La consulta como dispositivo de seguridad: caso TIPNIS

Este trabajo hace un ejercicio de representación de la realidad, trata de comprender el proyecto nacional boliviano en clave de seguridad territorio, entendiendo esta en términos de gestión, a partir del instrumento de consulta de pueblos indígenas en el caso específico del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (TIPNIS) con la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo operan los dispositivos de seguridad territorio del aparato gubernamental inmerso en el caso TIPNIS? La metodología a utilizarse para este estudio, responde principalmente al análisis de dispositivos a partir de la teoría de Foucault, propuesta por el alemán Siegfried Jagüer desde la identificación, el análisis y la relación entre las prácticas discursivas, no discursivas y manifestaciones. Además se hará uso de una categoría propia de la biología: la endosimbiosis, para explicar el fenómeno social que ocurre en términos de demandas y movimiento indígena. Para exponer de la mejor manera el estudio de caso, en un primer momento se realizará una descripción histórica de la construcción del instrumento de consulta inmerso en el debate y el conflicto, para en una segunda instancia hacer una aproximación más profunda de las cuatro categorías relevantes enmarcadas en la Ley 222 de consulta a los pueblos del TIPNIS (visión de desarrollo, medidas salvaguarda, intangibilidad, carretera) desde su operación, relacionadas con los planes nacionales del Estado plurinacional más su andamiaje institucional y operativo estatal. Finalmente se procede a realizar una lectura de las mismas en clave de dispositivos para observar sus efectos.

Quantifying the response of the ORAC aerosol optical depth retrieval for MSG SEVIRI to aerosol model assumptions

We test the response of the Oxford-RAL Aerosol and Cloud (ORAC) retrieval algorithm for MSG SEVIRI to changes in the aerosol properties used in the dust aerosol model, using data from the Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) flight campaign in August 2006. We find that using the observed DODO free tropospheric aerosol size distribution and refractive index increases simulated top of the atmosphere radiance at 0.55 µm assuming a fixed erosol optical depth of 0.5 by 10–15 %, reaching a maximum difference at low solar zenith angles. We test the sensitivity of the retrieval to the vertical distribution f the aerosol and find that this is unimportant in determining simulated radiance at 0.55 µm. We also test the ability of the ORAC retrieval when used to produce the GlobAerosol dataset to correctly identify continental aerosol outflow from the African continent and we find that it poorly constrains aerosol speciation. We develop spatially and temporally resolved prior distributions of aerosols to inform the retrieval which incorporates five aerosol models: desert dust, maritime, biomass burning, urban and continental. We use a Saharan Dust Index and the GEOS-Chem chemistry transport model to describe dust and biomass burning aerosol outflow, and compare AOD using our speciation against the GlobAerosol retrieval during January and July 2006. We find AOD discrepancies of 0.2–1 over regions of intense biomass burning outflow, where AOD from our aerosol speciation and GlobAerosol speciation can differ by as much as 50 - 70 %.

Towards global drought early warning capability: expanding international cooperation for the development of a framework for global drought monitoring and forecasting

Drought is a global problem that has far-reaching impacts and especially 47 on vulnerable populations in developing regions. This paper highlights the need for a Global Drought Early Warning System (GDEWS), the elements that constitute its underlying framework (GDEWF) and the recent progress made towards its development. Many countries lack drought monitoring systems, as well as the capacity to respond via appropriate political, institutional and technological frameworks, and these have inhibited the development of integrated drought management plans or early warning systems. The GDEWS will provide a source of drought tools and products via the GDEWF for countries and regions to develop tailored drought early warning systems for their own users. A key goal of a GDEWS is to maximize the lead time for early warning, allowing drought managers and disaster coordinators more time to put mitigation measures in place to reduce the vulnerability to drought. To address this, the GDEWF will take both a top-down approach to provide global real-time drought monitoring and seasonal forecasting, and a bottom-up approach that builds upon existing national and regional systems to provide continental to global coverage. A number of challenges must be overcome, however, before a GDEWS can become a reality, including the lack of in-situ measurement networks and modest seasonal forecast skill in many regions, and the lack of infrastructure to translate data into useable information. A set of international partners, through a series of recent workshops and evolving collaborations, has made progress towards meeting these challenges and developing a global system.

