The efficiency of urine dipsticks for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most prevalent pathologies in developed countries, particularly in women, characterized by the presence of bacterial growth in any part of the urinary system. Currently, urine culture is considered the gold standard method for the diagnosis of UTI. However, this method has several disadvantages including the time necessary for obtaining the results and the associated high costs. Therefore, it is important to evaluate new efficient and valuable methods for the diagnosis of these infections. Objectives: Presently, dipsticks are considered a possible valuable alternative to urine culture. This method has very low costs associated and the results can be obtained in few minutes. Here we aim to compare the sensibility, specificity, predictive value of a positive test and a negative test of both methods in order to determine the efficiency of the test strips method and also to characterize the microorganism more frequently isolated.

Relative Frequency of Nosocomial Microorganisms at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994

The frequency of microorganisms identified in nosocomial infections at Unicamp University Hospital from 1987 to 1994 was analysed. The most common microorganism was S. aureus (20.9%), which was found in surgical wound, bloodstream and arterial-venous infections. In urinary tract infections (UTI), gram-negative rods (56.5%) and yeasts (9%) predominated. A. baumannii isolates were observed to have increased in the last three years. There was a gradual increase in the frequency of coagulase-negative staphylococci and A. baumannii in bloodstream infections but there wasn’t any change in Candida sp

Biological and genetic characteristics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains

The aim of the present study was to determine biological characteristics such as expression of fimbriae, Congo red binding, production of hemolysin and aerobactin, adhesion to HeLa and uroepithelial cells and invasion of HeLa cells by Escherichia coli isolates obtained from patients showing clinical signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). Also, the presence of genes (apa, afa, spa) for fimbria expression and cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF1, CNF2) was assayed using specific primers in PCR. The data obtained were compared with the clonal relationships obtained by analysis of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the rDNA (ribotyping) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR). All isolates but one presented a combination of at least two of the characteristics studied, a fact suggesting the presence of pathogenicity islands (PAIs). Diffuse adherence type to HeLa cells was observed to occur in most of the strains, but adhesion to uroepithelial cells seems to be a more reliable test to verify pathogenicity. Although four strains seemed to be able to invade HeLa cells when assayed by light microscopy, electron microscopy studies demonstrated that these strains were not invasive. MLEE, RFLP and ERIC-PCR were able to group the isolates differently into main clusters that were not correlated with the presence of pathogenic traits.

Virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from a University Hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of virulence genes expressing fimbriae, production of hemolysin, colicin and aerobactin among a hundred Escherichia coli isolates obtained from in-and outpatients of a tertiary-care teaching hospital, between July and August 2000, showing clinical and laboratory signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). The presence of genes (pap, afa, sfa) for fimbriae expression was assayed using specific primers in a polymerase chain reaction. Among the isolates studied, the prevalence of the virulence factors was 96.0%, 76.0%, 24.0%, for hemolysin, aerobactin and colicin, respectively; the prevalence of genes coding for fimbrial adhesive systems was 32.0%, 19.0% and 11.0% for pap, sfa and afa respectively. The strains isolated from the outpatients displayed a greater number of virulence factors compared to those from hospitalized subjects, emphasizing the difference between these two kinds of patients.

Infecções Urinárias e Gravidez - Diagnóstico, Terapêutica e Prevenção

Objectives: Literature review of classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, microbiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications, treatment and prevention of urinary tract infections (UTI) in pregnancy. Data Sources and Review Methods: Bibliographic research in Medline, through PubMed and Medscape, of systematic reviews, observational studies, clinical guidelines, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials published between January 1992 and December 2010. Results: Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2 to 10% of pregnant women, 30% of which will develop acute pyelonephritis if left untreated. Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria has been shown to reduce the risk of pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Therefore, screening and treatment of this form of UTI has become a standard of obstetrical care, although the ideal duration of the treatment is still controverse. Acute pyelonephritis is one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy and may be associated with maternal, obstetric and perinatal complications. There is no clear consensus in the literature regarding antibiotic choice or duration of therapy for symptomatic UTI. Increasing antibiotic resistance complicates the choice of empirical regimens and local resistance rates need to be taken into account when deciding the therapy. Considering the high rate of recurrence of UTI during pregnancy, prophylactic measures need to be taken in pregnant women who have already experienced UTI during their current pregnancy. Conclusions: Although UTI is a generally benign condition in non-pregnant women, it may be a potentially serious complication during pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment of UTI during pregnancy are mandatory and can prevent severe maternal and perinatal complications.

