that two of the dark layers lie close to adjacent marker ash layers. These observations indicate that deposition of dark and light layers resulted from basin-wide synchronous events. In order to understand the origin of these dark-light cycles, petrographical, mineralogical, compositional, and paleontological studies were carried out on closely spaced samples from the upper Quaternary sediments recovered from Site 797. Age model was constructed based on comparison between variation in diatom abundance and the standard oxygen isotope curve of Imbrie et al. (1984), the latter was interpolated between the five age controlled levels established at Site 797. The two curves show similar patterns which enabled us to "tune" the sediment ages to the oxygen isotope stages. We have to use variation in diatom abundance as a substitute for oxygen isotope curve since oxygen isotopic data are not available at the studied sites. Bottom water oxygenation conditions were estimated based on two criteria: (1) the degree of lamina preservation and (2) the ratio of Corg to Stot. The surface water productivity was deduced from the Corg and biogenic silica content. Results suggest that the bottom water oxygenation level and the surface water productivity varied significantly in response to the glacial-interglacial cycles. Glacio-eustatic sea-level changes and subsequent changes in water circulation in the Japan Sea appear to have been responsible for these variations and consequent changes in sediment composition throughout the Quaternary.

Eolian records from sediment core RC27-61 in the Arabian Sea

The modern Indian Ocean summer monsoon is driven by differential heating between the Asian continent and the Indian Ocean to the south. This differential heating produces a strong pressure gradient which drives southwest monsoon winds during June, July, and August. Satellite and meteorological observations, aerosol measurements, sediment trap studies, and mineralogical studies indicate an atmospheric mode of transport for modern lithogenic sediments in the northwest Arabian Sea. Analyses of lithogenic grain size and mass accumulation rate (MAR) records from the Owen Ridge indicate that eolian transport has been the primary mode of transport for the past 370 kyr. Visual inspection shows that the MAR record is positively correlated with global ice volume as indicated by the marine delta18O record. In contrast, the grain-size record varies at a much higher frequency, showing little correlation to either the MAR or the delta18O records. Spectral analyses confirm these relationships, indicating that the lithogenic grain-size and MAR records are coherent only over the precession band whereby the grain size leads the MAR by 124° (~8 kyr). We conclude that an eolian transport mechanism is the only mechanism that allows for this phase difference and at the same time is supported by comparison of the grain size and MAR with independent eolian records. We use lithogenic grain size as a paleoclimatic indicator of summer monsoon wind strength and lithogenic MAR as a paleoclimatic indicator of source-area aridity. These interpretations are supported by comparison of the lithogenic records to independent indicators of wind strength (Globigerina bulloides upwelling record) and aridity (a loess record from central China). Such comparisons indicate high coherence and zero phase relationships. Our work supports the findings of previous studies which have documented the link between monsoon strength and the Earth's axial precession cycles. Both the lithogenic MAR and the grain-size records have high coherency with precessional insolation. Maximum lithogenic MAR (source-area aridity) is in phase with delta18O (global ice volume) and leads maximum precessional insolation by 88° (~6 kyr). We attribute this lead to the influence of glacial conditions on the aridity, and therefore the deflation potential, of the source areas. Maximum lithogenic grain size (summer monsoon wind strength) lags maximum precession by 148° (~9 kyr). We attribute this lag both to the influence of global and/or local ice volume and to the availability of latent heat from the southern hemisphere Indian Ocean, the two of which combine to determine the strength of the Indian Ocean monsoon.

An investigation into hot-spots in two large grid-connected PV plants

This paper details an investigation into the appearance of hot-spots in two large grid-connected photovoltaics (PV) plants, which were detected after the visual inspection of trackers whose energy output was decreasing at anomalous rate. Detected hot-spots appeared not only in the solar cells but also in resistive solder bonds (RSB) between cells and contact ribbons. Both types cause similar irreversible damage to the PV modules, but the latter are the main responsible for the detected decrease in energy output, which was confirmed in an experimental testing campaign. The results of this investigation, for example, how hot-spots were detected or their impact on the output power of PV modules, may be of interest for the routine maintenance of large grid-connected PV plants.

