Organização de produtores rurais para a gestão da cadeia produtiva da mandioca no nordeste paraense: um estudo de caso na Associação de Desenvolvimento Comunitário e Rural Bom Jesus

A mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) é uma planta cultivada predominantemente para a subsistência dos trabalhadores rurais sendo uma das principais fontes de carboidratos disponíveis aos estratos sociais de baixa renda e tem importante participação na geração de emprego e renda. O Estado do Pará destaca-se pelo volume de produção de mandioca, mas o cultivo ainda está voltado essencialmente para a subsistência sendo pouco explorado como matéria prima em derivados industriais e insumo para enfrentar problemas globais como a fome, a degradação ambiental e a produção de energia, gerando emprego e renda para comunidades locais e rurais. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar como está se desenvolvendo a organização de produtores rurais de mandioca da Associação de Desenvolvimento Comunitário e Rural Bom Jesus, através do modelo de gestão de cadeia produtiva e compreender em que medida se justifica economicamente o cultivo de mandioca. A pesquisa é de natureza exploratória e descritiva e por meio do questionário e entrevista aplicado a 17 produtores rurais juntamente com a fundamentação teórica sobre o entendimento contemporâneo de cadeia produtiva foram percebidos evidências que justificam economicamente, em parte, o cultivo da mandioca. A geração de postos de trabalhos para as mulheres, a utilização de resíduos como incremento no arranjo produtivo, a apoio da extensão e do crédito rural, e as vantagens advindas da organização dos produtores rurais proporcionando renda e produção constantes no campo, foram os fatores considerados. Porém, a necessidade de inovações tecnológicas, parcerias com os setores industriais, arranjos produtivos mais rentáveis, mecanização do plantio e da colheita, os problemas ambientais (resíduos tóxicos e desmatamento) e de acesso à pesquisa, o nível de escolaridade, e a cooperação entre os agricultores, são desafios reais a serem enfrentados e o fator decisivo é o apoio governamental. Este estudo demonstra a realidade de uma sociedade quase sempre marginalizada e esquecida pelas políticas públicas. Além da variável econômica, a avaliação das culturas produtivas deve passar pelos filtros de análise social e ambiental, pois assim, nos permite com maior exatidão compreender os problemas reais da nossa sociedade, em especial da vida na Amazônia.

Crescimento somático, aptidão física relacionada à saúde e estilo de vida de escolares de 10 a 14 anos: um estudo longitudinal

