Ageing and taste

Taste perception has been studied frequently in young and older adult groups. This paper systematically reviews these studies to determine the effect of ageing on taste perception and establish the reported extent of sensory decline. Five databases were searched from 1900 to April 2012. Articles relating to healthy ageing in human subjects were included, reviewed and rated (Downs and Black scoring system). Sixty-nine studies investigated the effect of ageing on taste perception; forty examined detection thresholds of which twenty-three provided sufficient data for meta-analysis, eighteen reported identification thresholds and twenty-five considered supra-threshold intensity perception. Researchers investigating detection thresholds considered between one and thirteen taste compounds per paper. Overall, the consensus was that taste detection thresholds increased with age (Hedges' g = 0·91, P < 0·001), across all taste modalities. Identification thresholds were reported to be higher for older adults in seventeen out of eighteen studies. Sixteen out of twenty-five studies reported perception of taste intensity at supra-threshold levels to be significantly lower for older adults. However, six out of nine studies concerning sucrose found perceived intensity of sweet taste not to diminish with age. The findings of this systematic review suggest taste perception declines during the healthy ageing process, although the extent of decline varies between studies. Overall, the studies reviewed had low Downs and Black scores (mean 16 (SD 2)) highlighting the need for more robust large scale and longitudinal studies monitoring the impact of ageing on the sensory system, and how this influences the perception of foods and beverages.

Weaning diet induces sustained metabolic phenotype shift in the pig and influences host response to Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818

Background: The process of weaning causes a major shift in intestinal microbiota and is a critical period for developing appropriate immune responses in young mammals. Objective: To use a new systems approach to provide an overview of host metabolism and the developing immune system in response to nutritional intervention around the weaning period. Design: Piglets (n¼14) were weaned onto either an eggbased or soya-based diet at 3 weeks until 7 weeks, when all piglets were switched onto a fish-based diet. Half the animals on each weaning diet received Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 supplementation from weaning onwards. Immunoglobulin production from immunologically relevant intestinal sites was quantified and the urinary 1H NMR metabolic profile was obtained from each animal at post mortem (11 weeks). Results: Different weaning diets induced divergent and sustained shifts in the metabolic phenotype, which resulted in the alteration of urinary gut microbial co-metabolites, even after 4 weeks of dietary standardisation. B lactis NCC2818 supplementation affected the systemic metabolism of the different weaning diet groups over and above the effects of diet. Additionally, production of gut mucosa-associated IgA and IgM was found to depend upon the weaning diet and on B lactis NCC2818 supplementation. Conclusion: The correlation of urinary 1H NMR metabolic profile with mucosal immunoglobulin production was demonstrated, thus confirming the value of this multiplatform approach in uncovering non-invasive biomarkers of immunity. This has clear potential for translation into human healthcare with the development of urine testing as a means of assessing mucosal immune status. This might lead to early diagnosis of intestinal dysbiosis and with subsequent intervention, arrest disease development. This system enhances our overall understanding of pathologies under supra-organismal control.

Distribution of mosquitoes in the South East of Argentina and first report on the analysis based on 18S rDNA and COI sequences

Although Mar del Plata is the most important city on the Atlantic coast of Argentina, mosquitoes inhabiting such area are almost uncharacterized. To increase our knowledge in their distribution, we sampled specimens of natural populations. After the morphological identification based on taxonomic keys, sequences of DNA from small ribosomal subunit (18S rDNA) and cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes were obtained from native species and the phylogenetic analysis of these sequences were done. Fourteen species from the genera Uranotaenia, Culex, Ochlerotatus and Psorophora were found and identified. Our 18S rDNA and COI-based analysis indicates the relationships among groups at the supra-species level in concordance with mosquito taxonomy. The introduction and spread of vectors and diseases carried by them are not known in Mar del Plata, but some of the species found in this study were reported as pathogen vectors.

Controlling market power of vertically integrated firms in electricity networks: demand response of aggregator agents

This article reports the results of an experiment that examined how demand aggregators can discipline vertically-integrated firms - generator and distributor-retailer holdings-, which have a high share in wholesale electricity market with uniform price double auction (UPDA). We initially develop a treatment where holding members redistribute the profit based on the imposition of supra-competitive prices, in equal proportions (50%-50%). Subsequently, we introduce a vertical disintegration (unbundling) treatment with holding-s information sharing, where profits are distributed according to market outcomes. Finally, a third treatment is performed to introduce two active demand aggregators, with flexible interruptible loads in real time. We found that the introduction of responsive demand aggregators neutralizes the power market and increases market efficiency, even beyond what is achieved through vertical disintegration.

