Intoxicação por Ipomoea asarifolia em ovinos e bovinos na Ilha de Marajó

Para estudar as intoxicações por plantas que ocorrem na Ilha de Marajó foram visitadas 7 fazendas. Em todas as fazendas visitadas as pastagens eram constituídas de campo nativo, tinham pouco ou nenhuma disponibilidade de forragem e estavam severamente invadidas por Ipomoea asarifolia. Nas 5 propriedades foi relatada a ocorrência da intoxicação por esta planta em ovinos. Animais jovens são mais afetados do que adultos. Em duas dessas propriedades foram observados ovinos com sinais clínicos. Em 4 fazendas, os proprietários relataram a ocorrência da intoxicação por I. asarifolia em bovinos e, em uma dessas, foram observados bovinos com sinais clínicos em duas visitas realizadas, uma no período seco e outra no início do período chuvoso. Em bovinos as mortes ocorrem principalmente quando são afetados bezerros. A doença é observada todos os anos, com morbidade variável e baixa mortalidade. Os sinais clínicos foram característicos de uma doença tremogênica. Um bovino e um ovino, que apresentavam sinais clínicos acentuados e foram eutanasiados e necropsiados, não apresentavam alterações macroscópicas nem histológicas de significação. Em todas as fazendas visitadas eram criados bubalinos juntamente com bovinos e/ou ovinos e em 3 propriedades eram criados caprinos, mas nenhum proprietário relatou a ocorrência da intoxicação nestas duas espécies.

Intoxicação por Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Convolvulaceae) em caprinos na Ilha do Marajó, Pará

Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa é uma planta que contém swainsonina causando doença de depósito lisossomal em ruminantes, principalmente em caprinos na região Nordeste do Brasil. Para o estudo das plantas tóxicas da Ilha de Marajó, foram visitadas sete propriedades rurais na Ilha de Marajó, seis localizadas no município de Cachoeira do Arari e uma no município de Soure. Em todas as propriedades visitadas as pastagens eram constituídas de campo nativo, tinham pouca disponibilidade de forragem e I. carnea subsp. fistulosa encontrava-se em grande quantidade. Nas três propriedades onde eram criados caprinos foram observados animais com sinais nervosos, incluindo tremores de intenção, aumento da base de sustentação quando em estação, ataxia, hipermetria, nistagmo, paresia espástica ou debilidade, alterações posturais, perda de equilíbrio e quedas. Em duas fazendas a prevalência foi de 32% (23/71) e 100% (32/32) e em outra havia um animal com sinais acentuados e o resto do rebanho, de 19 caprinos, não foi examinado clinicamente. Bovinos, ovinos e bubalinos não foram afetados. Foram eutanasiados e necropsiados seis caprinos que apresentavam sinais clínicos acentuados. Macroscopicamente não foram observadas alterações. Na histologia observou-se vacuolização do pericário de neurônios e do citoplasma de células epiteliais da tireóide, rim, fígado, pâncreas e macrófagos de diversos órgãos. No sistema nervoso central a vacuolização era mais grave nos neurônios de Purkinje do cerebelo e nos neurônios dos núcleos cerebelares e do tronco encefálico. Observaram-se também degeneração walleriana dos axônios e gliose. A alta freqüência da intoxicação nas três fazendas que criavam caprinos sugere que a intoxicação por I. carnea subsp. fistulosa é muito importante para caprinos na Ilha de Marajó, onde há abundante quantidade da planta, que permanece verde durante todo o período seco.

Alternativas para o controle de nematoides gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes

Sheep and goat farming requires an efficient management program, due to losses caused by parasites in susceptible animals. Many factors may collaborate to improve infection tolerance in the herd, such as: genetics, nutrition, physiological status, and age. The problem caused by resistance to antihelmintic agents has led to the spread of alternative techniques for parasite controls. The latest strategies include selective treatment with the FAMACHA method, phytotherapy, biological control with predatory fungi, and strategies that still await scientific confirmation, such as homeopathy, the dilution of resistance with the introduction of susceptible parasites, and the combination of drugs without antihelmintic effect. The main objective of these methods is to reduce the usage of antiparasitic agents, thus slowing the development of resistance and promoting the better use of effective products and newly released products. The objective of this article is to describe techniques for controlling nematodes in small ruminants, and it is aimed at technicians interested in increasing their knowledge about the mechanisms of resistance to antihelmintic agents as well as alternatives to the use of these products.