O acompanhamento do crescimento somático, da aptidão física e do estilo de vida de crianças e adolescentes, bem como a interação entre estas variáveis, geram preciosas informações para profissionais que atuam na área da educação física e esportes. Diante disto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é descrever o desenvolvimento do crescimento somático, da aptidão física relacionada à saúde (ApFRS) e do estilo de vida de escolares acompanhados dos 10 aos 14 anos de idade. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 70 escolares (35 meninos e 35 meninas) acompanhados dos 10 aos 14 anos de idade. A pesquisa se caracteriza como descritiva de desenvolvimento com corte longitudinal. Para o crescimento somático foram analisados a estatura (EST) e a massa corporal (MC). Para a análise da ApFRS foram medidas a aptidão cardiorrespiratória -ApCard- (testes de corrida/caminhada de 9 minutos), a composição corporal (índice de massa corporal -IMC-, somatório de dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular -ΣDC Trí + Sub-, percentual de gordura -%G-, massa gorda -MG- e massa magra -MM-), a força/resistência muscular -F/Rmusc- (número de abdominais em um minuto), e a flexibilidade -FLEX- (sentar e alcançar). Para identificar o estilo de vida foi utilizado o questionário estilo de vida na infância e adolescência (EVIA). Para a análise criterial dos componentes da ApFRS, foram utilizados os critérios de saúde propostos pelo Projeto Esporte Brasil, sendo que para o ΣDC Trí + Sub foi utilizado o critério sugerido pelo Physical Best. Para a descrição dos dados foram utilizadas a média, desvio padrão e valores percentuais. Para inferir sobre os dados foram utilizadas a análise de variância (ANOVA) para dados repetidos, seguida de Post hoc de Bonferroni e o teste “t” de student para amostras repitidas (diferenças entre as idades), o teste “t” de student para amostras independentes (diferenças entre os sexos), o teste Qui-Quadrado (associações entre variáveis em escala ordinal e nominal), o teste de correlação de Spearman (relação entre variáveis em escala ordinal e de razão), o teste de correlação de Pearson (relação entre variáveis em escala de razão), e a análise de regressão múltipla stepwise (influência da idade e das variáveis antropométricas nos componentes motores da ApFRS). O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Para todas as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o programa estatístico SPSS for Windows 10.0. Como principais resultados, observamos que o crescimento somático, a ApCard, a F/Rmusc, IMC, e a MM tiveram padrão de desenvolvimento crescente dos 10 para os 14 anos nos dois sexos. O ΣDC Trí + Sub, o %G, e a MG apresentaram um desenvolvimento crescente dos 10 para os 14 anos nas meninas e praticamente estável nos meninos. A FLEX apresentou um padrão ondulatório de desenvolvimento dos 10 para os 14 anos nos dois sexos, com maiores oscilações nas meninas. De maneira geral, os meninos tiveram maiores médias que as meninas na EST, na MC, na ApCard, na MM, e na F/Rmusc, enquanto as meninas foram superiores no ΣDC Trí + Sub, no %G, na MG, e na FLEX. Na maioria destas variáveis as diferenças eram sutis até os 12 anos, se intensificando nas idades posteriores. O IMC foi a única variável que apresentou valores médios próximos para os dois sexos ao longo dos cinco anos de estudo. O pico de velocidade (PV) em crescimento ocorreu dos 10 para os 11 anos nas meninas e dois anos depois para os meninos. O PV nos componentes da ApFRS, em geral, foram no mesmo período ou próximos ao período na qual ocorreu o PV em crescimento. Quanto ao atendimento aos critérios de saúde, observamos que ao longo dos cinco anos de estudo, uma grande parcela dos escolares foram classificados fora das zonas saudáveis, com valores superiores a 50% em alguns testes em algumas idades. O estilo de vida dos escolares apresentou fortes características de sedentarismo, com atividades que necessitam de esforço físico sendo preteridas por atividades que não exigem movimentações corporais, sendo estas características mais evidentes nas meninas. Quanto a influência da idade e de variáveis antropométricas nos componentes motores da ApFRS, observamos que a idades e as variáveis ligadas à quantidade de gordura corporal são aquelas que melhor explicam a variação dos resultados da ApCar e da F/Rmusc em meninos e meninas. A FLEX por outro lado, parece ser pouco influenciada por estas variáveis. Em relação à associação entre o estilo de vida e a ApFRS, percebemos que indivíduos com hábitos mais ativos tendem a ter melhores níveis de ApFRS,e que por outro lado, indivíduos com hábitos de vida mais sedentários estão mais propensos a terem valores mais baixos nos componentes motores da ApFRS, e mais altos nos componentes associados à quantidade de gordura corporal.

Impacto das transferências incondicionais nos indicadores de saúde

Este estudo visa avaliar o impacto das transferências de recursos incondicionais nos indicadores de saúde dos municípios brasileiros. A transferência abordada refere-se ao Fundo de Participação dos Municípios (FPM), tal recurso não possui uma destinação pré-definida pelo Governo Federal, porém pelo menos 15% do seu valor deve ser gasto em saúde pública. A base de dados utilizada teve como principais fontes o DATASUS e o SIOPS, a periodicidade é anual e a unidade de observação refere-se aos municípios. Para estimar o impacto do FPM na mortalidade, na morbidade e nas medidas preventivas, foram aplicadas duas metodologias econométricas: Painel com efeito fixo e Regressão Descontínua. A primeira abrangeu o período de 2002 a 2011 e os resultados encontrados mostram que o FPM possui um impacto negativo significante na mortalidade total e para os indivíduos de 15 a 29 anos, 30 a 59 anos e 60 anos ou mais. Em relação à morbidade, os modelos em Painel com efeito fixo mostraram um impacto negativo do FPM sobre as internações hospitalares. Para as medidas preventivas, as estimações apresentaram resultados não significantes ou então opostos ao esperado. O método da Regressão Descontínua foi também aplicado, pois o FPM apresenta características de descontinuidade, o que traz a possibilidade de uma aplicação econométrica cada vez mais utilizada e que possui uma estratégia de identificação que deve levar a resultados similares aos de um experimento aleatório. O período utilizado para tal estimação refere-se aos anos de 2002 a 2010. A partir desse método, verificou-se resultados bastante sutis em relação ao impacto do FPM sobre os indicadores de saúde: para mortalidade o FPM não apresentou impacto significativo e robusto, para morbidade novamente foi encontrado um impacto negativo e significante, e, por fim, para as medidas preventivas o resultado mais robusto refere-se às consultas do Programa Saúde da Família, em que o FPM apresentou impacto positivo e significante para alguns dos coeficientes gerados.