Hurricanes and climate: the U.S. CLIVAR working group on hurricanes

While a quantitative climate theory of tropical cyclone formation remains elusive, considerable progress has been made recently in our ability to simulate tropical cyclone climatologies and understand the relationship between climate and tropical cyclone formation. Climate models are now able to simulate a realistic rate of global tropical cyclone formation, although simulation of the Atlantic tropical cyclone climatology remains challenging unless horizontal resolutions finer than 50 km are employed. This article summarizes published research from the idealized experiments of the Hurricane Working Group of U.S. CLIVAR (CLImate VARiability and predictability of the ocean-atmosphere system). This work, combined with results from other model simulations, has strengthened relationships between tropical cyclone formation rates and climate variables such as mid-tropospheric vertical velocity, with decreased climatological vertical velocities leading to decreased tropical cyclone formation. Systematic differences are shown between experiments in which only sea surface temperature is increased versus experiments where only atmospheric carbon dioxide is increased, with the carbon dioxide experiments more likely to demonstrate the decrease in tropical cyclone numbers previously shown to be a common response of climate models in a warmer climate. Experiments where the two effects are combined also show decreases in numbers, but these tend to be less for models that demonstrate a strong tropical cyclone response to increased sea surface temperatures. Further experiments are proposed that may improve our understanding of the relationship between climate and tropical cyclone formation, including experiments with two-way interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere and variations in atmospheric aerosols.

Vertical structure and physical processes of the Madden-Julian oscillation: exploring key model physics in climate simulations

Aimed at reducing deficiencies in representing the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) in general circulation models (GCMs), a global model evaluation project on vertical structure and physical processes of the MJO was coordinated. In this paper, results from the climate simulation component of this project are reported. It is shown that the MJO remains a great challenge in these latest generation GCMs. The systematic eastward propagation of the MJO is only well simulated in about one-fourth of the total participating models. The observed vertical westward tilt with altitude of the MJO is well simulated in good MJO models, but not in the poor ones. Damped Kelvin wave responses to the east of convection in the lower troposphere could be responsible for the missing MJO preconditioning process in these poor MJO models. Several process-oriented diagnostics were conducted to discriminate key processes for realistic MJO simulations. While large-scale rainfall partition and low-level mean zonal winds over the Indo-Pacific in a model are not found to be closely associated with its MJO skill, two metrics, including the low-level relative humidity difference between high and low rain events and seasonal mean gross moist stability, exhibit statistically significant correlations with the MJO performance. It is further indicated that increased cloud-radiative feedback tends to be associated with reduced amplitude of intraseasonal variability, which is incompatible with the radiative instability theory previously proposed for the MJO. Results in this study confirm that inclusion of air-sea interaction can lead to significant improvement in simulating the MJO.

The reception of T. S. Bayer’s 'Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani' (1738)

Theophilus (Gottlieb) Siegfried Bayer (1694-1738) is usually credited as the first person in modern times to address the history of the Greeks in Bactria in a serious way. Bayer’s Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani, brings together numismatic and historical research. He describes two Graeco-Bactrian coins which he was able to examine first hand, and collects and comments upon the Classical historical sources on the Greek kingdoms of Bactria and India. It was published in St. Petersburg in 1738, where Bayer, a German, held an academic position. In this short article, I am interested in two questions surrounding the Historia Regni Graecorum Bactriani. First (and relatively briefly), how Bayer conducted his research without first hand access to source material and without himself travelling in Bactria – or indeed further east than St. Petersburg. Secondly, the way in which Bayer’s scholarship was received by some of his contemporaries and by later writers, outside the field of Bactrian studies.

