Influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins modulate host recycling by competing with Rab11 effectors

Influenza A virus assembly is an unclear process, whereby individual virion components form an infectious particle. The segmented nature of the influenza A genome imposes a problem to assembly because it requires packaging of eight distinct RNA particles (vRNPs). It also allows genome mixing from distinct parental strains, events associated with influenza pandemic outbreaks. It is important to public health to understand how segmented genomes assemble, a process that is dependent on the transport of components to assembly sites. Previously, it has been shown that vRNPs are carried by recycling endosome vesicles, resulting in a change of Rab11 distribution. Here, we describe that vRNP binding to recycling endosomes impairs recycling endosome function, by competing for Rab11 binding with family-interacting proteins, and that there is a causal relationship between Rab11 ability to recruit family-interacting proteins and Rab11 redistribution. This competition reduces recycling sorting at an unclear step, resulting in clustering of single- and double-membraned vesicles. These morphological changes in Rab11 membranes are indicative of alterations in protein and lipid homeostasis during infection. Vesicular clustering creates hotspots of the vRNPs that need to interact to form an infectious particle.

Drivers for and against municipal wastewater recycling: a review

The reclamation, treatment and reuse of municipal wastewater can provide important environmental benefits. In this paper, 25 studies on this topic were reviewed and it was found that there are many (\textgreater150) different drivers acting for and against wastewater recycling. To deal with the challenge of comparing studies which entailed different research designs, a framework was developed which allowed the literature to be organized into comparable study contexts. Studies were categorized according to the level of analysis (wastewater recycling scheme, city, water utility, state, country, global) and outcome investigated (development/investment in new schemes, program implementation, percentage of wastewater recycled, percentage of water demand covered by recycled water, multiple outcomes). Findings across comparable case studies were then grouped according to the type (for or against recycling) and category of driver (social, natural, technical, economic, policy or business). The utility of the framework is demonstrated by summarizing the findings from four Australian studies at the city level. The framework offers a unique approach for disentangling the broad range of potential drivers for and against water recycling and to focus on those that seem relevant in specific study contexts. It may offer a valuable starting point for building hypotheses in future work.

Recycling of water in poultry processing plants : interim technical report /

"Ecological research series" appears in publication in error.

Aircraft industry wastewater recycling /

Mode of access: Internet.

Evaluation of selected softening agents used in flexible pavement recycling : final report /

April 1978.

Recycling.

Another Report number is EPA 530-SW-601, per NSCEP's publication title list.

Overland recycling system for animal waste treatment /

Jan. 1979.

Operating a recycling program : a citizen's guide /

Mode of access: Internet.

Recycling and the consumer : solid waste management.

Mode of access: Internet.

Separating paper at the waste source for recycling /

"This report (SW-128) was prepared for the Office of Solid Waste Management Programs by Stephen Lingle"--Page 2 of cover.

Achievements in source reduction and recycling for ten industries in the United States /

Mode of access: Internet.

Automobile scrappage and recycling industry study - overview report. Final report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

Recycling : assessment & prospects for success /

"Presented by Mr. Darnay, in March 1972, to a seminar sponsored by the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District and the Denver Regional Council of Governments, Denver, Colorado": p. 14.