Capela Laboratorial

Este modelo é parte de um conjunto de modelos 3D produzidos pela equipe de audiovisual da SEaD/UFSCar para o jogo de realidade virtual “O Laboratório de Química”.

Pinça

Este modelo é parte de um conjunto de modelos 3D produzidos pela equipe de audiovisual da SEaD/UFSCar para o jogo de realidade virtual “O Laboratório de Química”.

Projeto de um protótipo de um veículo elétrico

Os veículos movidos com combustíveis fósseis são, hoje em dia, os veículos mais utilizados em transportes. Estes meios de transporte caracterizam-se pelo seu baixo rendimento e por serem poluentes, pelo que, nos últimos anos, tem havido um esforço em criar ou melhorar meios de transporte, através do aumento do seu rendimento e eliminando a emissão de poluentes. A utilização de máquinas elétricas como meio de locomoção é uma das soluções alternativas, uma vez que, estas apresentam um rendimento elevado e não emitem diretamente gases tóxicos, apesar das baterias serem uma das principais dificuldades, no que diz respeito à relação peso/densidade de energia. Por outro lado, as baterias, devido à sua capacidade de armazenamento de energia, podem ser utilizadas para armazenar energia da rede elétrica, contribuindo para uma melhor gestão, e também para armazenar num veículo elétrico a energia gerada em modo de travagem e que posteriormente pode ser utilizada para fazer mover o motor elétrico. Neste trabalho fez-se um projeto de um veículo elétrico (VE) e estudou-se o impacto da utilização em massa de veículos elétricos na gestão da rede de energia elétrica. A verificação experimental fez-se com um conversor DC/DC bidirecional com uma configuração em ponte H e com um conversor DC/DC redutor unidirecional. Utilizaram-se compensadores clássicos para, em malha fechada, regular o binário, a velocidade e a corrente, através de compensadores Proporcional Integrativo (PI) e Proporcional Integrativo Derivativo (PID). No desenvolvimento deste projeto, fez-se uma análise teórica, realizaram-se simulações na ferramenta MATLAB/Simulink onde foram criados modelos do veículo elétrico para verificar o seu comportamento, e seguidamente analisaram-se experimentalmente estes resultados. O controlo deste veículo foi feito com a utilização de microcontroladores de baixo custo, recorrendo a uma arquitetura de processamento distribuído/partilhado, constituindo esse estudo uma nova contribuição. Os resultados demonstraram que o rendimento dos veículos elétricos em média encontram-se nos 85-90 %, superior aos atuais 40% dos veículos a combustão interna, eliminando também a emissão de poluentes.

Diagnóstico ecotoxicológico dos efluentes lançados no complexo estuarino do Jundiaí/Potengi, Natal/RN

Untreated effluents that reach surface water affect the aquatic life and humans. This study aimed to evaluate the wastewater s toxicity (municipal, industrial and shrimp pond effluents) released in the Estuarine Complex of Jundiaí- Potengi, Natal/RN, through chronic quantitative e qualitative toxicity tests using the test organism Mysidopsis Juniae, CRUSTACEA, MYSIDACEA (Silva, 1979). For this, a new methodology for viewing chronic effects on organisms of M. juniae was used (only renewal), based on another existing methodology to another testorganism very similar to M. Juniae, the M. Bahia (daily renewal).Toxicity tests 7 days duration were used for detecting effects on the survival and fecundity in M. juniae. Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50%) was determined by the Trimmed Spearman-Karber; Inhibition Concentration 50% (IC50%) in fecundity was determined by Linear Interpolation. ANOVA (One Way) tests (p = 0.05) were used to determinate the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) and Low Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC). Effluents flows were measured and the toxic load of the effluents was estimated. Multivariate analysis - Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Correspondence Analysis (CA) - identified the physic-chemical parameters better explain the patterns of toxicity found in survival and fecundity of M. juniae. We verified the feasibility of applying the only renewal system in chronic tests with M. Juniae. Most efluentes proved toxic on the survival and fecundity of M. Juniae, except for some shrimp pond effluents. The most toxic effluent was ETE Lagoa Aerada (LC50, 6.24%; IC50, 4.82%), ETE Quintas (LC50, 5.85%), Giselda Trigueiro Hospital (LC50, 2.05%), CLAN (LC50, 2.14%) and COTEMINAS (LC50, IC50 and 38.51%, 6.94%). The greatest toxic load was originated from ETE inefficient high flow effluents, textile effluents and CLAN. The organic load was related to the toxic effects of wastewater and hospital effluents in survival of M. Juniae, as well as heavy metals, total residual chlorine and phenols. In industrial effluents was found relationship between toxicity and organic load, phenols, oils and greases and benzene. The effects on fertility were related, in turn, with chlorine and heavy metals. Toxicity tests using other organisms of different trophic levels, as well as analysis of sediment toxicity are recommended to confirm the patterns found with M. Juniae. However, the results indicate the necessity for implementation and improvement of sewage treatment systems affluent to the Potengi s estuary

