Derecho administrativo y autorregulaci��n: la autorregulaci��n regulada

El objeto de esta tesis es el an��lisis de la autorregulaci��n regulada, es decir, el an��lisis de las normas y de los controles privados que poseen relevancia para el Derecho p��blico. A pesar de su aparente desvinculaci��n con el Derecho Administrativo, la autorregulaci��n es una tendencia que se percibe cada vez con mayor nitidez; es, claramente, un fen��meno que se asocia principalmente al uso de nuevas tecnolog��as, pero que desborda con mucho este ��mbito. La autorregulaci��n es una noci��n directamente relacionada con la transformaci��n de las formas de gobernanza impulsada desde la Uni��n Europea; es una nueva t��cnica o instrumento que las normas jur��dico-p��blicas, a trav��s de numerosas remisiones a la autorregulaci��n, ponen en manos de la administraci��n para gestionar los fines que ��sta tiene encomendados. Existe, sin embargo una clara disociaci��n entre las esperanzas puestas en la autorregulaci��n y la falta de respuestas que ofrece el derecho positivo. Un an��lisis exhaustivo de la jurisprudencia y de la legislaci��n que utilizan la voz "autorregulaci��n" me ha llegado a concluir que este vocablo es en nuestro ordenamiento, un "t��rmino sin concepto". En esta fuentes se asimila la "autorregulaci��n" con la capacidad de autonormaci��n de un sujeto. Es el derecho comunitario el que la autorregulaci��n como una alternativa o un complemento a la desreglamentaci��n estatal y como una manifestaci��n de un traslado de funciones y responsabilidades p��blicas a la sociedad. Por influencia del Derecho comunitario, el legislador pretende, a trav��s de la autorregulaci��n, alcanzar dos finalidades aparentemente contradictorias: (a) facilitar la funci��n de garante que tiene atribuida el Estado, mediante una intervenci��n m��s extensa i m��s intensa en las actividades privadas; (b) hacer efectivo los objetos propuestos con la desregulaci��n, mediante una contenci��n del ejercicio de la potestad reglamentaria y una disminuci��n de los controles, preventivos o represivos, realizados directamente por la Administraci��n. Para salvar esta contradicci��n, es necesario que el legislador establezca una regulaci��n adecuada de la autorregulaci��n. Dicha regulaci��n es, hoy por hoy, manifiestamente insuficiente. Deber��an fijarse con car��cter general -y no s��lo puntualmente y por sectores- las medidas adecuadas para el fomento de la autorregulaci��n; los efectos p��blicos que ��sta posee en cada caso y, significativamente, las garant��as y controles necesarios para contrarrestar tales efectos. Esto es, los principios que rigen la actividad administrativa deber��an ser aplicados tambi��n a la autorregulaci��n en aquellos casos en los que sus diversas manifestaciones poseen efectos similares a los que son propios de los reglamentos, las inspecciones o las sanciones administrativas. Esta propuesta deja abierta la cuesti��n acerca de la incidencia rec��proca de ambas t��cnicas; esto es , la incidencia de la regulaci��n p��blica en la autorregulaci��n de origen privado y, a la inversa, el impacto del desarrollo de la autorregulaci��n regulada en el ejercicio de las potestades reglamentaria, autorizatoria, y sancionadora de la Administraci��n. Esta cuesti��n s��lo puede ser contestada hoy caso por caso, de modo que la respuesta es distinta si se analiza una norma t��cnica, un c��digo ��tico, un manual de buenas pr��cticas, una certificaci��n privada del cumplimiento de normas t��cnicas, el ejercicio de la potestad disciplinaria privada o el arbritaje. De lo que no cabe duda alguna es que ni la autorregulaci��n es s��lo una actividad de inter��s privado, ni la regulaci��n p��blica conserva hoy sus rasgos tradicionales.