Análisis de un brazo robótico con Gazebo y ROS para tareas de inspección remota en el CERN

Con el devenir de los tiempos e incentivado por el desarrollo tecnológico, la cantidad y complejidad de los experimentos realizados en el conocido laboratorio de física de partículas, C.E.R.N, ha alcanzado límites insospechados. Además, su evolución se acentúa y motiva con cada nuevo descubrimiento. Prueba de estas ansias por desvelar las entrañas y secretos del universo se encuentra en el choque de 13 TeV que tuvo lugar el pasado mes de mayo. Con él, no sólo se marcaban inequívocamente las expectativas del complejo para este nuevo ciclo de funcionamiento, sino que además se daba el pistoletazo de salida a la carrera que culminaría con el descubrimiento de los pentaquarks. A nivel ingenieril, esta mejora de las capacidades del complejo implica un exponencial endurecimiento de las exigencias impuestas a los sistemas empleados. Por consiguiente y de forma inevitable, las condiciones del interior del acelerador migran hacia baremos cada vez más drásticos. Tanto es así que los niveles de radiación alcanzados actualmente limitan notablemente el acceso de personal al acelerador; lo que se traduce en un incremento de los tiempos de mantenimiento y reparación. Actualmente estos retardos tratan de ser mitigados mediante el uso de robots móviles operados remotamente. De entre ellos, llama la atención aquél conocido bajo el acrónimo T.I.M (Train for RP Survey and visual inspection in LHC). Este tren, constituido por 5 vagones, se desplaza a lo largo del acelerador de partículas midiendo los niveles de radiación y oxígeno al tiempo que proporciona realimentación visual. En el presente proyecto se propone la mejora de las tareas de inspección y mantenimiento mediante la integración de un manipulador robótico de 6 grados de libertad en uno de los vagones del citado tren. De este modo, se consigue un sistema capaz de trasladarse a cualquier punto del acelerador, en un tiempo record, y realizar una gran cantidad de tareas de mantenimiento que comprenden desde simples inspecciones visuales a complejas labores como puede ser desatornillado o extracción de componentes dañados. Por otro lado, se plantea un segundo desarrollo sobre el que sustentar el diseño propuesto: “Construcción de un simulador robótico de alta fiabilidad, basado en ROS y Gazebo”. Adicionalmente, esta herramienta Software atiende a otros fines complementarios: sirve de trampolín para futuros desarrollos encauzados a la mejora del sistema mecánico; entrega una herramienta de bajo coste con la que analizar la integración de nuevos hitos en robótica y, por último, permite evaluar la adopción de un nuevo paradigma de programación en el que ROS se encuentre inmerso.

Análisis Constructivo y Dimensional de las Fachadas de la Gran Vía madrileña en el primer tramo de la calle