Avaliação da toxicidade de florações naturais e de cultura de cianobactérias: efeitos sobre Ceriodaphnia silvestri (Crustacea, Cladocera)

The incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is one of the important consequences of eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. It is a very common phenomenon in reservoirs and shrimp ponds in the State of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil. Cyanobacterias produce toxins which can affect aquatic organisms and men trough the food chain. Aiming to contribute to the studies of cyanobacterias in RN, we propose: a) to evaluate the toxicity of isolated cyanobacterias in important fresh-water environments; and b) to verify the effects of both natural and cultured blooms occurred in reservoirs for human supply and in the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. This study was carried out using samples of natural blooms occurred between March and October of 2004 in Gargalheiras Dam (08º L e 39º W), in July of 2004 in Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Dam (06o S e 37o W) and in commercial shrimp ponds (Litopenaeus vannamei) located in fresh-water environments. The samples were collected with plankton net (20µm.) for identification, isolation and obtaining of phytoplanktonic biomass for liophilization and later toxicity bioassays. The toxicity of cultured samples and natural blooms was investigated through bioassays in Swiss mice. Quantification of cyanobacteria in samples was conducted following the Ütermol method, with 300mL samples fixed with lugol. The toxicity test with Ceriodaphnia silvestrii followed ABNT, 2001 recommendations, and were accomplished with natural hepatotoxic bloom s samples and cultured samples of both non-toxic and neurotoxic C. raciborskii. In this test, five newborns, aged between 6 and 24 hours, were exposed to different concentrations (0 a 800 mg.L-1) of crude cyanobacterial extracts during 24 and 48 hours. Three replicates were used per treatment. The pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen at the beginning and after 24 and 48hours from the test were measured. We estimated the CL50 through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The blooms were constituted by Microcystis panniformis, M. aeruginosa, Anabaena circinalis, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Planktothrix agardhii, producers of mycrocistin-LR confirmed with HPLC analysis. Samples of hepatotoxic blooms registered toxinogenic potential for C. silvestrii, with CL50-24h value of 47.48 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 38.15 mg.L-1 for GARG samples in march/2005; CL50-24h of 113,13 mg.L-1 and CL5048h of 88,24 mg.L-1 for ARG July/2004; CL50-24h of 300.39 mg.L-1 and CL50-48h of 149.89 mg.L-1 for GARG October/2005. For cultured samples, values of CL50-24h and CL50-48h for C. raciborskii toxic strains were 228.05 and 120.28 mg.L-1, respectively. There was no mortality of C. silvestrii during the tests with non-toxic C. raciborskii strain. The toxicity test with C. silvestrii presented good sensitivity degree to cyanotoxins. The toxicity of natural hepatotoxic blooms samples (microcystins) and cultured neurotoxic saxitoxins producer samples analyzed in this study give us strong indications of that toxin s influence on the zooplanktonic community structure in tropical aquatic environments. Eleven cyanobacteria strains were isolated, representing 6 species: Anabaenopsis sp., Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Chroococcus sp., Microcystis panniformis, Geitlerinema unigranulatum e Planktothrix agardhii. None presented toxicity in Swiss mice. The strains were catalogued and deposited in the Laboratório de Ecologia e Toxicologia de Organismos Aquáticos (LETMA), in UFRN, and will be utilized in ecotoxicológical and ecophysiological studies, aiming to clarify the causes and control of cyanobacterial blooms in aquatic environments in RN. This state s reservoirs must receive broader attention from the authorities, considering the constant blooms occurring in waters used for human consumption

