980 resultados para Soil chemical properties
Resumo:
ABSTRACT The literature on fertilization for carrot growing usually recommends nutrient application rates for yield expectations lower than the yields currently obtained. Moreover, the recommendation only considers the results of soil chemical analysis and does not include effects such as crop residues or variations in yield levels. The aim of this study was to propose a fertilizer recommendation system for carrot cultivation (FERTICALC Carrot) which includes consideration of the nutrient supply by crop residues, variation in intended yield, soil chemical properties, and the growing season (winter or summer). To obtain the data necessary for modeling nutritional requirements, 210 carrot production stands were sampled in the region of Alto Paranaíba, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The dry matter content of the roots, the coefficient of biological utilization of nutrients in the roots, and the nutrient harvest index for summer and winter crops were determined for these samples. To model the nutrient supply by the soil, the literature was surveyed in regard to this theme. A modeling system was developed for recommendation of macronutrients and B. For cationic micronutrients, the system only reports crop nutrient export and extraction. The FERTICALC which was developed proved to be efficient for fertilizer recommendation for carrot cultivation. Advantages in relation to official fertilizer recommendation tables are continuous variation of nutrient application rates in accordance with soil properties and in accordance with data regarding the extraction efficiency of modern, higher yielding cultivars.
Resumo:
Zn availability in Red Latossol (Rhodic Ferralsol) of different pH amended with different rates of sewage sludge was studied by the isotopic 65Zn L value method. Soil chemical properties were found to be altered by SS addition. Zn concentration and Zn derived from SS (ZnpfSS) in plant, and Zn phytoavailability (L value), were increased with increasing SS rates. The linear correlation coefficient of plant Zn with SS rates and with L value was significant at 1% probability. The L value proved an efficient method for predicting Zn phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soil with different pH under the soil conditions studied.
Resumo:
he present model of agriculture is based on intensive use of industrial inputs, due to its rapid response, but it brings harmful consequences to the environment, and it is necessary the use of modern inputs. And an alternative is the use of rock biofertilizers in agriculture, a product easy to use, with higher residual effect and does not harm the environment. The objective of study was to evaluate the inoculation and co-inoculation of different microorganisms in the solubilization of rock phosphate and potash ground microbial evaluating the best performance in the production of biofertilizers comparing with rocks pure in soil chemical properties and, verify effect of inoculation of the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa in the absorption of minerals dissolved in the development of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.). The first bioassay was conducted in Laboratory (UFRN) for 72 days in Petri dishes, where the rock powder was increased by 10% and sulfur co-inoculated and inoculated with bacterial suspension of Paenibacillus polymyxa grown in medium tryptone soy broth, Ralstonia solanacearum in medium Kelman, Cromobacterium violaceum in medium Luria-Bertani and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in medium Tuovinen and Kelly,and fungi Trichoderma humatum and Penicillium fellutanum in malt extract. Every 12 days, samples were removed in order to build up the release curve of minerals. The second bioassay was conducted in a greenhouse of the Agricultural Research Corporation of Rio Grande do Norte in experimental delineation in randomized block designs, was used 10 kg of an Yellow Argissolo Dystrophic per pot with the addition of treatments super phosphate simple (SS), potassium chloride (KCl), pure rock, biofertilizers in doses 40, 70, 100 and 200% of the recommendation for SS and KCl, and a control, or not inoculated with bacteria P. polymyxa. Were used seeds of cowpea BRS Potiguar and co-inoculated with the bacterial suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and P. polymyxa. The first crop was harvested 45 days after planting, were evaluated in the dry matter (ADM), macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn) in ADM. And the second at 75 days assessing levels of macro end micronutrients in plants and soil, and the maximum adsorption capacity of P in soil. The results showed synergism in co-inoculations with P. polymyxa+R. solanacearum and, P. polymyxa+C. violaceum solubilizations providing higher P and K, respectively, and better solubilization time at 36 days. The pH was lower in biofertilizers higher doses, but there was better with their addition to P at the highest dose. Significant reduction of maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus with increasing dose of biofertilizer. For K and Ca was better with SS+KCl, and Mg to pure rock. There was an effect of fertilization on the absorption, with better results for P, K and ADM with SS+KCL, and N, Ca and Mg for biofertilizers. Generally, the P. polymyxa not influence the absorption of the elements in the plant. In treatments with the uninoculated P. polymyxa chemical fertilizer had an average significantly higher for weight and number of grains. And in the presence of the bacteria, biofertilizers and chemical fertilizers had positive values in relation to rock and control. The data show that the rocks and biofertilizers could meet the need of nutrients the plants revealed as potential for sustainable agriculture
Resumo:
Dada a escassez de informações na literatura e a importância do manejo adequado de resíduos orgânicos na agricultura, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, determinando-se as alterações provocadas na química do solo, no estado nutricional de goiabeiras e na produção de frutos. As doses de resíduo aplicadas no pomar foram estabelecidas em função dos teores de N no resíduo. O delineamento empregado foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo as doses do resíduo (moído) de 0, 9, 18, 27 e 36 t ha-1 (peso do material seco). Foram feitas três aplicações do resíduo: em 2006, 2007 e 2008. O resíduo da indústria processadora de goiabas promoveu aumento nos teores de P no solo; as goiabeiras apresentaram aumento dos teores de N, Ca, Mg e Mn; a produção de frutos foi alterada positiva e significativamente no terceiro ano do experimento.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
The species of cover crops in pre-harvest of maize crop may influence the soil chemical properties. The objective was to evaluate soil fertility due to the use of plant species cover, previously cultivated with maize crop in no-tillage and conventional and subjected to nitrogen. The experiment was conducted at UNESP in Jaboticabal-SP, in an Oxisol clay during the crop years 2000/01, 2001/02 and 2002/03. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications. The treatments consisted of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha(-1)) and planting systems, and three under no-tillage system with the use of cover crops: Brachiaria, millet, Crotalaria and lablab, and under a conventional tillage. We evaluated at the flowering stage of corn, covering the crop year 2002-2003, the chemical soil layers (0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.30 m deep). Tillage systems and nitrogen levels influenced differently to the chemical properties of soil layers studied. Regardless of the nitrogen used in the conventional treatment showed lower organic matter content, calcium and value of sum of bases in the topsoil.
Resumo:
Realizou-se um experimento em Pindorama (SP), no qual se avaliaram os efeitos da fertirrigação e da adubação convencional com N e K em alguns atributos químicos de solo sob cultivo com bananeira, durante dois ciclos de produção. Avaliaram-se a disponibilidade e a movimentação de nutrientes (P, K, Ca e Mg) no perfil do solo, bem como outros atributos químicos (matéria orgânica, acidez e saturação por bases), por meio de amostragens realizadas na implantação do experimento e ao final do primeiro e segundo ciclos de produção. Os principais efeitos dos tratamentos foram no pH do solo e no teor de K+ trocável. A adubação, tanto aplicada via fertirrigação como na forma convencional, implicou incrementos na acidez do solo, principalmente até 20 cm de profundidade. Observou-se que o impacto da adubação via fertirrigação no pH do solo foi proporcional à dose. A adubação convencional também causou decréscimo no pH, especialmente na região mais próxima das plantas, refletindo o efeito da aplicação localizada dos fertilizantes. A aplicação de adubo sólido na superfície do solo determinou significativo acúmulo de K nas camadas até 20 cm e na região mais próxima ao pseudocaule das plantas. Os efeitos da adubação via fertirrigação foram mais difusos, visto que os adubos são espalhados numa área de solo maior do que a coberta pela adubação convencional.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
In semiarid region of northeast Brazil, the majority of reservoirs used for public supply has suffered degradation of water quality affected by diffuse pollution from agricultural and livestock areas of the watershed and by hydrologic regime peculiar to the region, characterized by a rainy season with higher volumes stored in reservoirs and a dry season with a reduction in water level due to high evaporation and increase of eutrophication. The Dourado reservoir, located in Currais Novos city, semiarid region of Rio Grande do Norte state, is one example of a water supply reservoir that can have degradation of water quality and impracticability of their use, due to the high external input of nutrients from non-point sources of watershed during the rainy season and increasing of eutrophication due to decrease the stored volume