845 resultados para Traqueia - Cancer - 2008 a 2012


Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Dissertação de Mestrado, Finanças Empresariais, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of patients suffering from registered chronic disease list (CDL) conditions in a section of the South African private health sector from 2008 - 2012. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of the medicine claims database of a nationally (South African) representative Pharmacy Benefit Management (PBM) company data between 2008 and 2012. Statistical analysis was used to analyse the data. Descriptive analysis was performed to calculate the prevalence of CDL conditions for the entire population, and stratified by age and gender. However, MIXED linear modelling was used to determine changes in the average number of CDL conditions per patient, adjusted for age and gender from 2008 - 2012. Results: An increase of 0.20 in chronic diseases was observed from 2008 - 2012 in patients having any CDL condition, with an average of 1.57 (1.57 - 1.58, 95 % CI) co-morbid CDL conditions in 2008 and 1.77 (1.77 - 1.78, 95 % CI) in 2012. This increase in average number of CDL conditions per patient between 2008 and 2012 was statistically significant (p < 0.05), but with no large practical significance (d < 0.8). Conclusion: Prevalence of patients with CDL conditions along with risk of co-morbidity has been increasing with time in the private health sector of South Africa. Risk of increased co-morbidity with age and among different genders was prevalent.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, 2016.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

BACKGROUND Infections with Mycobacterium bovis and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) are shared between livestock, wildlife and sporadically human beings. Wildlife reservoirs exist worldwide and can interfere with bovine tuberculosis (TB) eradication efforts. The Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a MTC maintenance host in Mediterranean Iberia (Spain and Portugal). However, few systematic studies in wild boar have been carried out in Atlantic regions. We describe the prevalence, distribution, pathology and epidemiology of MTC and other mycobacteria from wild boar in Atlantic Spain. A total of 2,067 wild boar were sampled between 2008 and 2012. RESULTS The results provide insight into the current status of wild boar as MTC and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) hosts in temperate regions of continental Europe. The main findings were a low TB prevalence (2.6%), a low proportion of MTC infected wild boar displaying generalized TB lesions (16.7%), and a higher proportion of MAC infections (4.5%). Molecular typing revealed epidemiological links between wild boar and domestic - cattle, sheep and goat - and other wildlife - Eurasian badger (Meles meles) and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) - hosts. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the likelihood of MTC excretion by wild boar in Atlantic habitats is much lower than in Mediterranean areas. However, wild boar provide a good indicator of MTC circulation and, given the current re-emergence of animal TB, similar large-scale surveys would be advisable in other Atlantic regions of continental Europe.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

What’s behind the mistakes and difficulties that appear on the students to understand and study mathematics?are only related to the cognitive complexity of the content or such difficulties are also related to the possible ways to access the different mathematical objects? The mathematical activity generated in many students learning difficulties that are not manifested in cognitive processes related to other areas of knowledge. If something characterizes the processes of teaching and learning of mathematics is that, unlike what happens with the objects of study in the experimental sciences, the only way to access to them is through its different semiotic representations. The coordination among the different systems of representation that refer to the same mathematical concept, needs to move from one register to another (D’Amore, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006; Duval, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012; Godino, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2014; Kaput, 1989a, 1989b,1992, 1998; Radford, 1998, 2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2006a, 2008,2009, 2011, 2013, 2014a). Therefore, the treatments that can be realized within a given register and the conversion of one register into another, play an essential role in the grasp of the object and mathematical concepts. Through this work with representations, students give meanings to the objects of study and are able to understand the underlying mathematical structures, which is the main educational interest of this issue...