FREQUENCY, URINALYSIS AND SUSCEPTIBILITY PROFILE OF PATHOGENS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN ENUGU STATE, SOUTHEAST NIGERIA

Objective: This study was designed to determine the frequency and causative agent(s) of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in individuals with symptoms of urinary tract infections in Enugu State of Southeast Nigeria, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of microbial agents isolated from urine culture.Methods: The study involved 211 individuals (149 females and 62 males) clinically suspected for UTI. Urine samples were collected by the mid-stream ‘clean catch’ method and tested using standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated pathogens was tested using the Kirby-Bauer technique according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.Results: Microscopy of centrifuged urine samples showed 16 patients had pyuria while 54 had pus cells. Calcium oxalate crystals were found in 14 samples. Urinalysis performed with urine samples showed 17 had protein; seven were nitrite positive and three had moderate to high glucose concentration. Fifty-four urine samples (36.2%) from females and 12 (19.4%) from males showed significant growth upon culture. Gram stain and biochemical tests identified nine different organisms with Escherichia coli as the most common isolated species. Forty three randomly selected strains were further tested for their susceptibility against a panel of antibiotics. Thirty isolates (81.08%) were resistant to four or more antibiotics with the highest resistance shown by E. coli (76.67%). All the Gram- negative isolates were resistant to Ampicilox, Cefuroxime and Amoxicillin.Conclusion: Urinary tract infections were found more in females in the area under study. As found in other studies, E. coli was the most predominant isolate, although other organisms seem to be on the increase.

SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIBIOTICS IN URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN A SECONDARY CARE SETTING FROM 2005-2006 AND 2010-2011, IN SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL: DATA FROM 11,943 URINE CULTURES

Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) has a high incidence and recurrence, therefore, treatment is empirical in the majority of cases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the urine cultures performed at a secondary hospital, during two periods, 2005-2006 and 2010-2011, and to estimate the microbial resistance. Patients and methods: We analyzed 11,943 aerobic urine cultures according to basic demographic data and susceptibility to antibiotics in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) for Vitek 1 and 2. Results: Most of our cohort consisted of young adult females that were seen at the Emergency Department. E. coli was the most frequent (70.2%) among the 75 species isolated. Resistance of all isolates was ≥ 20% for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), norfloxacin, nitrofurantoin, cefazolin and nalidixic acid. Although E. coli was more susceptible (resistance ≥ 20% for TMP/SMX and nalidixic acid) among all of the isolates, when classified by the number and percentage of antibiotic resistance. Global resistance to fluoroquinolones was approximately 12%. Risk factors for E. coli were female gender and an age less than 65 years. Men and patients older than 65 years of age, presented more resistant isolates. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were identified in 173 out of 5,722 Gram-negative isolates (3.0%) between 2010 and 2011. Conclusion: E. coli was the most frequent microbe isolated in the urine cultures analyzed in this study. There was a significant evolution of bacterial resistance between the two periods studied. In particular, the rise of bacterial resistance to fluoroquinolones was concerning.

Isolamento e identificação de amebas de vida livre potencialmente patogênicas em amostras de ambientes de hospital público da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS

Um estudo sobre a presença de amebas de vida livre em um hospital público foi desenvolvido na Cidade de Porto Alegre, RS. Poeira e biofilmes de 15 ambientes hospitalares, incluindo CTI, UTI pediátrica, cozinha, emergência, centro cirúrgico ambulatorial e centro cirúrgico, reservatórios de água, torneira e 6 bebedouros coletivos foram coletados mensalmente, de julho de 2004 a março de 2005, usando-se suabes estéreis, preparados para a pesquisa. As AVL foram isoladas em cultivo, utilizando-se meio de ágar não nutriente adicionado de Escherichia coli, mortas pelo calor. A identificação dos protozoários foi feita pela observação morfológica de cistos e trofozoítos, segundo critérios morfológicos de Page (1988). Das 135 amostras coletadas dos 15 ambientes estudados, 47 (35%) foram positivas para AVL. Destas, 34% apresentaram características morfológicas próprias do gênero Acanthamoeba.