Avaliação da concentração de retinol em fígados frescos e congelados de frangos das linhagens Cobb e Ross

The intake of adequate quantities of food, including those rich in vitamins, is necessary for a healthy life. The lack of vitamin A has been characterized as a public health problem in developing countries, however, a high intake of vitamin A can result in toxic and teratogenics effects. High concentrations of vitamin A have been observed in the livers of animals. The objective of this study was to assess the levels of retinol in chicken livers and verify the effect of frozen storage on these levels. 64 livers from two chicken strains, Cobb and Ross, were used, came from four different farms. We examined 32 livers from each strain, 8 samples from each farm. Liver sample were homogenized individually, then 4 aliquots were taken from each sample. One of aliquots was analyzed immediately after slaughter (T0), the others were analyzed after 30, 60 and 90 days of storage at -18oC (T30, T60 and T90, respectively). Retinol dosage in the liver was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The levels of retinol varied significantly according to the strain. The mean retinol value in the fresh samples was 6678.0 ± 1337.7 and 8324.1 ± 1158.5 µg/100g in the Cobb and Ross strain, respectively. Values of 4258 ± 918.7 ± 1391.7 and 4650.5 ± 1391.7 μg/100g were found after 90 days of storage for Cobb and Ross strain, respectively. The liver freezing caused a significant reduction in their levels of retinol, causing a loss of up to 44% with respect to fresh livers. The reduction in retinol levels occurred from 30 days of storage. Even with the losses from the frozen, the ingestion of a typical portion of 100 g of liver, regardless the chicken strain analyzed, surpass all recommendations of consumption and the maximum tolerable intake of vitamin A (3000 μg/day) for adults

Efeito da salinidade da água do mar no rendimento, composição e atividades biológicas de frações polissacarídicas da Chlorophyta Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata

Seaweeds sulfated polysaccharides have been described as having various pharmacological activities. However, nothing is known about the influence of salinity on the structure of sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweed and pharmacological activities they perform. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity of seawater on yield and composition of polysaccharides-rich fractions from green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, collected in two different salinities beaches of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, and to verify the influence of salinity on their biological activities. We extracted four sulfated polysaccharides-rich fractions from C. cupressoides collected in Camapum beach (denominated CCM F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0), which the seawater has higher salinity, and Buzios beach (denominated CCB F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0). Different from that observed for other seaweeds, the proximate composition of C. cupressoides did not change with increased salinity. Moreover, interestingly, the C. cupresoides have high amounts of protein, greater even than other edible seaweeds. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the yield of polysaccharide fractions of CCM and its CCB counterparts, which indicates that salinity does not interfere with the yield of polysaccharide fractions. However, there was a significant difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio of F0.3 (p<0.05) and F0.5 (p<0.01) (CCM F0.3 and CCB F0.5 was higher than those determined for their counterparts), while the sulfate/sugar ratio the F1.0 and F2.0 did not change significantly (p>0.05) with salinity. This result suggested that the observed difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio between the fractions from CCM and CCB, is not merely a function of salinity, but probably also is related to the biological function of these biopolymers in seaweed. In addition, the salinity variation between collection sites did not influence algal monosaccharide composition, eletrophoretic mobility or the infrared spectrum of polysaccharides, demonstrating that the salinity does not change the composition of sulfated polysaccharides of C. cupressoides. There were differences in antioxidant and anticoagulant fractions between CCM and CCB. CCB F0.3 (more sulfated) had higher total antioxidant capacity that CCM F0.3, since the chelating ability the CCM F0.5 was more potent than CCB F0.5 (more sulfated). These data indicate that the activities of sulfated polysaccharides from CCM and CCB depend on the spatial patterns of sulfate groups and that it is unlikely to be merely a charge density effect. C. cupressoides polysaccharides also exhibited anticoagulant activity in the intrinsic (aPTT test) and extrinsic pathway (PT test). CCB F1.0 and CCM F1.0 showed different (p<0,001) aPTT activity, although F0.3 and F0.5 showed no difference (p>0,05) between CCM and CCB, corroborating the fact that the sulfate/sugar ratio is not a determining factor for biological activity, but rather for sulfate distribution along the sugar chain. Moreover, F0.3 and F0.5 activity in aPTT test was similar to that of clexane®, anticoagulant drug. In addition, F0.5 showed PT activity. These results suggest that salinity may have created subtle differences in the structure of sulfated polysaccharides, such as the distribution of sulfate groups, which would cause differences in biological activities between the fractions of the CCM and the CCB