El discurso rom��ntico-masculino sobre la virtud femenina: ventriloquismo travesti, censura literaria y violencia donjuanesca en Montalvo y Mera (Estudios)

El autor revisa el discurso de Juan Montalvo en dos textos de Las Catilinarias y en El Regenerador, se��alando las estrategias que emplea para apoyar el control patriarcal sobre la mujer: simula una voz femenina que habla por y para las mujeres, sobre sus propias necesidades y deseos, censura y restringe la creatividad po��tica femenina, y sanciona a aquellas mujeres rebeldes que cuestionan la autoridad masculina. Se��ala el autor que, sobre la educaci��n de la mujer, el ���liberalismo cat��lico��� de Montalvo resulta similar a la ideolog��a conservadora y cat��lica de su enemigo pol��tico, el presidente Garc��a Moreno. De igual forma, en Ojeada hist��rico-cr��tica de la poes��a ecuatoriana, Juan Le��n Mera censura la autor��a, autoridad y autorizaci��n para escribir de dos poetas ecuatorianas (Dolores Veintimilla y Mercedes Gonz��lez de Moscoso), como formas de controlar y vigilar esas mismas subjetividades femeninas ���manipulables, impulsivas o pecaminosas���, hace algo similar respecto de la obra de Sor Juana, en Obras selectas de la c��lebre monja de M��jico Sor Juana In��s de la Cruz. Por ��ltimo, en su Geometr��a moral, Juan Montalvo da un paso m��s all��, y revela el lado egoc��ntrico y perverso de la autoridad masculina.

Las sanciones en materia tributaria en el Ecuador (Tema Central)

El r��gimen sancionatorio en materia tributaria es manifestaci��n del ius puniendi estatal, en el que discurre la sanci��n como la consecuencia de la realizaci��n de un supuesto de hecho calificado jur��dicamente como infracci��n, de all�� la pertinencia del an��lisis de esta figura que devele la naturaleza, fines, tipolog��a y las competencias de los ��rganos administrativos y jurisdiccionales llamados a imponerla, con remisi��n constitucional y legal a la realidad ecuatoriana, que examine tambi��n los principios que informan a este r��gimen y a ser observados en los procedimientos e imposici��n de sanciones tributarias.

Beyond retrenchment over Iran: can the EU offer a framework for regional security? CEPS Commentary, 3 September 2012

A new and far-reaching round of sanctions imposed recently on Iran by the EU is starting to hurt the country, its economy and its citizens. Yet Iran���s leadership seems deaf to demands for international weapons inspectors to be allowed unhindered access to its nuclear enrichment facilities. With a regime that is not likely to sway to international and domestic pressure, and in view of the shifting strategic landscape in the Middle East, the question is whether the twin-track approach of sanctions and diplomacy should be kept up, or whether it should make way for an alternative set of policies that could preserve the fragile stability in the wider Middle East and turn a vicious circle into a virtuous one. In this new Commentary, CEPS Senior Research Fellow Steven Blockmans argues that the High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, supported by the European External Action Service, is in a good position to offer a negotiated way out of this seemingly intractable situation.

The United Nations and the African Union: Assessing a partnership for peace in Darfur

In Resolution 1556, the Security Council, with the conflict in Darfur clearly in mind, determined that the ���situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security and to stability in the region���. This article focuses on the response by the United Nations, in particular the Security Council, and the African Union to the Darfur conflict. It begins by exploring the role of peacekeeping operations and regional arrangements or agencies in the overarching architecture of international peace and security. Having laid this frame of reference, it then looks at the modalities of peacekeeping in Darfur. These operations began with the African Union acting in isolation but have transitioned to an increasingly important role being played by the United Nations and a hybrid peacekeeping presence. Finally, this article asks whether, assuming that a legally dispositive conclusion can be drawn that genocide has taken place in Darfur since the outbreak of hostilities there in 2003, there exists a legal justification, or even obligation, for non-compliance by states with the sanctions regime established by Security Council Resolutions 1556 and 1591. This regime of sanctions has played an important part in the Security Council's approach to Darfur but has been, unfortunately, left largely unexamined from the standpoint of international legality.