Nosocomial infections in a pediatric intensive care unit of a developing country: NHSN surveillance

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of the three most common nosocomial infections (NI), namely, sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection (UTI), in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a developing country and to define the risk factors associated with NI. METHODS: We performed a prospective study on the incidence of NI in a single PICU, between August 2009 and August 2010. Active surveillance by National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) was conducted in the unit and children with NI (cases) were compared with a group (matched controls) in a case-control fashion. RESULTS: We analyzed 172 patients; 22.1% had NI, 71.1% of whom acquired it in the unit. The incidence densities of sepsis, pneumonia, and UTI per 1,000 patients/day were 17.9, 11.4, and 4.3, respectively. The most common agents in sepsis were Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli (18% each); Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated in 13% of cases. In pneumonias Staphylococcus aureus was the most common cause (3.2%), and in UTI the most frequent agents were yeasts (33.3%). The presence of NI was associated with a long period of hospitalization, use of invasive devices (central venous catheter, nasogastric tube), and use of antibiotics. The last two were independent factors for NI. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of NI acquired in this unit was high and was associated with extrinsic factors.

Study of the risk factors related to acquisition of urinary tract infections in patients submitted to renal transplant

INTRODUCTION: Urinary tract infections (UTI) among transplant recipients are usually caused by gram-negative microorganisms and can provoke a high incidence of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with the acquisition of UTIs during the first year after renal transplantation. METHODS: Here, we report a single-center retrospective cohort study of 99 renal transplant patients followed for the first year after surgery. The definition of a UTI episode was a urine culture showing bacterial growth and leucocyturia when patients presented with urinary symptoms. The absence of infection (asymptomatic bacteriuria) was defined as an absence of symptoms with negative urine culture or bacterial growth with any number of colonies. RESULTS: Ninety-nine patients were included in the study. During the study, 1,847 urine cultures were collected, and 320 (17.3%) tested positive for bacterial growth. Twenty-six (26.2%) patients developed a UTI. The most frequent microorganisms isolated from patients with UTIs were Klebsiella pneumoniae (36%), with 33% of the strains resistant to carbapenems, followed by Escherichia coli (20%). There were no deaths or graft losses associated with UTI episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Among the UTI risk factors studied, the only one that was associated with a higher incidence of infection was female sex. Moreover, the identification of drug-resistant strains is worrisome, as these infections have become widespread globally and represent a challenge in the control and management of infections, especially in solid organ transplantation.

Transtornos mentais comuns em médicos e seu cotidiano de trabalho

OBJETIVO: Comparar o cotidiano de trabalho e a prevalência dos transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) dos médicos que exerciam suas atividades profissionais no serviço de emergência com os da UTI e enfermarias de um hospital geral da rede estadual em Recife, em 2004. MÉTODOS:Estudo de prevalência tendo utilizado como instrumentos um questionário sobre o Cotidiano de Trabalho Médico e o Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), para identificar os TMC. Foram descritas características demográficas, socioeconômicas e do cotidiano de trabalho dos médicos do hospital. Calculou-se a prevalência global dos TMC e por setor de trabalho. RESULTADOS: Comparando os médicos da emergência com os da UTI e enfermarias, aqueles tinham vínculo empregatício com o Estado (p < 0,0001), múltiplos empregos (p = 0,004), maior carga horária semanal de trabalho (> 71 horas) (p = 0,007), maior sensação de sobrecarga de trabalho (95,74%, p = 0,015) e recebiam no hospital até 5 salários mínimos (p < 0,0001). Embora a diferença não tenha sido estatisticamente significante, a prevalência de TMC foi maior nos médicos da emergência (32,00%), comparando-se aos da UTI (17,65%) e enfermarias (17,54%). CONCLUSÃO: Identificou-se a emergência como setor de maior prevalência de TMC e com médicos vivenciando piores condições de trabalho.

Elaboração e avaliação de um instrumento para identificar memórias referentes à Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

OBJETIVO: Descrever o desenvolvimento de um instrumento para identificar as recordações de pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e verificar a validade de conteúdo e a aplicabilidade do instrumento. MÉTODO: Estudo de desenvolvimento metodológico, fundamentado na teoria de elaboração de escalas psicológicas de Pasquali (1998). Para elaboração do instrumento, foram percorridas três etapas, a construção dos itens, a análise da validade de conteúdo e aparência por um painel de experts e, por fim, a realização de um estudo-piloto para verificar a aplicabilidade do instrumento na população-alvo. RESULTADOS: Houve pouca discordância entre os experts na análise das questões de acordo com os domínios do construto. Os itens foram avaliados positivamente, recebendo uma pontuação acima de 80%, valor este que obedece ao critério de validação do instrumento. Dessa forma, os itens foram considerados consistentes em relação aos domínios e ao construto, possibilitando identificar recordações das experiências vividas pelos pacientes durante sua permanência em UTI. CONCLUSÕES: Os itens propostos mostraram-se compreensíveis, claros e com uma adequada estrutura de apresentação. O instrumento apresenta validade de conteúdo atestada por um painel de experts, demonstrando possuir características teóricas para identificar memórias de pacientes internados em UTI a curto e longo prazo.