Modulação da expressão da proteína XPA em resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno fotossensibilizado

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by aerobic metabolism and react with biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins and DNA. In high concentration, they lead to oxidative stress. Among ROS, singlet oxygen (1O2) is one of the main ROS involved in oxidative stress and is one of the most reactive forms of molecular oxygen. The exposure of some dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) to light (MB+VL), is able to generate 1O2 and it is the principle involved in photodynamic therapy (PDT). 1O2 e other ROS have caused toxic and carcinogenic effects and have been associated with ageing, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Oxidative DNA damage is mainly repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, recent studies have observed the involvement of nucleotide excision repair (NER) factors in the repair of this type of injury. One of these factors is the Xeroderma Pigmentosum Complementation Group A (XPA) protein, which acts with other proteins in DNA damage recognition and in the recruitment of other repair factors. Moreover, oxidative agents such as 1O2 can induce gene expression. In this context, this study aimed at evaluating the response of XPA-deficient cells after treatment with photosensitized MB. For this purpose, we analyzed the cell viability and occurrence of oxidative DNA damage in cells lines proficient and deficient in XPA after treatment with MB+VL, and evaluated the expression of this enzyme in proficient and complemented cells. Our results indicate an increased resistance to treatment of complemented cells and a higher level of oxidative damage in the deficient cell lines. Furthermore, the treatment was able to modulate the XPA expression up to 24 hours later. These results indicate a direct evidence for the involvement of NER enzymes in the repair of oxidative damage. Besides, a better understanding of the effects of PDT on the induction of gene expression could be provided

Caracterização físico-química e efeitos de frações polissacarídicas da alga amansia multifida na coagulação, inflamação, radicais livres e viabilidade celular

Galactans are polysaccharides sulfated present in the cell wall of red algae. Carrageenans are galactans well known in the food industry as gelling polysaccharides and for induce inflammatory process in rodents as animal model. The extraction of polysaccharides from A. multifida has been carried out by proteolysis and precipitation in different volumes of acetone, which produced three fractions (F1, F2, and FT). Chemical and physical analyses revealed that these fractions are sulfated galactan predominantly. Results of the antioxidant activity assays showed that all of these fractions have antioxidant activity and that was associated with sulfate content of the analysis of reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. However, these fractions were not effective against lipid peroxidation. The fraction FT presented higher activity on the APTT test at 200 μg (> 240 s). The assessment of the hemolytic activity showed that the FT fraction has the best activity, increasing lyses by the complement system to 42.3% (50 μg) (p< 0,001). The fraction FT showed the best yield, anticoagulant and hemolytic activity between the three fractions and therefore it was choose for the in vivo studies. The Inflammation assessment using the FT fraction (50 mg / kg MB) showed that the cellular migration and the IL-6 production increased 670.1% (p< 0,001) and 531.8% (p< 0,001), respectively. These results confirmed its use as an inflammation inducer in animal model. Cytotoxicity assay results showed that all fractions have toxic effects on 3T3 and HeLa cells after exposition of 48 hours, except when 100 μg for both F1 and FT were used. These results arise the discussion whether these polysaccharides it should be used as additive in foods, cosmetics and medicines.

Papel da proteína de reparo XPC na regulação das proteínas de reparo APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1 em células humanas e de camundongos