Esta investigación analiza la solución constructiva y dimensional de las fachadas del primer tramo de la Gran Vía madrileña y señala, entre otros aspectos, la aportación que supuso en el Sector de la Construcción español, la incorporación de perfilería metálica a la fábrica en los edificios del primer tramo de la calle, constituyendo el punto de partida del construir moderno del Madrid de principios del Siglo XX. Se han analizado sistemas y modulaciones que sintetizan, en un catálogo de fichas el modo constructivo de los primeros lustros del SXX. La metodología se ha centrado en el diseño de las fichas que describo a continuación: • Ficha de Histórica de datos generales (hitos históricos), esta ficha resume la historia de la construcción del edificio, indicando usos tanto originales como actuales, propiedad, fecha de construcción, e intervenciones constatadas. Especial significado para el desarrollo del trabajo tiene la definición de usos tanto originales como actuales. El uso del edificio se ha interpretado como la función. • Ficha dimensional, muestra medidas tanto en el eje X como en el Y, o en Z, en concreto intereje de huecos, medidas de entrepaños, ancho de huecos; medidas de suelo a suelo, medida del hueco más dintel; medidas de vuelos de balcones y/o miradores, y otros parámetros como porcentaje de huecos en fachada, frecuencia de aparición de los distintos huecos, su proporción alto ancho; parámetros que definen dimensionalmente los elementos que constituyen la fachada del edificio. Esta Ficha se acompaña del alzado de cada edificio acotado y de una fotografía actual. • Ficha de elementos y sistemas constructivos, en función del soporte (composición) y/o del material de acabado recogen datos obtenidos de la documentación gráfica y memorias existente en el archivo histórico y/o de documentación gráfica realizada por arquitectos que han intervenido en estos edificios. Tanto el contacto establecido con los arquitectos intervinientes, propietarios y empresas constructoras, como la localización de manuales de construcción fechados entre 1870 y 1925, han ayudado a definir a través de este catálogo de Fichas, los tipos (sistemas) constructivos y las modulaciones empleadas, una métrica que define con matemáticas la geometría del diseño, expresando además toda la carga de magia, encantamiento y siempre de modelo y orden que permanece en las fachadas de estos edificios. El desarrollo de estas técnicas denominadas en 1915 modernas han supuesto un cambio importante en el diseño, pues éste es un hecho diferencial en esta arquitectura con estructura metálica con respecto a los sistemas constructivos anteriores, permitiendo reducir el espesor del muro, y conseguir luces superiores tanto en huecos como en los vuelos de elementos salientes (balcones y miradores ) y consiguiendo un diseño acorde con la importancia del edificio. Una vez analizado el uso del edificio, sus dimensiones y los sistemas empleados, (siempre referidos al estudio de fachadas), se ha podido comprobar la relación entre Dimensión, Sistema y Función y los casos concretos en que esto sucede. La inspección visual y seguimiento de la calle han constatado la frecuencia de las labores de mantenimiento, reparación, o restauración en las fachadas de estos edificios. Estos conocimientos serán importantes de cara a intervenciones posteriores en el tiempo, quizá en los próximos 100 años. ABSTRACT Innovative techniques used in Spanish construction (for houses and buildings) emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. Reinforced steel profiles instead of traditional masonry was one of the most important innovations that was introduced. In order to make the most of the space available, masonry had to be as light as possible. This paper will examine the façades of these first buildings in “Gran Vía” Street and aims to show how they were constructed. Field work was carried out in order to analyze both the history of how the buildings were constructed and the construction and dimensional systems of the façade elements. Comprehending these building techniques and characteristics is the purpose of this Investigation. Some data sheets (cards) have been designed for finding out about historical information, uses, modulations and construction systems, in order to determine the relation between the Function, Dimension and System in these buildings. • The historical card shows date of construction, uses, propertys not only the original ones but nowadays, interventions special interest keeps the use or finality of the building. • The dimensional card shows measurements not only of axis X but also Y and Z, specifically the centre distance of openings, measurements of stretches of walls, the width of openings; floor to floor measurements, measurement of windows plus lintels; balcony overhangs and / or bay windows, and other parameters such as the percentage of façade openings, the frequency of the appearance of different openings, their proportion regarding height and width; parameters that dimensionally define the elements that make the façade of the building. This Card accompanies of the elevation of every measured building plus a current photograph. • Card of elements and building systems, depending on the support (composition) and / or the finish material that compiles information obtained from the existing graphic documentation and reports from historic files and / or graphic documentation drawn up by architects who have intervened in these buildings. The visual inspection and follow-up of the street confirm the frequency of maintenance work, repairs, or restoration of the façades of these buildings. Comprehension of these techniques and characteristics will enable future intervention, maybe in the next century.