GTP binding controls complex formation by the human ROCO protein MASL1

The human ROCO proteins are a family of multi-domain proteins sharing a conserved ROC-COR supra-domain. The family has four members: leu- cine-rich repeat kinase 1 (LRRK1), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) and malignant fibrous histiocy- toma amplified sequences with leucine-rich tandem repeats 1 (MASL1). Previous studies of LRRK1/2 and DAPK1 have shown that the ROC (Ras of complex proteins) domain can bind and hydrolyse GTP, but the cellular consequences of this activity are still unclear. Here, the first biochemical characterization of MASL1 and the impact of GTP binding on MASL1 complex formation are reported. The results demonstrate that MASL1, similar to other ROCO proteins, can bind guanosine nucleotides via its ROC domain. Furthermore, MASL1 exists in two distinct cellular com- plexes associated with heat shock protein 60, and the formation of a low molecular weight pool of MASL1 is modulated by GTP binding. Finally, loss of GTP enhances MASL1 toxicity in cells. Taken together, these data point to a central role for the ROC/GTPase domain of MASL1 in the reg- ulation of its cellular function.

Molecular design of a discrete chain-folding polyimide for controlled inkjet deposition of supramolecular polymers

A supramolecular polymer based upon two complementary polymer components is formed by sequential deposition from solution in THF, using a piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printer. Highly efficient cycloaddition or ‘click’ chemistry afforded a well-defined poly(ethylene glycol) featuring chain-folding diimide end groups, which possesses greatly enhanced solubility in THF relative to earlier materials featuring random diimide sequences. Blending the new polyimide with a complementary poly(ethylene glycol) system bearing pyrene end groups (which bind to the chain-folding diimide units) overcomes the limited solubility encountered previously with chain-folding polyimides in inkjet printing applications. The solution state properties of the resulting polymer blend were assessed via viscometry to confirm the presence of a supramolecular polymer before depositing the two electronically complementary polymers by inkjet printing techniques. The novel materials so produced offer an insight into ways of controlling the properties of printed materials through tuning the structure of the polymer at the (supra)molecular level.

Switching control of sympathetic activity from forebrain to hindbrain in chronic dehydration

We investigated the mechanisms responsible for increased blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) caused by 2-3 days dehydration (DH) both in vivo and in situ preparations. In euhydrated (EH) rats, systemic application of the AT(1) receptor antagonist Losartan and subsequent pre-collicular transection (to remove the hypothalamus) significantly reduced thoracic (t) SNA. In contrast, in DH rats, Losartan, followed by pre-collicular and pontine transections, failed to reduce tSNA, whereas transection at the medulla-spinal cord junction massively reduced tSNA. In DH but not EH rats, selective inhibition of the commissural nucleus tractus solitarii (cNTS) significantly reduced tSNA. Comparable data were obtained in both in situ and in vivo (anaesthetized/conscious) rats and suggest that following chronic dehydration, the control of tSNA transfers from supra-brainstem structures (e. g. hypothalamus) to the medulla oblongata, particularly the cNTS. As microarray analysis revealed up-regulation of AP1 transcription factor JunD in the dehydrated cNTS, we tested the hypothesis that AP1 transcription factor activity is responsible for dehydration-induced functional plasticity. When AP1 activity was blocked in the cNTS using a viral vector expressing a dominant negative FosB, cNTS inactivation was ineffective. However, tSNA was decreased after pre-collicular transection, a response similar to that seen in EHrats. Thus, the dehydration-induced switch in control of tSNA from hypothalamus to cNTS seems to be mediated via activation of AP1 transcription factors in the cNTS. If AP1 activity is blocked in the cNTS during dehydration, sympathetic activity control reverts back to forebrain regions. This unique reciprocating neural structure-switching plasticity between brain centres emphasizes the multiple mechanisms available for the adaptive response to dehydration.

Transport control in fusion plasmas by changing electric and magnetic field spatial profiles

For magnetically confined plasmas in tokamaks, we have numerically investigated how Lagrangian chaos at the plasma edge affects the plasma confinement. Initially, we have considered the chaotic motion of particles in an equilibrium electric field with a monotonic radial profile perturbed by drift waves. We have showed that an effective transport barrier may be created at the plasma edge by modifying the electric field radial profile. In the second place, we have obtained escape patterns and magnetic footprints of chaotic magnetic field lines in the region near a tokamak wall with resonant modes due to the action of an ergodic magnetic limiter. For monotonic plasma current density profiles we have obtained distributions of field line connections to the wall and line escape channels with the same spatial pattern as the magnetic footprints on the tokamak walls. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cellulose swelling by protic solvents: which properties of the biopolymer and the solvent matter?

