Aerosols in Amazonia: Natural Biogenic Particles and Large Scale Biomass Burning Impacts.

The Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is a long term (20 years) research effort aimed at the understanding of the functioning of the Amazonian ecosystem. In particular, the strong biosphere-atmosphere interaction is a key component looking at the exchange processes between vegetation and the atmosphere, focusing on aerosol particles. Two aerosol components are the most visible: The natural biogenic emissions of aerosols and VOCs, and the biomass burning emissions. A large effort was done to characterize natural biogenic aerosols that showed detailed organic characterization and optical properties. The biomass burning component in Amazonia is important in term of aerosol and trace gases emissions, with deforestation rates decreasing, from 27,000 Km2 in 2004 to about 5,000 Km2 in 2011. Biomass burning emissions in Amazonia increases concentrations of aerosol particles, CO, ozone and other species, and also change the surface radiation balance in a significant way. Long term monitoring of aerosols and trace gases were performed in two sites: a background site in Central Amazonia, 55 Km North of Manaus (called ZF2 ecological reservation) and a monitoring station in Porto Velho, Rondonia state, a site heavily impacted by biomass burning smoke. Several instruments were operated to measured aerosol size distribution, optical properties (absorption and scattering at several wavelengths), composition of organic (OC/EC) and inorganic components among other measurements. AERONET and MODIS measurements from 5 long term sites show a large year-to year variability due to climatic and socio-economic issues. Aerosol optical depths of more than 4 at 550nm was observed frequently over biomass burning areas. In the pristine Amazonian atmosphere, aerosol scattering coefficients ranged between 1 and 200 Mm-1 at 450 nm, while absorption ranged between 1 and 20 Mm-1 at 637 nm. A strong seasonal behavior was observed, with greater aerosol loadings during the dry season (Jul-Nov) as compared to the wet season (Dec-Jun). During the wet season in Manaus, aerosol scattering (450 nm) and absorption (637 nm) coefficients averaged, respectively, 14 and 0.9 Mm-1. Angstrom exponents for scattering were lower during the wet season (1.6) in comparison to the dry season (1.9), which is consistent with the shift from biomass burning aerosols, predominant in the fine mode, to biogenic aerosols, predominant in the coarse mode. Single scattering albedo, calculated at 637 nm, did not show a significant seasonal variation, averaging 0.86. In Porto Velho, even in the wet season it was possible to observe an impact from anthropogenic aerosol. Black Carbon was measured at a high 20 ug/m³ in the dry season, showing strong aerosol absorption. This work presents a general description of the aerosol optical properties in Amazonia, both during the Amazonian wet and dry seasons.

La historiografía obrera italiana (1900-1981)

[ES] Este artículo estudia la evolución de la historiografía obrera italiana, que surge del marxismo y vinculada al PCI. Esta historiografía militante se caracterizó por la recopilación de fuentes documentales y el estudio del movimiento organizado, al tiempo que se debatía sobre cuestiones socio-económicas. En una segunda fase, a partir de 1956, la historiografía obrera italiana avanzó en pos de un mayor rigor científico, propósito que se concretó en una mayor apertura de los archivos y en la ampliación de la investigación a temáticas políticamente sensibles. Posteriormente, al calor de los cambios experimentados por el país en los años sesenta y setenta, y favorecida por los contactos con historiografías foráneas, la historiografía obrera italiana perdió progresivamente su carácter militante y se renovó con nuevas interrogantes y metodologías. [EN] This article looks at the evolution of labour historiography in Italy, a movement that emerged from Marxism and was linked to the PCI. This militant historiography was characterized by the compilation of documentary sources and the study of the organised movement, while general socio-economic issues were under discussion. The second phase, from 1956 onward, saw Italian labour historiography making advances in achieving greater thoroughness, involving the opening of more archives and expanding the research to politically sensitive issues. Subsequently, in the light of changes experienced by the country in the 1960s and 1970s, and thanks to foreign historiographies, the Italian labour historiography lost its militant nature in a progressive way and developed new queries and methodologies.