Elevated Plasma Hemoglobin Levels Increase Nitric Oxide Consumption in Experimental and Clinical Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolism

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Entre nativos e exóticos: a mestiçagem na construção de uma nova identidade na caprinovinocultura dos sertões

In the Northeastern Semiarid of Brazil, dynamic among creators of goats and sheep native and exotic bring a range of meanings. In addition to actual trade disputes, conflicts are waged in the realm of ideas, revealing different values and interests around the racial origin of these animals. Between these two segments lies most of the small farmers and the traditional Semiarid sheep and goat raising, based on the use of animals breed, arising from the dynamics of spontaneous crossings, own extensive creations characterized by reduced control over the herds, state which shows a marked contrast to the first two segments. Given that their influence on a traditional creations can result in improved production of small farmers, linked to different social sector research and extension have turned their efforts to construct possible arrangements that are satisfactory to the reversal of historical problems of the region, especially the use of animal miscegenation as a strategy for change. It focuses on the work of these actors, the forms of interaction between them, fulfill the role that ideas, values and attitudes in the face of the possibilities for sheep and goat raising that region.

Caracterização epidemiológica de brucelose e leptospirose de pequenos ruminantes dos estados do Sergipe, Bahia, Ceará e Paraíba

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Antibodies to Neospora caninum in sheep from slaughterhouses in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Neosporosis is an emergent disease responsible for considerable economic impact due to reproductive losses. Its zoonotic potential remains unknown. This study involved a survey of antibodies to Neospora caninum in slaughtered sheep and their association with epidemiological variables. Serum samples from 596 sheep from the states of Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were collected in two slaughterhouses located in Sao Paulo and evaluated by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), using cut-off titers of 25. Among these samples, 353/596 (59.23%; 95%CI 55.23-63.10) were positive and 263/353 (74.50%; 95%CI 69.71-78.77%) were from Rio Grande do Sul. Statistical associations were determined in the univariate analysis between the serological results and sex, breed and municipality of origin. Sheep that came from extensive breeding system showed higher chance (OR=2.09) of presenting antibodies to N. caninum in relation to those from semi-intensive system. Higher chance was also observed for the different studied breeds, except Bergamacia, in relation to Hampshire Down. The results revealed the presence of infection by N. caninum in sheep from slaughterhouses.

Use of probiotics to reduce faecal shedding of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in sheep

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Production, characterization and structural analysis of proteins from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and snake venoms

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Increased Risk of Chronic Wasting Disease in Rocky Mountain Elk Associated With Decreased Magnesium and Increased Manganese in Brain Tissue

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of Rocky Mountain elk in North America. Recent studies suggest that tissue and blood mineral levels may be valuable in assessing TSE infection in sheep and cattle. The objectives of this study were to examine baseline levels of copper, manganese, magnesium, zinc, selenium, and molybdenum in the brains of Rocky Mountain elk with differing prion genotypes and to assess the association of mineral levels with CWD infection. Elk with leucine at prion position 132 had significantly lower magnesium levels than elk with 2 copies of methionine. Chronic wasting disease-positive elk had significantly lower magnesium than control elk. The incorporation of manganese levels in addition to magnesium significantly refined explanatory ability, even though manganese alone was not significantly associated with CWD. This study demonstrated that mineral analysis may provide an additional disease correlate for assessing CWD risk, particularly in conjunction with genotype.

Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with leptospirosis in the brazilian semiarid

Alves C. J., Alcino J. F., Farias A. E. M., Higino S. S. S., Santos F. A., Azevedo S. S., Costa D. F. & Santos C. S. A. B. 2012. [Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with leptospirosis in the brazilian semiarid.] Caracterizacao epidemiologica e fatores de risco associados a leptospirose em ovinos deslanados do semiarido brasileiro. Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira 32(6): 523-528. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Centro de Sa de e Tecnologia Rural, Unidade Academica de Medicina Veterinaria, Av. Universitaria s/n(o), Patos, PB 58700-970, Brazil. E-mail: clebertja@uol.com.br The aim of this investigation was to determine the herd-level and animal-level prevalence of leptospirosis in sheep from the semiarid of Paraiba State, Northeast Brazil, as well as to identify risk factors. Blood samples were collected from 1,275 sheep from 117 flocks in 19 counties in the Sertao mesoregion, Paraiba. For the serological diagnosis of leptospirosis the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 24 Leptospira spp. serovars as antigens was carried out. Of the 117 flocks studied 33 (28.20%) presented at least one seropositive sheep, and of the 1,275 animals 69 (5.41%) were seropositive with titers ranging from 100 to 3,200. Reactant serovars were Autumnalis (49.30%), Andamana (27.53%), Sentot (17.39%), Whitcomb (4.34%) and Australis (1.44%). Herd size > 48 sheep (odds ratio = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.33-5.07; p = 0.021) and participation in animal exhibits (odds ratio = 9.05; 95% CI = 0.96-85.71; p = 0.055) were identified as risk factors. The need was suggested for studies on the isolation of the agent, characterization of its pathogenicity and its economic impact on sheep flocks of the region, and sanitary control in sheep agglomerations was recommended.

Growth curve in Santa Ines sheep

The objective of this research was to use non-linear models to describe the growth pattern in Santa Ines sheep and to study the influence of environmental effects on curve parameters with the best-fit model. The models included the Brody, Richards, Von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, and Logistic models. We used 773 field reports on 162 animals ranging in age from 120 to 774 days, including 46 males and 116 females. The statistics used to evaluate the quality of fit included RMS (residual mean square), C% (percentage of convergence), R-2 (adjusted determination coefficient) and MAD (mean absolute deviation). Of the fixed effects studied, the only significant relationship was the effect of sex on parameter A. The Richards model was problematic during the process of convergence. Considering all studied criteria, the Logistic model presented the best fit in describing the growth pattern in Santa Ines sheep. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morphology and Involution of the Yolk Sac during Early Gestation Bovine (Bos indicus)

Background: The bovine yolk sac derives from visceral endoderm and its development occurs between days 18-23 of gestation. The study of this membrane is important for comparative data and has already been performed in rodents, sheep and in cattle, especially Bos taunts. In species Bos indicus the yolk sac has not quite been studied and is believed that there are morphological differences between these species. The yolk sac undergoes a process of involution and degeneration during embryonic development and none vestige of it is found in late gestation. The period in which occurs the involution of the yolk sac coincides with the period of increased pregnancy loss in cattle, and changes in the morphology of this membrane may indicate the reasons for such high loss rates. Thus, considering that the yolk sac is important for embryonic circulation and metabolic transmission, besides participating actively in the process of cattle placentation, this study aimed characterize morphologically the involution of the bovine yolk sac. Materials, Methods & Results: The early gestational period was determined between days 20 and 70 post-insemination (p.i), according to the exterior characteristics of embryo/fetus. For macroscopic analyzes the uterus was dissected to expose the fetal membranes and subsequently the embryo/fetus was photographed. The samples were fixed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The yolk sac that emerges from the ventral part of the embryo was prominent and composed by a central part with two thin peripheral projections of different lengths. The bovine yolk sac with about 9 cm on day 25 p. i. of pregnancy permanently decreased its total length during this study. Histologically, the yolk sac is composed of three cell layers: the mesothelium, the mesenchyme and the endoderm. In mesenchyme are found blood islets. In the endoderm are formed cells invaginations toward the mesenchyme originating small canaliculi. The ultrastructure of yolk cells presented many mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, euchromatin and the presence of two nucleoli, Discussion: The real first blood circulation in the bovine is attached with the development of yolk sac, differently from other membranes, such as the corium, that does not present evidence of vascularization by the age of 20-30 days. The erythroblasts found in the yolk sac are related to vasculogenesis and the process of differentiation of blood cells during the erythropoiesis. It could be observed on the histology of the yolk sac, in embryos of 30-50 days old, the presence of canaliculi and small folds of the epithelium. The canaliculi collapse is associated with the degeneration of the endoderm wall of the yolk sac. The organelles present in the endoderm cells of the yolk sac are associated with the function of protein metabolism and in the exchange of substances between the mesenchyme and the mesothelium, For these findings, could be observed that the yolk sac epithelium is found active until the 50th day of gestation, and thereafter regresses. However, remnants of this membrane may be present until the 70th day, These features may represent a presence of an active chorionvitelline placenta in this period responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy whereas the chorioallantoic placenta is not definitively established.