Role of spinal microglia in myositis-induced central sensitisation: An immunohistochemical and behavioural study in rats

There is increasing evidence that spinal glial cells play an important role in chronic pain states. However, so far no data on the role of microglia in muscle pain are available. The aim of the present study was to investigate the involvement of spinal microglial cells in chronic muscle pain. In a rat model of chronic muscle inflammation (injection of complete Freunds adjuvant into the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle) alterations of microglia were visualized with quantitative OX-42 immunohistochemistry in the dorsal horn of the segments L4 and L5 12 days after induction of inflammation. In behavioural experiments the influence of chronic intrathecally applied minocycline - a specific microglia inhibitor - or an antibody against tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha: a cytokine released from microglia) on pain-related behaviour was investigated after 1, 3, 6, and 12 days. The immunhistochemical data show that in the deep laminae of the spinal dorsal horn microglial cells reacted with morphological changes to the muscle inflammation. Following inflammation, the mean boundary length surrounding the OX-42 immunostained area was significantly shorter. This indicates that microglial cells were activated by the myositis and withdrew their processes. Chronic intrathecal administration of minocycline or anti TNF-alpha with an osmotic mini-pump largely normalised the inflammation-induced changes in spontaneous exploratory behaviour and attenuated the hypersensitivity to mechanical stimulation. Both the immunohistochemical and behavioural data show that spinal microglial cells are involved in nociceptive processes in the cause of a chronic muscle inflammation. (C) 2008 European Federation of International Association for the Study of Pain Chapters. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

MuRF1 is a muscle fiber-type II associated factor and together with MuRF2 regulates type-II fiber trophicity and maintenance

MuRF1 is a member of the RBCC (RING, B-box, coiled-coil) superfamily that has been proposed to act as an atrogin during muscle wasting. Here, we show that MuRF1 is preferentially induced in type-II muscle fibers after denervation. Fourteen days after denervation, MuRF1 protein was further elevated but remained preferentially expressed in type-II muscle fibers. Consistent with a fiber-type dependent function of MuRF1, the tibialis anterior muscle (rich in type-II muscle fibers) was considerably more protected in MuRF1-KO mice from muscle wasting when compared to soleus muscle with mixed fiber-types. We also determined fiber-type distributions in MuRF1/MuRF2 double-deficient KO (dKO) mice, because MuRF2 is a close homolog of MuRF1. MuRF1/MuRF2 dKO mice showed a profound loss of type-II fibers in soleus muscle. As a potential mechanism we identified the interaction of MuRF1/MuRF2 with myozenin-1, a calcineurin/NFAT regulator and a factor required for maintenance of type-II muscle fibers. MuRF1/MuRF2 dKO mice had lost myozenin-1 expression in tibialis anterior muscle, implicating MuRF1/MuRF2 as regulators of the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. In summary, our data suggest that expression of MuRF1 is required for remodeling of type-II fibers under pathophysiological stress states, whereas MuRF1 and MuRF2 together are required for maintenance of type-II fibers, possibly via the regulation of myozenin-1. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Índice de desenvolvimento humano no Rio Grande do Sul/Índice social municipal ampliado-Bloco Segurança: índice de violência para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em seus 467 municípios, no período de 1992-1999