during the dry period. This study aimed to investigate and quantify diffuse pollution and the hydrologic regime of semiarid region in order to establish standards regarding the water quality of Dourado reservoir. The study period was between the months of May 2011 to March 2012. The diffuse pollution was quantified in terms of watershed from the mass balance of phosphorus in the reservoir, as in relation to areas under different types of land use within the riparian zone of the reservoir from the assessment of soil chemical properties and losses of phosphorus in each area. The influence of hydrological regime on water quality of the reservoir was evaluated from the monthly monitoring of the morphometric, meteorological and limnological features throughout the study period. The results showed that the reservoir has received a high load of phosphorus coming from the drainage basin and presents itself as a system able to retain some of that load tributary, giving an upward trend of the eutrophication process. Diffuse pollution by nutrients from areas under different types of land use within the riparian zone of the reservoir was higher in areas under the influence of livestock, being this area considered a potential diffuse source of nutrients to the reservoir. Regarding the water regime during the rainy season the reservoir was characterized by high concentrations of nutrients and small algal biomass, while in the dry season the reduction of volume and increase of the water retention time of the reservoir, contributing to the excessive growth algal biomass, favoring an increase in eutrophication and deterioration of water quality. In synthesis the water quality of Dourado reservoir is directed by diffuse pollution coming from the drainage basin and the hydrological regime of the peculiar semiarid region, where the rainy season is characterized by high input of allochthonous compounds from the tributaries and erosion of the soil in the reservoir riparian zone, and the dry season characterized by reducing the storage volume due to high evaporation, high residence time of water and consequent degradation of water quality due to the increase of eutrophication process
Resumo:
As pastagens constituem a base dos sistemas de produção de bovinos, o que evidencia sua importância e a necessidade de outras práticas de manejo que resultem em maior eficiência desses sistemas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os atributos químicos do solo (pH, Ca, Mg e H+Al), o potencial produtivo e a composição química do capim braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf) em solo corrigido com diferentes doses de calcário e escória silicatada. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido no período de 2006/2007, na UNESP de Ilha Solteira. Foram testadas cinco doses de calcário e escória silicatada, 0,0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 vezes a dose recomendada. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se a composição química do solo após incubação dos corretivos, o perfilhamento, a matéria seca, proteína, FDN (fibra em detergente neutro) e FDA (fibra em detergente ácido). Ambos os corretivos proporcionaram ao solo efeito positivo em relação ao pH e teores de cálcio e magnésio. As variáveis matéria seca e FDA não foram influenciadas significativamente pelos tipos e doses de corretivos.
Resumo:
As áreas de empréstimo em hidrelétricas são as áreas remanescentes da construção da fundação da barragem e podem ser consideradas áreas degradadas, pois delas foram retirados os horizontes superficiais do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a recuperação de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, degradado por construção civil (Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira-SP), por meio de adubação verde e aplicação de calagem e gessagem. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de: testemunha (solo mobilizado e vegetação espontânea); mucuna-preta e guandu até 1994. Depois foram substituídos por feijão-de-porco; calcário + mucuna-preta; calcário + guandu até 1994. Nova substituição foi feita por feijão-de-porco; calcário + gesso + mucuna-preta e calcário + gesso + guandu até 1994. Outra substituição foi feita por feijão-de-porco. Esses tratamentos foram estabelecidos em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições: após quatro anos com os adubos verdes, um ano com milho, um ano com aveia-preta e dois anos com braquiária. Foram avaliados: pH, teores de Ca2+, Mg2+, P, K, capacidade de troca catiônica, saturação por bases e teor de matéria orgânica. Os tratamentos adotados estão recuperando os atributos químicos do solo degradado, e a mucuna-preta apresentou os melhores resultados, quando comparada ao guandu e feijão-de-porco. Os efeitos da recuperação dos atributos químicos do solo alcançaram a profundidade de 0,0-0,2 m. As técnicas adotadas para recuperação desses atributos químicos (adubação verde, calagem e gessagem) no primeiro ano atingiram a profundidade do solo de 0,0-0,1 m e, somente após cinco anos, de 0,0-0,2 m.