Fiber architecture in remodeled myocardium revealed with a quantitative diffusion CMR tractography framework and histological validation

Background: The study of myofiber reorganization in the remote zone after myocardial infarction has been performed in 2D. Microstructural reorganization in remodeled hearts, however, can only be fully appreciated by considering myofibers as continuous 3D entities. The aim of this study was therefore to develop a technique for quantitative 3D diffusion CMR tractography of the heart, and to apply this method to quantify fiber architecture in the remote zone of remodeled hearts. Methods: Diffusion Tensor CMR of normal human, sheep, and rat hearts, as well as infarcted sheep hearts was performed ex vivo. Fiber tracts were generated with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration technique and classified statistically by the median, mean, maximum, or minimum helix angle (HA) along the tract. An index of tract coherence was derived from the relationship between these HA statistics. Histological validation was performed using phase-contrast microscopy. Results: In normal hearts, the subendocardial and subepicardial myofibers had a positive and negative HA, respectively, forming a symmetric distribution around the midmyocardium. However, in the remote zone of the infarcted hearts, a significant positive shift in HA was observed. The ratio between negative and positive HA variance was reduced from 0.96 +/- 0.16 in normal hearts to 0.22 +/- 0.08 in the remote zone of the remodeled hearts (p<0.05). This was confirmed histologically by the reduction of HA in the subepicardium from -52.03 degrees +/- 2.94 degrees in normal hearts to -37.48 degrees +/- 4.05 degrees in the remote zone of the remodeled hearts (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A significant reorganization of the 3D fiber continuum is observed in the remote zone of remodeled hearts. The positive (rightward) shift in HA in the remote zone is greatest in the subepicardium, but involves all layers of the myocardium. Tractography-based quantification, performed here for the first time in remodeled hearts, may provide a framework for assessing regional changes in the left ventricle following infarction.

SAG2A protein from Toxoplasma gondii interacts with both innate and adaptive immune compartments of infected hosts

Abstract Background Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes relevant clinical disease in humans and animals. Several studies have been performed in order to understand the interactions between proteins of the parasite and host cells. SAG2A is a 22 kDa protein that is mainly found in the surface of tachyzoites. In the present work, our aim was to correlate the predicted three-dimensional structure of this protein with the immune system of infected hosts. Methods To accomplish our goals, we performed in silico analysis of the amino acid sequence of SAG2A, correlating the predictions with in vitro stimulation of antigen presenting cells and serological assays. Results Structure modeling predicts that SAG2A protein possesses an unfolded C-terminal end, which varies its conformation within distinct strain types of T. gondii. This structure within the protein shelters a known B-cell immunodominant epitope, which presents low identity with its closest phyllogenetically related protein, an orthologue predicted in Neospora caninum. In agreement with the in silico observations, sera of known T. gondii infected mice and goats recognized recombinant SAG2A, whereas no serological cross-reactivity was observed with samples from N. caninum animals. Additionally, the C-terminal end of the protein was able to down-modulate pro-inflammatory responses of activated macrophages and dendritic cells. Conclusions Altogether, we demonstrate herein that recombinant SAG2A protein from T. gondii is immunologically relevant in the host-parasite interface and may be targeted in therapeutic and diagnostic procedures designed against the infection.