La città divisa. Conflittualità, confini, prove di comunità

Il presente lavoro approfondisce le tematiche della conflittualità e della separazione etnica, sociale, religiosa, generazionale e culturale. In particolare, riporta i risultati di ricerche condotte in alcuni degli attuali contesti urbani più carichi di tensioni conflittuali, cercando di individuare i motivi vicini e remoti del confligere, le attività messe in atto per contenere le tensioni e le relative necessità educative poste in primo piano. L’elaborato si compone di cinque parti. La prima parte consiste in una riflessione teorica sulle dinamiche che caratterizzano le interazioni sociali nello spazio cittadino. Nella seconda parte viene trattato il tema del settarismo in Scozia, che vede contrapposti i cattolici di origine irlandese (generalmente tifosi della squadra di calcio dei Celtic) e i protestanti di sangue scozzese (generalmente tifosi dei Rangers). La terza parte ricostruisce la storia e il presente della lunga convivenza tra tatari musulmani e russi cristiano-ortodossi nei territori dell’attuale Repubblica etnica del Tatarstan, situata nel cuore della Russia europea, ponendo particolare attenzione agli aspetti religiosi, linguistici, culturali ed educativi. La quarta parte parla del disagio nelle periferie europee, manifestatosi in modo eclatante con le rivolte giovanili in Francia (2005) e nel Regno Unito (2011). La parte conclusiva, infine riprenderà alcuni degli elementi emersi per proporre una riflessione di tipo pedagogico atta ad affrontare in tutta la sua complessità, e con approcci nuovi, il tema della città divisa, con le relative conflittualità, i confini e le prove di comunità.

Ragazzi selvaggi: Un itinerario di ricerca tra storia della pedagogia, neuroscienze e dibattito pedagogico attuale

Il lavoro di tesi nasce con l'intento di realizzare un'analisi unitaria della tematica dei ragazzi selvaggi al fine di evidenziare il valore e le ripercussioni di quanto oggigiorno può emergere dal portare avanti lo studio dei ragazzi selvaggi da una prospettiva pedagogico-educativa. L’espressione ragazzo selvaggio viene tradizionalmente usata per riferirsi a quei bambini/e cresciuti per un lungo periodo in compagnia di animali o in luoghi isolati. Nel corso del tempo altre accezioni sono comparse e l’utilizzo di tale espressione ha assunto significati diversi in base ai contesti di riferimento e alle eventuali connessioni con la tematica del selvaggio in generale. Questa tematica si colloca al crocevia tra più aree di ricerca; gli incroci sono come territori di confine, luoghi in cui è facile smarrirsi, ma sono anche luoghi di incontro, di confronto, di scambio, luoghi che conducono a nuova conoscenza. Affrontare, come in questo caso, un argomento di ricerca ricco di aspetti analizzabili da più punti di vista, implica la necessità di riferirsi a più prospettive d'indagine e di rapportarsi con differenti ambiti di studio. Ciò non deve però tradursi in un’inclusione indistinta e giustapponente delle diverse letture del fenomeno e degli elementi connessi alla ricerca. Il presente lavoro cerca pertanto di adottare un orientamento olistico alla tematica dei ragazzi selvaggi avvalendosi di uno sguardo di matrice pedagogico-educativa. L’obiettivo generale della ricerca si articola in tre sotto-obiettivi, identificabili nello specifico come: - realizzare un’analisi del fenomeno dei ragazzi selvaggi che metta in luce gli apporti della tematica all’evoluzione della storia della pedagogia; - far emergere ed evidenziare le connessioni della tematica a problematiche educative attualmente rilevanti ed oggetto del dibattito pedagogico contemporaneo; - analizzare i punti di contatto tra le ricerche sui feral children e le evidenze emerse dagli studi in campo neuroscientifico.

Community Research as a Factor Building Inclusive Community in Lithuania

Social and political change in Europe, increasing labour mobility, development of the new European social policy and increasingly global nature of the social problems had a profound effect on the socio-cultural and socio-educational work in community and on its objectives. In order to keep these new communitarian standards of social policy, the first steps have to be made in fostering local community with the perspective it will reach the western European communitarian level. That is the reason why university in these changes started to turn more and more to the society and first of all has put a great emphasis on the community research. This initiative was induced by non-existence of civic tradition during the communist period, the gap in the development of civil society and its culture, the weakness and the poorness of the third sector. This paper is based on the analysis of the community and civil society research conducted during recent years by the researchers of Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Social Sciences. The paper involves a review of the research methodology, interpretation of the received data and summary of the results. It discusses both theoretical and empirical possibilities of building and developing inclusive community.