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

La suma de los conceptos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación, completa un ciclo del sistema de investigación que se proyecta como el más caracterizado incentivo para la creación de conocimiento en las estructuras de la empresa moderna. En la sociedad del conocimiento, este ciclo se convierte en el motor que potencia la economía, a través de la competitividad empresarial, y nutre un entorno socio-económico internacional dinámico en el que intervienen y lo potencian, todos los actores sociales, económicos, administrativos y políticos que conforman toda sociedad. Es cierto que el éxito del complejo de innovación depende del correcto funcionamiento de un conjunto de actores, momentos y recursos, pero en muchos casos la adquisición de estos recursos demanda por parte de las empresas diferentes tipos de financiación. El sistema de ciencia-tecnología-empresa español es relativamente pequeño en comparación con su posición económica en el contexto mundial. Lo que parece claro es que la productividad es el factor clave para la convergencia real y la innovación es el motor de la productividad. El objetivo general de esta tesis, es analizar la relación entre el esfuerzo en I+D que hacen las empresas españolas y la eficacia conseguida por estas. La muestra se compone por 1930 empresas obtenidas de la base de datos del PITEC (Panel de Innovación Tecnológica) durante el periodo comprendido entre el 2008 y 2012...

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Scuba diving allows for underwater visitation of cultural and natural resources. Underwater routes can be used as a tool for guided and supervised underwater visits. Two scuba diving routes were implemented in the Algarve (South of Portugal), the "B24" and "Poco" diving sites. The perceptions of scuba divers regarding several aspects of the routes and the existing support infrastructures were studied following a survey carried out through face-to-face interviews from 2008 to 2012. Divers profile and their perceptions were analysed using 246 valid questionnaires. Divers were mainly Portuguese, over 30 years old and with more than 12 years of formal education. Some of the support infrastructures did not achieve a "good" or "acceptable" grade. This should be carefully considered by diving operators and managers, because perceptions tend to circulate throughout the diving tourists. All features of interpretative slates were graded as highly satisfactory. Overall, diver satisfaction increased slightly after route implementation, with an average ranking of "good". These findings support the implementation of underwater routes as a way to promote diving activity, and to increase divers' environmental education and awareness. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

O Acordo do Clima é um marco nas negociações internacionais deste século. É fato que o aquecimento global ameaça o bem-estar humano e a economia mundial, e o desafio de estabilizar a concentração de gases do efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera, limitando o aumento de temperatura a menos de 2 graus Celsius até 2100, é uma responsabilidade comum, mas as ações devem ter caráter diferenciado dependendo da contribuição histórica e capacidade de cada nação. Para isso será necessária uma mudança de paradigma em relação ao modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, sobretudo a transição da matriz energética baseada nos combustíveis fósseis, em direção a uma economia com predominância de fontes renováveis e de baixa emissão de carbono. O processo de negociação do acordo climático foi longo. Em 1992, o Brasil sediou a primeira Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente e o Desenvolvimento, vinte anos depois da Primeira Conferência Mundial sobre o Homem e o Meio Ambiente (Estocolmo, 1972) que pela primeira vez chamou atenção da comunidade internacional sobre a necessidade de um pacto global para reverter as ameaças à saúde do planeta e das futuras gerações. A Eco-92 celebrou uma série de tratados relacionados à temática ambiental, dentre eles a Convenção-Quadro sobre Mudança do Clima, que abriu caminho para o Protocolo de Quioto. Pela primeira vez, se propõe um calendário pelo qual países-membros tem a obrigação3 de reduzir a emissão de GEE em, pelo menos, 5% em relação aos níveis de 1990 no período entre 2008 e 2012. O Protocolo traz a opção dos países do Anexo I compensarem suas emissões através do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), considerando como medida de redução projetos implementados nos países em desenvolvimento (PED). Sua ratificação só ocorreu em 2005 com a entrada da Rússia, mas ainda sem a participação dos Estados Unidos e China, responsáveis pelas maiores fontes de emissões planetárias. O Brasil teve um papel de liderança nas negociações da Convenção do Clima, principalmente a partir de 2009, quando apresenta a UNFCCC a sua Política Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima (PNMC, Lei no 12.187/2009) e posteriormente o Plano Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima (Decreto 7390/2010). Estes marcos regulatórios definiram a estratégia brasileira de redução voluntária de emissões de GEE (36,1 à 38,9% em relação às emissões projetadas até 2020) e os planos de ação setoriais para atingir tais metas. Apesar de todos os desafios sociais e econômicos, os resultados alcançados pelo Brasil no período de vigência do Protocolo de Quioto representam um dos maiores esforços de um único país até hoje, tendo reduzido suas emissões em mais de 41%, em 2012, com relação aos níveis de 2005. A região amazônica teve papel decisivo, com redução de 85% do desmatamento, enquanto todos os demais setores da economia tiveram aumento de emissões. No Acordo de Paris, o Brasil sinaliza um compromisso ainda mais audacioso de redução de emissões absolutas, e de zerar o desmatamento ilegal em 2030 (iNDC, 2015). Este artigo pretende fazer um retrospecto da construção da proposta do mecanismo de redução de emissões por desmatamento e degradação (REDD) no Brasil e na Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, e discutir o papel das florestas tropicais no combate ao aquecimento global do ponto de vista da relevância da região amazônica para o alcance das metas brasileiras, e o contexto de discussão e implementação de REDD+ nos estados. Finalmente refletir sobre os desafios futuros da recém lançada Estratégia Nacional de REDD+ (ENREDD+) frente ao baixo retorno histórico recebido pelas populações amazônidas quando analisamos o seu legado na conservação deste imenso patrimônio da humanidade. E a visão traçada pelo Brasil na sua Pretendida Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada (iNDCs), como parte do novo Acordo do Clima, onde o papel das florestas torna-se secundário em relação ao agronegócio.