Curbing agricultural exceptionalism: The EU's response to external challenge

From 1948 to 1994, the agricultural sector was afforded special treatment in the GATT. We analyse the extent to which this agricultural exceptionalism was curbed as a result of the GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, discuss why it was curbed and finally explore the implication of this for EU policy making. We argue that, in particular, two major changes in GATT institutions brought about restrictions on agricultural exceptionalism. First, the Uruguay Round was a 'single undertaking' in which progress on other dossiers was contingent upon an outcome on agriculture. The EU had keenly supported this new decision rule in the GATT. Within the EU this led to the MacSharry reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 1992, paving the way for a trade agreement on agriculture within the GATT. Second, under the new quasi-judicial dispute settlement procedure, countries are expected to bring their policies into conformity with WTO rules or face retaliatory trade sanctions. This has brought about a greater willingness on the part of the EU to submit its farm policy to WTO disciplines.

The challenges facing privatization of infrastructure projects in Libya

Libya with its strategic location and natural resources stands as a crucial link between the Arab world, Europe, and Africa. The people of Libya have an optimistic outlook with regard to the Libyan economy after the suspension of the United Nations sanctions in 1999 that had been imposed on Libya in 1992, as well as the recent emphasis on privatization from the government. Since then, local and foreign investors have been encouraged to take a more prominent role in order to help privatize some of the state run-industries; the attention to privatization is aimed to help Libya���s economic growth and reduce its heavy dependency on oil revenues. Considering the economic situation, Libya is a rich country. However, it needs to modernize, it needs more and better infrastructure, it needs non-oil based financing, furthermore, it needs to develop a financial model for development and investment from the private sector. Although the Libyan government is working on the improvement of the business environment to make it more attractive for foreign investors in a way to move towards privatization, they have ignored some of the challenges that privatization will be facing in Libya. Privatization can not be implemented overnight. They have taken this for granted without careful consideration of its challenges. This paper attempts to investigate and discuss the challenges that need to be taken into account before privatization of infrastructure projects can be introduced in Libya. This paper is based on interviews with senior technical officials in the government.

Rumo a uma defini����o positiva de world cinema

However common it has become, the term World Cinema still lacks a proper, positive definition. Despite its all-encompassing, democratic vocation, it is not usually employed to mean cinema worldwide. On the contrary, the usual way of defining it is restrictive and negative, as ���the non-Hollywood cinema���. Needless to say, negation here translates a positive intention to turn difference from the dominant model into a virtue to be rescued from an unequal competition. However, it unwittingly sanctions the American way of looking at the world, according to which Hollywood is the centre and all other cinemas are the periphery. As an alternative to this model, this chapter proposes: ��� World Cinema is simply the cinema of the world. It has no centre. It is not the other, but it is us. It has no beginning and no end, but is a global process. World Cinema, as the world itself, is circulation. ��� World Cinema is not a discipline, but a method, a way of cutting across film history according to waves of relevant films and movements, thus creating flexible geographies. ��� As a positive, inclusive, democratic concept, World Cinema allows all sorts of theoretical approaches, provided they are not based on the binary perspective.

Workaround motivation model (WAMM): an adaptation of the Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour

The study of workarounds (WA) has increased in importance due to their impact on patient safety and efficiency. However, there are no adequate theories to explain the motivation to create and use a workaround in a healthcare sitting. Although theories of technology acceptance help to understand the reasons to accept or reject technology, they fail to explain drivers for alternatives. Also workarounds involve creators and performers that have different motivations. Models such as Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) or Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) can help to explain the role of workaround users, but lack explanation of workaround creators��� dynamics. Our aim is to develop a theoretical foundation to explain workaround motivation behaviour models with norms that relate to sanctions to provide an integrated Workaround Motivation Model; WAMM. The development of WAMM model is explained in this paper based on workaround cases as part of further research to establish the model.