Caracterização do perfil audiológico de escolares de escola pública do município de Bauru/SP

Muitos dos problemas auditivos não são notados por pais e professores. Este fato prejudica a aprendizagem da criança principalmente no ambiente escolar. Por isso, programas de triagem auditiva podem ser utilizados com o intuito de detectar e, posteriormente, diagnosticar escolares a fim de que se possa prevenir ou minimizar o impacto a que possíveis sequelas auditivas venham prejudicar o rendimento escolar da criança. Hoje em dia podemos contar com programas que permitem o melhor acompanhamento de populações que necessitam de cuidados preventivos e curativos, e a audição é um aspecto muito importante que pode ser avaliado quando estes programas são colocados em prática. O Programa Nacional de Reorientação da Formação Profissional em Saúde (Pró-Saúde), que visou reorientar a formação profissional, teve como objetivo integrar ensino-serviço e promover atenção básica por meio da abordagem integral do processo saúde-doença. Ambientes externos podem ser utilizados por alunos e professores universitários para que possam colocadas em prática ações que possibilitem a humanização das práticas de atenção a saúde e a integralidade das mesmas, por meio da articulação de ações e serviços de saúde, preventivos e curativos, individuais e coletivos. A escola é considerada um dos ambientes que este trabalho pode ser realizado. O Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) abre o ambiente escolar com a finalidade de contribuir para a formação integral dos estudantes da rede pública de educação básica por meio de ações de prevenção, promoção e atenção à saúde. Sendo um estudo do tipo retrospectivo transversal, como objetivo principal caracterizar o perfil audiológico de escolares de escola pública do município de Bauru SP, contando com a integração de profissionais da área da saúde e educação no ambiente escolar, o que teve como base os programas citados acima. A triagem auditiva foi realizada com a aplicação dos seguintes procedimentos: imitanciometria, inspeção visual do meato acústico externo, emissões otoacústicas por produto de distorção e audiometria tonal liminar. Observou-se que do total de 652 estudantes, a grande maioria (97,1%) dos participantes com faixa etária entre 10 e 18 anos, apresentaram audição normal. Em 2,9% desta população foi encontrada alguma alteração auditiva temporária. Com a exceção de um único participante, portador de perda auditiva sensorioneural. Apesar de encontrarmos muitas crianças e adolescentes com audição normal, o que mais ressalta a importância deste trabalho é a necessidade da triagem auditiva em ambientes escolares e, essencialmente, o acompanhamento das mesmas nesta faixa etária, já que são escassos os estudos referentes a ela. Apesar das poucas alterações auditivas encontradas serem passageiras, são exatamente estas que interferem no bom rendimento escolar e outros fatores.

Calibración de cámaras de tiempo de vuelo: ajuste adaptativo del tiempo de integración y análisis de la frecuencia de modulación

La percepción de profundidad se hace imprescindible en muchas tareas de manipulación, control visual y navegación de robots. Las cámaras de tiempo de vuelo (ToF: Time of Flight) generan imágenes de rango que proporcionan medidas de profundidad en tiempo real. No obstante, el parámetro distancia que calculan estas cámaras es fuertemente dependiente del tiempo de integración que se configura en el sensor y de la frecuencia de modulación empleada por el sistema de iluminación que integran. En este artículo, se presenta una metodología para el ajuste adaptativo del tiempo de integración y un análisis experimental del comportamiento de una cámara ToF cuando se modifica la frecuencia de modulación. Este método ha sido probado con éxito en algoritmos de control visual con arquitectura ‘eye-in-hand’ donde el sistema sensorial está compuesto por una cámara ToF. Además, la misma metodología puede ser aplicada en otros escenarios de trabajo.

Cervical Cancer Control, Priorities and New Directions

Cervical cancer is caused by infection with a range of high risk oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types, and it is now accepted that >99% of cervical cancer is initiated by HPV infection. The estimated lifetime risk of cervical cancer is nevertheless relatively low (less than I in 20 for most community based studies). Although sensitivity and specificity of the available diagnostic techniques are suboptimal, Screening for persistent HPV infection is effective in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer. Infection can be detected by molecular techniques or by cytological examination of exfoliated cervical cells. Persistent infection is the single best predictor of risk of cervical cancer.(1) The latest findings of HPV and cervical cancer research need to be widely disseminated to the scientific and medical societies that are updating screening and management protocols, public health professionals, and to women and clinicians. This report reviews current evidence, clinical implications and directions for further research in the prevention, control and management of cervical cancer. We report the conclusions of the Experts' Meeting at the EUROGIN 2003 conference. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.