Relevância:

100.00% 100.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

This is a qualitative, documental and interpretative metasearch article on Applied Linguistics (LA) area, where the characteristics of the subjects involved (teachers and learners) in orality appropriation in the Foreign Language (LE) teaching-learning process are studied. In order to develop this article, theatrical texts, body and voice should be considered as appropriation mediators. The assumptions of Ortiz-Alvarez (2009) and Basso (2008) – reflexive competence – concerning the attitude of the teacher as a language professional who is reflexive on his/her practices, together with the definitions of Perrenoud (2000; 2008); Dewey (1959; [1916]2012; Freire (1975; 1976; 1984; 1996); Libâneo (2006) and Schön (1992; 2000) are here used. The professors metasearched on this article are Massaro (2001; 2007; 2008), from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Reis (2008; 2011; 2012), from the University of Brasilia(UnB); they are (re)analyzed according to the paradigms: a reflexive teacher in the exercise of his/her reflexive practices. The search for the conciliation between a practice peddled by theories and the classroom reality is visible on teachers’ thoughts – those professors not only contemplate their approaches and techniques, but also try to change or propose changes on the world perceptions of learners, other language teachers and, sometimes, their institutions. The term reflexivity is used to define the proposal of acting-thinking-(re)acting as a constant of language professionals lives. Along the reading of the metasearched professors’ work, it is noticed that they have a critical reflexive path (reflexivity) on their reflexive practices reality. They demand an emotional and cognitive involvement that supposes personal unique attitudes - such as an open mind that has the ability of listening to different opinions, with no prejudices or resistance which can block a certain question to be seen from a different point of view.

Relevância:

50.00% 50.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Background: Advance Care Planning is an iterative process of discussion, decision-making and documentation about end-of-life care. Advance Care Planning is highly relevant in palliative care due to intersecting clinical needs. To enhance the implementation of Advance Care Planning, the contextual factors influencing its uptake need to be better understood. Aim: To identify the contextual factors influencing the uptake of Advance Care Planning in palliative care as published between January 2008 and December 2012. Methods: Databases were systematically searched for studies about Advance Care Planning in palliative care published between January 2008 and December 2012. This yielded 27 eligible studies, which were appraised using National Institute of Health and Care Excellence Quality Appraisal Checklists. Iterative thematic synthesis was used to group results. Results: Factors associated with greater uptake included older age, a college degree, a diagnosis of cancer, greater functional impairment, being white, greater understanding of poor prognosis and receiving or working in specialist palliative care. Barriers included having non-malignant diagnoses, having dependent children, being African American, and uncertainty about Advance Care Planning and its legal status. Individuals’ previous illness experiences, preferences and attitudes also influenced their participation. Conclusion: Factors influencing the uptake of Advance Care Planning in palliative care are complex and multifaceted reflecting the diverse and often competing needs of patients, health professionals, legislature and health systems. Large population-based studies of palliative care patients are required to develop the sound theoretical and empirical foundation needed to improve uptake of Advance Care Planning in this setting.

Relevância:

50.00% 50.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

It is crucial for aging societies to evaluate trends in cancer mortality rates of older adults. This study examined socio-demographic and regional characteristics specifically focused on the cancer mortality experience of older adults in Switzerland.

Relevância:

50.00% 50.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Cancer is disease of aging that disproportionately affects older adults and often results in considerable public health consequences. This study evaluated gender-age-specific cancer mortality risk factors in older adults in Switzerland with attention to the most common types of cancer.

Relevância:

50.00% 50.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Background. In the past two decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer in the United States (US) has been increasing. There has been debate on whether the increase is real or an artifact of improved diagnostic scrutiny. Methods. We linked SEER9 database with 2000 US Census to obtain county-level SES (Socioeconomic Status) and compared thyroid cancer incidence trends between high and low SES counties. Joinpoint analysis was used to assess the thyroid cancer incidence trends. Annual Percentage Changes (APCs) were calculated to evaluate incidence trends. Results . The thyroid cancer incidence in high SES counties increased moderately (APC1=+2.5*, *P<0.05) before late 1990s and dramatically increased (APC2=+6.3*) after late 1990s, whereas incidence in low SES counties increased moderately (APC=+3.5*) during the entire time period (1980–2008). For smaller tumors (≤4cm), the APCs in high and low SES counties are similar to each other before late 1990s, but the incidence in high SES counties increased dramatically after late 1990s while that in low SES counties continued at a moderate increase. For large tumors (>4cm), the incidence trends in high SES counties are similar to those of low SES counties, which had a steady moderate increase. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that enhanced detection likely contributed to the increased thyroid cancer incidence in the past decades but cannot fully explain the increase, suggesting that a true increase also exists. Efforts should be made on identifying the cause of this observed increased incidence as well as more refined/selected screening and prevention measures.^

Relevância:

40.00% 40.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Background and aims: Lower-limb lymphoedema is a serious and feared sequela after treatment for gynaecological cancer. Given the limited prospective data on incidence of and risk factors for lymphoedema after treatment for gynaecological cancer we initiated a prospective cohort study in 2008. Methods: Data were available for 353 women with malignant disease. Participants were assessed before treatment and at regular intervals after treatment for two years. Follow-up visits were grouped into time-periods of six weeks to six months (time 1), nine months to 15 months (time 2), and 18 months to 24 months (time 3). Preliminary data analyses were undertaken up to time 2 using generalised estimating equations to model the repeated measures data of Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) quality of life (QoL) scores and self-reported swelling at each follow-up period (best-fitting covariance structure). Results: Depending on the time-period, between 30% and 40% of patients self-reported swelling of the lower limb. The QoL of those with self-reported swelling was lower at all time-periods compared with those who did not have swelling. Mean (95% CI) FACT-G scores at time 0, 1 and 2 were 80.7 (78.2, 83.2), 83.0 (81.0, 85.0) and 86.3 (84.2, 88.4), respectively for those with swelling and 85.0 (83.0, 86.9), 86.0 (84.1, 88.0) and 88.9 (87.0, 90.7), respectively for those without swelling. Conclusions: Lower-limb swelling adversely influences QoL and change in QoL over time in patients with gynaecological cancer.