Fatores estressantes para familiares de pacientes criticamente enfermos de uma unidade de terapia intensiva

OBJETIVO: Identificar os principais estressores ambientais, conforme a percepção de familiares de pacientes internados em uma UTI-G de adultos de um hospital público universitário. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal descritivo com familiares de pacientes gravemente enfermos internados na UTI de um hospital escola. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se uma escala contendo 25 itens relacionados a eventos da referida UTI. Para análise dos resultados, as respostas foram classificadas como estressores ambientais, referentes à equipe, ao paciente e à visita. RESULTADOS: Participaram 53 familiares, 67,9% mulheres, com média de idade de 39,7 anos. Os fatores relacionados ao paciente foram mais estressantes do que aqueles referentes à equipe e ao ambiente (p < 0,005). Os eventos mais estressantes para os familiares estiveram relacionados à insegurança e ao medo quanto ao estado clínico do paciente, dentre esses, o motivo e o tempo de internação e ver o paciente em coma. CONCLUSÃO: A internação de um parente próximo na UTI foi considerada pelos familiares que efetivamente participaram desse processo um evento estressante. Todos os participantes indicaram pelo menos um evento causador de estresse capaz de provocar diferentes reações emocionais. Conhecer tais eventos pode facilitar as estratégias de humanização hospitalar, propiciando alternativas para reduzir os níveis de estresse e alterações psiquiátricas subsequentes.

Transtorno de estresse pós-traumático e a presença de recordações referentes à unidade de terapia intensiva

OBJETIVO: Identificar a incidência de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) em pacientes submetidos à ventilação mecânica (VM) e analisar a sua relação com variáveis clínicas, demográficas e presença de recordações referentes à unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo longitudinal realizado durante o período de um ano na UTI de um hospital-escola. A avaliação ocorreu três meses após a alta da UTI durante consulta ambulatorial. Os sujeitos foram avaliados utilizando-se um instrumento para avaliar memórias de UTI (IAM-TI) e o Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), para avaliar o TEPT. RESULTADOS: Do total de respondentes, 68,8% eram do sexo masculino, a idade variou entre 18 e 79 anos, com média de 43,5 anos ± 17,1. Quanto à avaliação dos pacientes, 14,5% apresentaram sintomas de TEPT, quando utilizado um ponto de corte > 20 pontos. Para uma melhor precisão diagnóstica, foi utilizado também o ponto de corte ≥ 33 pontos e, nesse caso, sete pacientes (5,1%) apresentaram o transtorno. CONCLUSÃO: Poucos pacientes preencheram todos os critérios para o diagnóstico de TEPT, indicando que a grande maioria deles apresentou apenas sintomatologia relacionada ao TEPT.

Esternotomia parcial mediana em H. Um novo acesso para a cirurgia cardíaca

OBJETIVO: Apresentar a nossa experiência com a toracotomia minimamente invasiva (TMI) em pacientes com doença valvar e descrever um novo tipo de toracotomia. MÉTODOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes com doença valvar, como maior problema cardíaco, foram submetidos a operação em um período de 5 meses. A incisão utilizada foi uma TMI em duas formas, uma em T invertido e outra em H. Nesta série, as reoperações constituíram 24%. RESULTADOS: O tamanho da incisão de pele variou de 7,5 a 11,0cm (média = 9,1cm). O tempo de permanência médio na UTI foi de 31h e hospitalar de 4,8 dias. Em todos os pacientes a cirurgia pôde ser realizada apropriadamente através deste acesso, sendo que em apenas um, foi necessária esternotomia total. CONCLUSÃO: A TMI apresenta algumas vantagens, como melhor resultado estético, menos dor e maior estabilidade torácica. Estes fatores possibilitam uma extubação precoce, diminuindo o tempo de internação hospitalar. A esternotomia em H apresenta como grande benefício a exposição da parte mais central do tórax, permitindo um melhor acesso a todas as valvas cardíacas. Esta técnica não apresentou complicações nas reoperações, o que nos faz acreditar que seja tão segura quanto a esternotomia total.