No asylum for ���Infiltrators���: the legal predicament of Eritrean and Sudanese nationals in Israel

This article explores the precarious status of Eritrean and Sudanese nationals in Israel. Having crossed the Israeli-Egyptian border without authorisation and not through an official border crossing, Israeli law defines such individuals as ���infiltrators���, a charged term which dates back to border-crossings into Israel by Palestinian Fedayeen in the 1950s. Eritreans and Sudanese nationals constitute over 90 percent of ���infiltrators��� in Israel. Their livelihood is curtailed through hostility, sanctions, and detention, while (at the time of writing) Israel refrains from deporting them to their respective countries of origin, recognising that such forced removal could expose them to risks to their lives and/or freedom. Israel was the 10th state to ratify the 1951 Refugee Convention, and has acceded to its 1967 Protocol which removed the 1951 Convention���s temporal and geographic restrictions, yet it has not incorporated these treaties into its domestic law not has it enacted primary legislation that sets eligibility criteria for ���refugee��� status and regulates the treatment of asylum-seekers. Israeli law also fails to accord subsidiary protection status to persons that the state considers to be non-removable, whether or not they satisfy the definition of a ���refugee��� under the 1951 Convention. Absent legal recognition of ���refugee���, ���asylum-seeker���, and ���beneficiary of subsidiary protection��� statuses, Eritreans and Sudanese nationals are left in legal limbo for an indefinite period qua irregular non-removable persons. This article takes stock of their legal predicament.

H��rdare tag i arbetslivet? : ��tg��rder mot arbetsrelaterat v��ld i facklig press 1978���2004

Preventing violence at work: A study of descriptions of safety measures in Swedish trade union journals 1978���2004 The purpose of this study is to examine if perceptions of interventions aimed at violence in the workplace have changed since the 1970s. In the beginning of the study period, structural factors are seen as the dominating explanation for workplace violence. The crime perspective rises in the 1990���s and methods of intervention becomes the control- and justice functions of larger society. The result shows search for accountability to be a salient factor for understanding the development towards an increasing use of penal sanctions.

Using Normative Markov Decision Processes for Evaluating Electronic Contracts: A Case Study in a Simulated Aerospace Aftermarket

Before signing electronic contracts, a rational agent should estimate the expected utilities of these contracts and calculate the violation risks related to them. In order to perform such pre-signing procedures, this agent has to be capable of computing a policy taking into account the norms and sanctions in the contracts. In relation to this, the contribution of this work is threefold. First, we present the Normative Markov Decision Process, an extension of the Markov Decision Process for explicitly representing norms. In order to illustrate the usage of our framework, we model an example in a simulated aerospace aftermarket. Second, we specify an algorithm for identifying the states of the process which characterize the violation of norms. Finally, we show how to compute policies with our framework and how to calculate the risk of violating the norms in the contracts by adopting a particular policy.

Princ��pio republicano, cargo em comiss��o e clientelismo pol��tico nos munic��pios do estado do Rio de Janeiro: reflex��es sobre a profissionaliza����o da fun����o p��blica no Brasil

A origem do comportamento orientado para a conquista de cargos p��blicos no Brasil remonta �� forma����o dos primeiros povoados e vilas durante o per��odo colonial. O nepotismo e o clientelismo pol��tico perpassam toda a hist��ria do Pa��s. Tendo como fio condutor o princ��pio republicano, buscou-se verificar at�� que ponto s��o os cargos em comiss��o utilizados no ��mbito dos Munic��pios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro como estrat��gia para manter e atualizar pr��ticas clientel��sticas como o empreguismo e o nepotismo. A utiliza����o de m��todos e t��cnicas de an��lise documental e de conte��do, em dispositivos legais produzidos pelos munic��pios estudados e em Relat��rios de Inspe����es Ordin��rias neles realizadas pelo Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, permitiu n��o s�� o proceder de uma an��lise qualitativa como o uso de t��cnicas quantitativas e representa����es gr��ficas dos achados, possibilitando uma leitura mais amena ��queles que t��m pouco contato com a mat��ria. Essa complementaridade de m��todos permitiu depreender que as a����es empreendidas pelos gestores p��blicos, no que tange �� utiliza����o da livre nomea����o, encontram-se na contram��o da pr��tica da cidadania, do igualitarismo, do respeito ao servir p��blico. A pesquisa atestou que a quase totalidade dos munic��pios estudados se utiliza dos cargos em comiss��o de forma totalmente avessa �� prevista constitucionalmente, servindo tais cargos, na verdade, para dar ingresso no servi��o p��blico a pessoas das rela����es do administrador, n��o para assessor��-lo, mas para aumentar renda familiar, cumprir compromissos de campanha e, at�� mesmo, para, em troca de votos, exercerem fun����es que por suas caracter��sticas deveriam ser oferecidas em concurso a toda sociedade. O estudo sugere, ao fim, um conjunto de medidas, baseadas em crit��rios fundamentados em princ��pios cient��ficos de gest��o, visando �� valoriza����o do servidor p��blico, �� redu����o do grau de politiza����o da dire����o da administra����o p��blica e da apropria����o patrimonialista dos postos de trabalho, �� acelera����o da profissionaliza����o das fun����es p��blicas e a restringir o livre provimento de cargos em comiss��o, bem como a impingir san����es, por improbidade administrativa, aos que as desrespeitarem. Em que pese �� import��ncia de medidas preventivas, orientadas para o desenvolvimento de uma postura no sentido de um aut��ntico servir p��blico, a tend��ncia �� permissividade precisa ser urgentemente afastada.