The question posed in the title has been addressed by studying the swelling of celluloses at 20 C by twenty protic solvents, including water; linear- and branched-chain aliphatic alcohols; unsaturated aliphatic alcohols, and alkoxyalcohols. The biopolymers investigated included microcrystalline cellulose, MC, native and never-dried mercerized cotton cellulose, cotton and M-cotton, and native and never-dried mercerized eucalyptus cellulose, eucalyptus and M-eucalyptus, respectively. In most cases, better correlations with the physico-chemical properties of the solvents were obtained when the swelling was expressed as number of moles of solvent/anhydroglucose unit, nSw, rather than as % increase in sample weight. The descriptors employed in these correlations included, where available, Hildebrand`s solubility parameters, Gutmann`s acceptor and donor numbers, solvent molar volume, V(S), as well as solvatochromic parameters. The latter, employed for the first time for correlating the swelling of biopolymers, included empirical solvent polarity, E(T)(30), solvent ""acidity"", alpha(S), ""basicity"", beta(S), and dipolarity/polarizability, pi(S)*, respectively. Small regression coefficients and large sums of the squares of the residues were obtained when values of nSw were correlated with two solvent parameters. Much better correlations were obtained with three solvent parameters. The most statistically significant descriptor in the correlation equation depends on the cellulose, being pi(S)* for MC, cotton, and eucalyptus, and V(S) for M-cotton and M-eucalyptus. The best correlations were obtained with the same set of four parameters for all celluloses, namely, solvent pKa (or alpha(S)) beta(S), pi(S)*, and V(S), respectively. These results indicate that the supra-molecular structure of the biopolymer, in particular the average sizes of crystallites and micro-pores, and the presence of its chains in parallel (cellulose I) or anti-parallel (cellulose II) arrangements control its swelling. At least for the present biopolymer/solvent systems, use of solvatochromic parameters is a superior alternative to Hildebrand`s solubility parameters and/or Gutmann`s acceptor and donor numbers. The relevance of these results to the accessibility of the hydroxyl groups of cellulose, hence to its reactivity, is briefly discussed.

Do cabimento dos embargos declaratórios em face de decisão interlocutôria

O tema escolhido, é ainda controvertido na doutrina e jurisprudência,porém com a maioria à favor do cabimento.O problema discutido, tem natureza processual, acerca do objeto que seria a decisão interlocutória, sobre o cabimento dos embargos declaratórios.Onde quem opina à favor, argumenta que se o recurso supra citado, tem o condão de sanar omissão, contradição ou obscuridade de sentença, e acordão, porque não sanar esses vícios em um pronunciamento interlocutório?Até porque a Constituição Federal exige fundamentação expressa de todos os pronunciamentos judiciais.Portanto, o direito de acesso à justiça, não pode ser comprometido, por uma prestação jurisdicional , omissa, contraditória ou obscura.Inconcebível que as decisões fiquem sem esclarecimentos.Contudo, a maior argumentação, no meu ponto de vista, é a de que o agravo de instrumento,visa a modificação da decisão interlocutória, e os embargos viriam, de forma mais prática e célere sanar os defeitos do pronunciamento judicial, função esta, não presente no agravo.Para chegar a estas conclusões, foi feita uma pesquisa extensiva profunda.Utilizou-se diversas doutrinas, bem como jurisprudências,analisando-as ponto-aponto,formando assim, uma opinião conclusiva acerca do tema, de que é cabível os embargos declaratórios em face de decisão interlocutória.

Proposta de avaliação estratégica de clusters turísticos: o caso de Paranapiacaba – SP

O artigo tem como objetivo utilizar a contribuição do conceito de cluster para avaliação estratégica e apresentar uma proposta de análise das oportunidades do setor turístico, considerando todos os agentes envolvidos na criação,comercialização e divulgação dos serviços/produtos turísticos, que possibilitem atender as necessidades exigidas pela demanda e o desenvolvimento sustentável da população receptora. Utilizando como foco o distrito de Paranapiacaba, na cidade de Santo André/SP, foi feita uma pesquisa descritiva, em que inicialmente foram utilizados dados secundários e, em seguida, foi realizada a coleta de dados primários por meio de entrevistas programadas e observação direta em campo dos agentes envolvidos. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade da consolidação de uma entidade supra-empresarial que exerça a governança e que seja capaz de agregar os interesses dos diversos setores, além de garantir a implantação de uma série de ações que venham contribuir para a criação de vantagens competitivas.