Virtual Electrophysiology with SPatch

SPatch is an open source virtual laboratory designed to perform simulated electrophysiological experiments without the technical difficulties inherent to laboratory work. It provides the core equipment necessary for recording neuronal activity and allows the user to install the equipment, design their own protocols, prepare solutions to bathe the preparation or to fill the electrodes, and gather data. Assistance is provided for most steps with predefined components that are appropriate to a range of standard procedures. Experiments that can be performed with SPatch at present concern the study of voltage-gated channels in isolated neurons. This allows understanding the ionic mechanisms of Na+ and Ca2+ action potentials, after spike hyperpolarization, pacemaker tonic or bursting activity of neurons, delayed or sustained or adaptive firing of neurons in response to a depolarization, spontaneous depolarization of the membrane following an hyperpolarization, etc. In an educational context, the main interest of SPatch is to allow students to focus on the concepts and thought processes of electrophysiological investigation without the high equipment costs and extensive training required to perform laboratory work. It can be used to acquaint students with the relevant procedures before starting work in a real lab, or to give students an understanding of single neuron behavior and the ways it can be studied without requiring practical work. We illustrate the function and use of SPatch, explore educational issues arising from the inevitable differences between simulated and real laboratory work, and outline possible improvements.

State of the art of integrated therapy approaches in the treatment of schizophrenia: empirical evidence and clinical relevance

Objective: Integrated behavior therapy approaches are defined by the combination of behavioral and or cognitive interventions targeting neurocognition combined with other goal-oriented treatment targets such as social cognition, social skills, or educational issues. The Integrated Psychological Therapy Program (IPT) represents one of the very first behavior therapy approaches combining interventions of neurocognition, social cognition, and social competence. This comprehensive group-based bottom-up and top-down approach consists of five subprograms, each with incremental steps. IPT has been successfully implemented in several countries in Europe, America, Australia and in Asia. IPT worked as a model for some other approaches designed in the USA. IPT was undergone two further developments: based on the social competence part of IPT, the three specific therapy programs focusing residential, occupational or recreational topics were developed. Recently, the cognitive part of INT was rigorously expanded into the Integrated Neurocognitive Therapy (INT) designed exclusively for outpatient treatment: INT includes interventions targeting all neurocognitive and social cognitive domains defined by the NIMH-MATRICS initiative. These group and partially PC-based exercises are structured into four therapy modules, each starting with exercises on neurocognitive domains followed by social cognitive targets. Efficacy: The evidence of integrated therapy approaches and its advantage compared to of one-track interventions was becoming a discussion tool in therapy research as well as in mental health systems. Results of meta-analyses support superiority of integrated approaches compared to one-track interventions in more distal outcome areas such as social functioning. These results are in line with the large body of 37 independent IPT studies in 12 countries. Moreover, IPT research indicates the maintenance of therapy effects after the end of therapy and some evidence generalization effects. Additionally, the international randomized multi-center study on INT with 169 outpatients strongly supports the successful therapy of integrated therapy in proximal and distal outcome such as significant effects in cognition, functioning and negative symptoms. Clinical implication: therapy research as well as expert’s clinical experience recommends integrated therapy approaches such as IPT to be successful agents within multimodal psychiatric treatment concepts. Finally, integrated group therapy based on cognitive remediation seems to motivate and stimulate schizophrenia inpatients and outpatients to more successful and independent life also demanded by the recovery movement.

Dealing with bad guys: actor- and process-level determinants of the “devil shift” in policy making

Policy actors tend to misinterpret and distrust opponents in policy processes. This phenomenon, known as the “devil shift”, consists of the following two dimensions: actors perceive opponents as more powerful and as more evil than they really are. Analysing nine policy processes in Switzerland, this article highlights the drivers of the devil shift at two levels. On the actor level, interest groups, political parties and powerful actors suffer more from the devil shift than state actors and powerless actors. On the process level, the devil shift is stronger in policy processes dealing with socio-economic issues as compared with other issues. Finally, and in line with previous studies, there is less empirical evidence of the power dimension of the devil shift phenomenon than of its evilness dimension.

Visión inusual de la violencia : la perspectiva infantil en la novela contemporánea de Colombia y de la República Dominicana