Accountability de organiza����es do espa��o p��blico n��o-estatal: uma aprecia����o cr��tica da regula����o brasileira

Esta disserta����o examina as organiza����es do espa��o p��blico n��o-estatal e suas rela����es de accountability com o Estado e com outros atores da sociedade, com o prop��sito de avaliar as necessidades e possibilidades de regula����o para a responsabiliza����o de tais organiza����es no Brasil. A partir de par��metros normativos e acad��micos internacionais, a pesquisa busca apreciar em que medida a regula����o brasileira das organiza����es do espa��o p��blico n��o-estatal assegura ― e o que �� necess��rio para que assegure ― a accountability destas organiza����es perante o Estado e a sociedade, indicando os principais m��ritos e falhas do correspondente aparato regulat��rio e apresentando possibilidades para seu aprimoramento. Esta an��lise salienta que apesar de tais organiza����es terem numerosos deveres de demonstrar sua probidade administrativa e financeira e as atividades executadas, s��o pouqu��ssimas as obriga����es de comprovar o cumprimento dos resultados pretendidos. Al��m disso, depreende-se que o Estado det��m amplos poderes para fiscalizar tais organiza����es e aplicar-lhes san����es, mas a sociedade como um todo tem consideravelmente menos oportunidades de demandar sua accountability. Isto evidencia a import��ncia de tais organiza����es ampliarem seus deveres de transpar��ncia e de assegurar a preval��ncia do interesse p��blico, de modo a garantir a qualquer cidad��o a prerrogativa de fiscalizar as organiza����es do espa��o p��blico n��o-estatal.

Puni����o, recompensa, persuas��o e ajuda : estrat��gias regulat��rias a partir do caso Nota Fiscal Paulista

Em 2007, o governo de S��o Paulo criou uma pol��tica regulat��ria chamada ���Programa de Est��mulo �� Cidadania Fiscal��� e apelidada de ���Nota Fiscal Paulista���. Este programa busca estimular os consumidores a solicitarem os documentos fiscais nas compras que realizaram no varejo e a fazer com que contribuintes varejistas emitam o devido documento fiscal quando solicitado. Para atingir seus objetivos, o programa usa um complexo sistema de san����es premiais e de san����es punitivas - dentre outras estrat��gias - e envolve diferentes atores sociais, como contribuintes, consumidores e organiza����es da sociedade civil. Utilizando o m��todo do estudo de caso, o presente trabalho busca descrever e analisar o programa Nota Fiscal Paulista, respondendo tr��s principais quest��es: (i) Como funciona o programa Nota Fiscal Paulista? (ii) Como o programa Nota Fiscal Paulista foi criado? (iii) Quais s��o as estrat��gias regulat��rias que ele utiliza para atingir seus objetivos e como elas podem ser organizadas? Coletando informa����es e argumentos desenvolvidos em cada uma dessas respostas, o trabalho busca discutir empiricamente a maneira pela qual as diferentes estrat��gias regulat��rias foram utilizadas para a cria����o de uma pol��tica regulat��ria contempor��nea, bem como destacar alguns de seus principais elementos e conceitos.