Prevalência de lesão adrenal incidental em pacientes submetidos a tomografia computadorizada de tórax e abdome em um hospital geral brasileiro

Resumo não disponível.

Pubarca precoce isolada ou associada à hiperplasia adrenal congênita não clássica em meninas : parâmetros clínicos e endocrinológicos

Resumo não disponível.

Expressão da imunorreatividade à tirosina hidroxilase no hipotálamo de ratos machos adultos submetidos à manipulação neonatal

A estimulação neonatal tem sido utilizada como modelo experimental para examinar os mecanismos pelos quais variações precoces do ambiente do animal afetam o desenvolvimento de sistemas neurais, dando origem a alterações comportamentais e endócrinas estáveis. A estimulação neonatal consiste na manipulação dos animais por alguns minutos diariamente durante os primeiros dias de vida. Esse procedimento provoca, na vida adulta, uma série de alterações comportamentais e endócrinas que se caracterizam pela diminuição do medo a ambientes novos e uma resposta menos acentuada da secreção de glicocorticóides pela supra-renal quando os animais são expostos a estímulos estressantes. A dopamina é um neurotransmissor que atua no sistema nervoso central, onde está envolvida na integração de vários aspectos da função neuroendócrina, como, por exemplo, um regulador na secreção de prolactina e do hormônio liberador de corticotrofina. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o papel da manipulação neonatal sobre o sistema dopaminérgico através da quantificação de neurônios contendo tirosina hidroxilase, a enzima inicial e limitante da síntese de catacolaminas, em núcleos hipotalâmicos. Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos. Um grupo foi submetido à manipulação por um minuto, uma vez por dia, durante os dez primeiros dias de vida (grupo manipulado) e outro grupo não sofreu manipulação (grupo não-manipulado, controle). Aos 75-80 dias, os animais foram anestesiados, perfundidos e os cérebros processados para a detecção imunohistoquímica da tirosina hidroxilase. Foi utilizado um anticorpo monoclonal contra tirosina hidroxilase e o método indireto avidina-biotina-peroxidase. A quantificação da expressão da tirosina hidroxilase consistiu na contagem dos neurônios imunorreativos à tirosina hidroxilase nos núcleos arqueado, paraventricular e periventricular do hipotálamo em cada indivíduo. A média ± EPM do número de neurônios positivos para tirosina hidroxilase de todos os indivíduos foi comparada entre os grupos manipulado e não-manipulado através do teste t de Student. Não houve diferença significativa no número de neurônios imunorreativos à tirosina hidroxilase nos núcleos arqueado, paraventricular e periventricular do hipotálamo de ratos machos adultos entre os animais do grupo manipulado e controle não-manipulado. O estudo mostrou que a manipulação neonatal não se constituiu num estímulo suficiente para promover alterações no número de neurônios imunorreativos à tirosina hidroxilase nos núcleos arqueado, paraventricular e periventricular do hipotálamo de ratos machos adultos.

Manifestações patológicas de impermeabilizações com uso de sistema não aderido de mantas asfálticas : avaliação e análise com auxílio de sistema multimídia

Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar as manifestações patológicas decorrentes de insucesso na impermeabilização de laje de cobertura plana horizontal que ocorrem em função da forma como a etapa de projeto é desenvolvida. A metodologia consistiu em proceder pesquisa de campo com o propósito de avaliar a formação técnica dos profissionais que atuam nesta área específica da construção civil. A estratégia adotada foi a de, inicialmente, com o auxílio do Ministério de Educação e Cultura, cadastrar as Faculdades de Engenharia Civil e Arquitetura das principais Universidades Públicas e Privadas brasileiras. Posteriormente foi feita investigação dentre as empresas construtoras da Região da Grande Porto Alegre que, amiúde, contratam prestadoras de serviços de impermeabilização para execução de suas obras, e empresas prestadoras de serviços sediadas na mesma região, procurando identificar quais seus procedimentos em relação à NBR 9575/98 - "Projeto de Impermeabilização". A aplicação dos conhecimentos obtidos da revisão bibliográfica, e posterior sistematização dos conceitos e das recomendações ditadas pela Norma supra referida, tornou possível, através da realização de trabalho de campo, constatar casos de desconhecimento e não observância daquelas diretrizes e, fruto desta desatenção, a contribuição para o surgimento de patologias de impermeabilização. Por último, foi produzido um software (CD-ROM) com o propósito de ensinar de forma didática, através de informações audiovisuais, as técnicas de aplicação e a identificação dos componentes do sistema de impermeabilização, orientando na escolha das alternativas mais adequadas, de acordo com as normas vigentes.