Resumo:
Modern agriculture is undergoing profound changes, with demands for more efficient management practices in the production systems used in each area. The objectives of this study were: to evaluate the effect of different covering species on a no-tillage system; to find the results of lime application on soil surface after sowing those forage species; measure the effects on soil chemical properties and subsequent effect on corn yield; and to determine the dry matter produced by each species used. The experiment was conducted on November, 2002, in the town of Palotina, Parana State, Brazil. A randomized block design was used, with 4 repetitions, in a 2x6 factorial scheme -two depths of soil sampling (0-10 and 10-20 cm) and six types of forage covering on the soil (Mucuna deeringiana, Crotalaria juncea, Setaria incana, Pennisetum glancum and Eleusine gracilis, as well as a mix of all these species). 3 t ha(-1) of dolomitic limestone were applied in total surface area, without amending. The covering species associated with the surface limestone application showed improvement in soil fertility, mainly in the layer of 10-20 cm, with prominence to Elensine gracilis, Crotalaria juncea and Setaria incana. Eleusine gracilis and Crotalaria juncea featured the largest dry matter production; however, the great amount of straw of Eleusine gracilis damaged the productivity of corn. Grain and corn straw productivity was higher when previously cultivated along with Setaria incana and the mix of forage species covering.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
A resistência mecânica à penetração do solo exerce grande influência sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal, uma vez que o crescimento das raízes e o rendimento das culturas variam de forma inversamente proporcional ao seu valor. Por outro lado, a matéria orgânica e o pH do solo também são atributos relevantes ao crescimento das plantas, pois estão diretamente ligados à disponibilidade de nutrientes do solo. No ano agrícola 2005/2006, na Fazenda Experimental de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia/UNESP, município de Selvíria, MS (22 º 23 ' de latitude S; 51 º 27 ' de longitude W), em um cultivo de Eucalyptus camaldulensis, foram analisados: (a) características dendrométricas da planta: volume de madeira (VOL), perímetro à altura do peito (PAP) e altura (ALT); e (b) atributos do solo em profundidade: resistência mecânica à penetração (RP), umidade gravimétrica (UG), matéria orgânica (MO) e o pH, num Latossolo Vermelho distrófico do Cerrado brasileiro. O objetivo foi estudar as correlações lineares e espaciais entre essas variáveis, buscando determinar indicadores de qualidade do solo para o eucalipto. Dados do solo e da planta foram coletados em uma malha geoestatística com 122 pontos amostrais, numa área de 1,98 ha. Os atributos da planta apresentaram média e alta variabilidade dos dados, ao passo que os do solo mostraram variabilidade baixa, média e alta. Os atributos VOL, PAP, ALT, RP, UG, MO e o pH não variaram aleatoriamente, seguindo padrões espaciais bem definidos, com alcances entre 17 e 169 m. As correlações lineares simples entre as características da planta e os atributos do solo foram baixas, porém significativas entre os pares VOL vs RP1, VOL vs RP5, VOL vs MO2 e VOL vs pH1. do ponto de vista espacial, ocorreu significativa variação inversa do VOL com a RP5 e o pH1. O pH do solo, amostrado de 0-0,15 m de profundidade, quando destinado à estimativa da produtividade de madeira do Eucalyptus camaldulensis, apresentou-se como potente indicador da qualidade do solo estudado de Selvíria.