studies using UV as a source of DNA damage. However, even though unrepaired UV-induced DNA damages are related to mutagenesis, cell death and tumorigenesis, they do not explain phenotypes such as neurodegeneration and internal tumors observed in patients with syndromes like Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) that are associated with NER deficiency. Recent evidences point to a role of NER in the repair of 8-oxodG, a typical substrate of Base Excision Repair (BER). Since deficiencies in BER result in genomic instability, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, it was investigated in this research the impact of XPC deficiency on BER functions in human cells. It was analyzed both the expression and the cellular localization of APE1, OGG1 e PARP-1, the mainly BER enzymes, in different NER-deficient human fibroblasts. The endogenous levels of these enzymes are reduced in XPC deficient cells. Surprisingly, XP-C fibroblasts were more resistant to oxidative agents than the other NER deficient fibroblasts, despite presenting the highest of 8-oxodG. Furthermore, subtle changes in the nuclear and mitochondrial localization of APE1 were detected in XP-C fibroblasts. To confirm the impact of XPC deficiency in the regulation of APE1 and OGG1 expression and activity, we constructed a XPC-complemented cell line. Although the XPC complementation was only partial, we found that XPC-complemented cells presented increased levels of OGG1 than XPC-deficient cells. The extracts from XPC-complemented cells also presented an elevated OGG1 enzimatic activity. However, it was not observed changes in APE1 expression and activity in the XPCcomplemented cells. In addition, we found that full-length APE1 (37 kDa) and OGG1- α are in the mitochondria of XPC-deficient fibroblasts and XPC-complemented fibroblasts before and after induction of oxidative stress. On the other hand, the expression of APE1 and PARP-1 are not altered in brain and liver of XPC knockout mice. However, XPC deficiency changed the APE1 localization in hypoccampus and hypothalamus. We also observed a physical interaction between XPC and APE1 proteins in human cells. In conclusion, the data suggest that XPC protein has a role in the regulation of OGG1 expression and activity in human cells and is involved mainly in the regulation of APE1 localization in mice. Aditionally, the response of NER deficient cells under oxidative stress may not be only associated to the NER deficiency per se, but it may include the new functions of NER enzymes in regulation of expression and cell localization of BER proteins

Influência do uso de combustíveis alternativos na síntese por combustão via microondas para a produção de materiais cerâmicos com estrutura espinélio

The development and study of detectors sensitive to flammable combustible and toxic gases at low cost is a crucial technology challenge to enable marketable versions to the market in general. Solid state sensors are attractive for commercial purposes by the strength and lifetime, because it isn t consumed in the reaction with the gas. In parallel, the use of synthesis techniques more viable for the applicability on an industrial scale are more attractive to produce commercial products. In this context ceramics with spinel structure were obtained by microwave-assisted combustion for application to flammable fuel gas detectors. Additionally, alternatives organic-reducers were employed to study the influence of those in the synthesis process and the differences in performance and properties of the powders obtained. The organic- reducers were characterized by Thermogravimetry (TG) and Derivative Thermogravimetry (DTG). After synthesis, the samples were heat treated and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), analysis by specific area by BET Method and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Quantification of phases and structural parameters were carried through Rietveld method. The methodology was effective to obtain Ni-Mn mixed oxides. The fuels influenced in obtaining spinel phase and morphology of the samples, however samples calcined at 950 °C there is just the spinel phase in the material regardless of the organic-reducer. Therefore, differences in performance are expected in technological applications when sample equal in phase but with different morphologies are tested

Adição de resíduo cerâmico em pastas geopoliméricas para cimentação de poços de petróleo

The development of activities the of oil and gas sector have promoted the search for suitable materials for cementing oil wells. In the state of the Rio Grande do Norte, the integrity of the cement sheath tends to be impaired during steam injection, a procedure necessary to increase oil recovery in reservoirs with low-viscosity oil. The geopolymer is a material that can be used as alternative cement, since it has been used in the production of fire-resistant components, building structures, and for the control of toxic or radioactive residues. Geopolymers result from condensation polymer alkali aluminosilicates and silicates resulting three-dimensional polymeric structures. They are produced in a manner different from that of Portland cement, which is made an activating solution that is mixed with geopolymer precursor. Among the few works studied allowed us to conclude that the pastes prepared with metakaolin as precursor showed better performance of its properties. Several studies show the addition of waste clay as a means of reducing cost and improving end of the folder properties. On this basis, the goal is to study the influence of the addition of ceramic waste in geopolymer paste. To develop the study of rheology tests were carried out, filtered, thickening time, compressive strength, free water, specific gravity and permeability, according to the American Pretoleum Institute (API). The results for all formulations studied show that the folders have high mechanical strength to a light paste; low filtrate volume, absence of free water, very low permeability, slurry, consistent with a light paste, and thickening time low that can be corrected with the use of a retardant handle. For morphological characterization, microstructural, physical, chemical and thermal tests were carried out by XRD, MEV, DTA, TG, FTIR. In the trial of XRD, it was found that geopolymer is an amorphous material, with a peak of crystalline kaolinite. In tests of TG / DTA, revealed the presence of a significant event, which represents the mass loss related to water, and also observed the reduction of weight loss by increasing the concentration of ceramic waste. In the trial of MEV, we found a uniform matrix without the presence of other phases. In the trial of FT-IR, we observed the presence of the band related to water. From all results it was determined that the optimum concentration range of use is between 2.5 and 5% of waste ceramic