O presente estudo elabora um índice de violência para o Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em seus 467 municípios, durante o período de 1992 a 1999. Não se buscaram explicações para o comportamento das taxas, mas somente uma descrição de sua evolução ao longo do período. Desta forma, procura-se um processo analítico que permita que, mais tarde, sejam trabalhadas as relações, conceitos e papéis frente ao processo de desenvolvimento humano e regional. A pesquisa trabalha com índices de criminalidade que se fundamentam no critério da agilidade da informação, proporcionada por estas medidas, para o diagnóstico dos problemas da violência municipal e para a elaboração de políticas voltadas à segurança. Em janeiro de 2000 foi divulgado o trabalho desenvolvido pela Fundação de Economia e Estatística Siegfried Emanuel Heuser (FEE)1, intitulado Índice Social Municipal Ampliado (ISMA) para o Rio Grande do Sul (1991-1996). O objetivo do mesmo era comparar as posições intermunicipais a partir de “indicadores sociais que foram selecionados”2 e definidos em blocos de educação, saúde, renda e condições de domicílio e saneamento. Desta forma, comparou-se e classificou-se num ranking os melhores e piores municípios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul pela média do período de 1991 a 1996. Buscando complementar e aprimorar o trabalho, este estudo tem a proposta de acrescer, nos mesmos municípios, o bloco segurança, proporcionando uma maior integração dos resultados a partir dos dados sintetizados e complementados. Reunindo os resultados anteriormente apurados pela pesquisa da FEE com aqueles que serão obtidos por este trabalho atingir-seá um melhor conhecimento da realidade sócio-econômica gaúcha. Faz parte integrante deste trabalho um disco compacto, cujas especificações encontram-se no Capítulo 5.

The HUman MicroNucleus project on eXfoLiated buccal cells (HUMNXL): The role of life-style, host factors, occupational exposures, health status, and assay protocol

The human buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) is one of the most widely used techniques to measure genetic damage in human population studies. Reducing protocol variability, assessing the role of confounders, and estimating a range of reference values are research priorities that will be addressed by the HUMNXL, collaborative study. The HUMNXL, project evaluates the impact of host factors, occupation, life-style, disease status, and protocol features on the occurrence of MN in exfoliated buccal cells. In addition, the study will provide a range of reference values for all cytome endpoints. A database of 5424 subjects with buccal MN values obtained from 30 laboratories worldwide was compiled and analyzed to investigate the influence of several conditions affecting MN frequency. Random effects models were mostly used to investigate MN predictors. The estimated spontaneous MN frequency was 0.74 parts per thousand (95% CI 0.52-1.05). Only staining among technical features influenced MN frequency, with an abnormal increase for non-DNA-specific stains. No effect of gender was evident, while the trend for age was highly significant (p < 0.001). Most occupational exposures and a diagnosis of cancer significantly increased MN and other endpoints frequencies. MN frequency increased in heavy smoking (>= 40 cig/day. FR = 1.37:95% CI 1.03-.82) and decreased with daily fruit consumption (FR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.50-0.91). The results of the HUMNXL, project identified priorities for validation studies, increased the basic knowledge of the assay, and contributed to the creation of a laboratory network which in perspective may allow the evaluation of disease risk associated with MN frequency. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of Implant Design on the Biomechanical Environment of Immediately Placed Implants: Computed Tomography-Based Nonlinear Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Biomechanical Evaluation of Platform Switching in Different Implant Protocols: Computed Tomography-Based Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of Implant Connection Type on the Biomechanical Environment of Immediately Placed Implants - CT-Based Nonlinear, Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Épocas de consórcio de alho com beterraba perante três manejos do mato sobre a produtividade e o lucro

The research was carried out with intercropped cultivation of garlic and beet, in Caçador, SC, Brazil. Four seeding epochs for beet (0, 15, 30 and 45 days after garlic planting) and three management systems for weeds (with herbicides, without control and with frequent weeding) were tested. It was hoped to determine the effects of this intercropping, in time and space, seeking the benefits in .weed control, efficient land use, productivity, commercial quality, and profitability. The randomized block design was in split-plots. The epochs represented the plots, and the management, the subplots, with four replicates. Napromide at 750 g/ha did not cause symptoms of intoxication in the garlic plants, nor in the beet. All the treatments in epochs at the initiation of intercropping, in three management systems for weeds, presented efficient land use values greater than 1. The profitability of the intercropping of garlic and beet only became evident in the management involving frequent weeding; in all epochs, profits were greater than for the respective epochs of monoculture of beet and monoculture of garlic.

Considerations governing the selection and design of waterwheel generators with special reference to the conditions in Latin America

Includes bibliography