La violencia en todas sus dimensiones ha ocupado tarde o temprano la pluma de los escritores del Caribe y de América Latina, quienes con estilos disímiles y diversas estrategias discursivas encontraron en la labor literaria la libertad expresiva negada, en la mayoría de los casos, por su contexto social. La relativa distancia temporal de estos acontecimientos no significa que los intelectuales de los ’90 hasta el presente hayan dado una vuelta de página a la historia de tales sucesos cuyas consecuencias aún hoy se advierten y padecen. La literatura de Colombia y de la República Dominicana no son una excepción. Señorita del escritor colombiano Gonzalo España (1996) filtra la violencia de los años cincuenta de su país a través de la memoria de un niño, voz narrativa que actúa como un catalizador positivo del pasado. Mudanza de los sentidos de Ángela Hernández (2001) se distingue por la inocente perspectiva de una niña quien, al relatar el mundo de la tiranía de Rafael Leonidas Trujillo en la República Dominicana, cuenta su propia historia. Los distintos ritmos narrativos, el particular lenguaje y las diversas estrategias literarias permitirán analizar la importancia de elegir una perspectiva infantil para relatar los hechos de la violencia. La ruptura con los tradicionales personajes colectivos de las novelas que ficcionalizan hechos y personajes históricos amplía las posibilidades críticas y reflexivas que la expresión literaria ofrece sobre los hechos sociales y sobre el mismo arte de escribir.

Estrategias para la reinserción social de jóvenes en conflicto con la ley

La justicia penal adolescente es un sistema de administración judicial que extiende los derechos y garantías del debido proceso a los adolescentes a quienes se acuse de haber participado en la comisión de una infracción a la ley penal. Se podría decir que las finalidades de la justicia penal juvenil, por orden de importancia son: Administrar justicia de forma democrática. Fomentando la responsabilización del adolescente que ha cometido una infracción penal; promoviendo su integración social y favoreciendo la participación de la comunidad en el proceso de reinserción social, mediante la oferta de servicios y programas para el cumplimiento de medidas socio-educativas. Cabe preguntarse ¿Las instituciones correccionales son coadyuvantes en la reinserción de los jóvenes en conflicto con la ley de tal modo que no vuelvan a confrontar con el orden jurídico vigente cuando egresen? La respuesta es muy compleja porque si bien desde la situación de las instituciones el aislamiento que sufre el joven no les da defensas para poder cambiar sus circunstancias de vida a la hora de reingresar a la sociedad y esto lleva a una alta probabilidad de volver a delinquir. Sin embargo las Ciencias Sociales plantean otras alternativa para logran la inserción de los jóvenes, una de ellas, se inclina a la estimulación de la resiliencia. Esta implica: sobreponerse a las dificultades y tener éxito a pesar de estar expuestos a situaciones de alto riesgo; mantener la competencia bajo presión, esto significa adaptarse con éxito y recuperarse de un trauma ajustándose de forma exitosa a los acontecimientos negativos de la vida.

Los mapas de la fragmentación territorial en Tandil a partir de la escolarización

Los actuales procesos de globalización han reforzado las tendencias hacia la fragmentación social. El problema de la educación no existe en forma singular, sino que es plural y diferenciado según el segmento social de que se trate. La desigualdad y la exclusión social educativa, en una ciudad intermedia como Tandil, se manifiestan y materializan territorialmente. La finalidad de este trabajo es dar cuenta del proceso de fragmentación territorial, a través del análisis e interpretación de la escolarización a partir de los resultados del Censo 2001.

Introducción : Nuevas juventudes, socialización y escolarización : perspectivas de la investigación socioeducativa

Fil: Martínez, María Elena. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.

La Educación en Ciencias como un llamado a la acción

Este artículo considera que tanto la educación en Ciencia, Tecnología, Sociedad y Ambiente (CTSA) como las formas convencionales de la enseñanza de problemas socio-científicos (PSC) son inadecuadas para satisfacer las necesidades e intereses de los y las estudiantes que se enfrentan con demandas, problemas y asuntos de la vida contemporánea. Se defiende un acercamiento educativo mucho más politizado, con un mayor énfasis en la crítica social, la clarificación de valores y la acción socio-política, a través de un enfoque basado en problemas que puede convivir con el currículo convencional basado en disciplinas. Para ello, es necesario que la confrontación de cuestiones, la consideración de los valores subyacentes y la acción sean totalmente integrados al currículum

Los mapas de la fragmentación territorial en Tandil a partir de la escolarización

Los actuales procesos de globalización han reforzado las tendencias hacia la fragmentación social. El problema de la educación no existe en forma singular, sino que es plural y diferenciado según el segmento social de que se trate. La desigualdad y la exclusión social educativa, en una ciudad intermedia como Tandil, se manifiestan y materializan territorialmente. La finalidad de este trabajo es dar cuenta del proceso de fragmentación territorial, a través del análisis e interpretación de la escolarización a partir de los resultados del Censo 2001.

Introducción : Nuevas juventudes, socialización y escolarización : perspectivas de la investigación socioeducativa

Fil: Martínez, María Elena. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina.