Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants.

One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age-standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are affecting the number of adults with diabetes. We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue. We used data from 751 studies including 4,372,000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-7.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target. Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults affected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries. Wellcome Trust.

Sovinto riita-asioiden ratkaisukeinona. Sovinnon edellytysten mallintamisesta taloustieteen

Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan dispositiivisen riita-asian ratkaisua Suomen oikeusjärjestelmässä taloustieteen menetelmiä hyödyntämällä. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on yhtäältä selvittää, miksi osa tapauksista etenee käräjäoikeuden pääkäsittelyyn, ja toisaalta havainnollistaa sovintoneuvottelun kulkua ja tulosta. Tärkeimpinä lähteinä ovat olleet S. Shavellin Economic analysis of litigation and the legal process (2003) sekä R. D. Cooterin ja D. L. Rubinfeldin Economic analysis of legal disputes and their resolution (1989). Lisäksi useita peliteoreettisia tutkimuksia on käytetty esikuvana mallien muodostamisessa ja analysoinnissa. Oikeustaloustieteellinen tutkimus perustuu oletukseen, että sovinto on aina tuomiota tehokkaampi ratkaisukeino. Sovinto on kuitenkin mahdollinen vain, jos kantajan odotettu voitto oikeudenkäynnistä on enintään yhtä suuri kuin vastaajan odotettu tappio. Tutkielmassa osoitetaan, että käytännössä sovinnon esteenä on vähintään toisen osapuolen relatiivinen optimismi oikeudenkäynnin lopputuloksesta. Siten sovittelijan tehtävä on poistaa erot asianosaisten informaatiossa, eikä muunsisältöisen sovinnon edistäminen ole oikeustaloustieteen näkökulmasta tehokasta. Oikeuteen voidaan kuitenkin aina edetä positiivisella todennäköisyydellä, jos epäsymmetristä informaatiota ei voida uskottavasti jakaa tai ainakin toisella asianosaisista on kannuste käyttäytyä strategisesti neuvottelussa. Peliteorian avulla on analysoitu sekä neuvotteludynamiikkaa että informaation yksi- ja kaksipuolisen epäsymmetrian vaikutusta neuvotteluongelman tasapainoon. Tuloksena voidaan esittää seuraavat neljä havaintoa: Kun neuvottelun enimmäiskesto tiedetään, sovinnon syntymisen todennäköisyys on suurempi neuvotteluprosessin alkaessa ja päättyessä kuin sen keskivaiheilla. Heikommin informoidun kantajan neuvotteluvoima perustuu oikeudenkäyntiuhkauksen uskottavuuteen, joten hänen on rajoitettava mahdollisuuttaan omaksua epäedullista tietoa kanteen kannattavuudesta. Paremmin informoidulla vastaajalla on kannuste strategiseen käyttäytymiseen, jos sovintotarjous voi paljastaa hänen yksityisen informaationsa. Kun kummallakin osapuolella on yksityistä tietoa, sovintoehdotuksen tekijän on signaloitava tyyppinsä vastapuolelle, ja roolien satunnainen määräytyminen saattaa aiheuttaa yhteiskunnallista tehottomuutta liiallisten oikeudenkäyntien vuoksi.

Maj Lind 1968 : Finaali [Penttinen]

Digitoitu 8. 8. 2008.

Maj Lind 1968 : 2. erä [Penttinen]

Digitoitu 17. 7. 2008.

[Maj Lind 1966] : [Penttinen]

Digitoitu 9. 6. 2008.

Pianokonsertto

Digitoitu 29. 5. 2008.

Maj Lind 1968 : 1. erä [Soisaari, Löfman, Penttinen]

Digitoitu 17. 7. 2008.

Characterizing Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 as a new probiotic combination: basic properties of JS and pilot in vivo assessment of the combination

Characterizing Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 as a new probiotic combination: basic properties of JS and pilot in vivo assessment of the combination Each candidate probiotic strain has to have the documentation for the proper identification with current molecular tools, for the biological properties, for the safety aspects and for the health benefits in human trials if the intention is to apply the strain as health promoting culture in the commercial applications. No generalization based on species properties of an existing probiotic are valid for any novel strain, as strain specific differences appear e.g. in the resistance to GI tract conditions and in health promoting benefits (Madsen, 2006). The strain evaluation based on individual strain specific probiotic characteristics is therefore the first key action for the selection of the new probiotic candidate. The ultimate goal in the selection of the probiotic strain is to provide adequate amounts of active, living cells for the application and to guarantee that the cells are physiologically strong enough to survive and be biologically active in the adverse environmental conditions in the product and in GI tract of the host. The in vivo intervention studies are expensive and time consuming; therefore it is not rational to test all the possible candidates in vivo. Thus, the proper in vitro studies are helping to eliminate strains which are unlikely to perform well in vivo. The aims of this study were to characterize the strains of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705, both used for decades as cheese starter cultures, for their technological and possible probiotic functionality applied in a combined culture. The in vitro studies of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS focused on the monitoring of the viability rates during the acid and bile treatments and on the safety aspects such as antibiotic susceptibility and adhesion. The studies with the combination of the strains JS and LC705 administered in fruit juices monitored the survival of the strains JS and LC705 during the GI transit and their effect on gut wellbeing properties measured as relief of constipation. In addition, safety parameters such as side effects and some peripheral immune parameters were assessed. Separately, the combination of P. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705 was evaluated from the technological point of view as a bioprotective culture in fermented foods and wheat bread applications. In this study, the role ofP. freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS as a candidate probiotic culture alone and in a combination with L. rhamnosus LC705 was demonstrated. Both strains were transiently recovered in high numbers in fecal samples of healthy adults during the consumption period. The good survival through the GI transit was proven for both strains with a recovery rate from 70 to 80% for the JS strain and from 40 to 60% for the LC705 strain from the daily dose of 10 log10 CFU. The good survival was shown from the consumption of fruit juices which do not provide similar matrix protection for the cells as milk based products. The strain JS did not pose

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