Polymerization of ionic liquid-based microemulsions: A versatile method for the synthesis of polymer electrolytes

电子邮箱fyan@suda.edu.cn

气体水合物生成特性实验研究

实验研究了添加剂对甲烷气体水合物形成过程的影响。发现微量的表面活性剂降低了甲烷气体水合物在静止反应器中形成的诱导时间，并使水合物快速形成和生长，提高了水合物形成过程中的填充密度。阴离子表面活性剂（十二烷基硫酸钠）对水合物生长的促进作用比非离子表面活性剂（烷基多糖苷）强。液态烃环戊烷降低了水合物形成的诱导时间，但环戊烷不能提高水合物的填充密度。

Study on methane hydration process in a semi-continuous stirred tank reactor

The methane hydration process is investigated in a semi-continuous stirred tank reactor. Liquid temperatures and reaction rates without stirrer are compared with those occurring with stirrer, while at the same time better stirring conditions of the methane hydration process are given by the experiments. Some basic data of fluid mechanics, for example, stirring Reynolds number, Froucle number and stirrer power, are calculated during the methane hydration process, which can be applied to evaluate stirrer capacity and provide some basic data for a scaled up reactor. Based on experiment and calculations in this work, some conclusions are drawn. First, the stirrer has great influence on the methane hydration process. Batch stirring is helpful to improve the mass transfer and heat transfer performances of the methane hydration process. Second, induction time can be shortened effectively by use of the stirrer. Third, in this paper, the appropriate stirring velocity and stirring time were 320 rpm and 30 min, respectively, at 5.0 MPa, for which the storage capacity and reaction time were 159.1 V/V and 370 min, respectively. Under the condition of the on-flow state, the initial stirring Reynolds number of the fluid and the stirring power were 12,150 and 0.54 W, respectively. Fourth, some suggestions, for example, the use of another type of stirrer or some baffles, are proposed to accelerate the methane hydration process. Comparing with literature data, higher storage capacity and hydration rate are achieved in this work. Moreover, some fluid mechanics parameters are calculated, which can provide some references to engineering application.

插层剂在聚合物熔融插层蒙脱土中的作用

近年来，由于有机和无机成分在纳米尺寸上的结合而带来的优异性能使得聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料得到广泛关注。在诸多方法中，因能够使用传统的聚合物熔融挤出、共混等加工设备而无需额外的设备投资，投资低、见效快而且对周围环境没有污染等优点，熔融插层法倍受青睐。然而，通常认为亲油性聚合物无法直接插层蒙脱土，而需要预先用插层剂处理蒙脱土。大多数聚合物是亲油性的，这将大大增加制备材料的成本和工艺的复杂性，并因引入了小分子插层剂而有损材料性能的提高，从而阻碍了该技术的应用和推广。本文从理论上研究了插层剂用量对有机化蒙脱土及聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料微观结构的影响，探索一种无需改性蒙脱土或用很少插层剂改性蒙脱土的制备聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料的方法。1．系统地改变插层剂用量，制备不同的有机化蒙脱土。通过广角X射线衍射、热失重分析、索氏抽提器抽提、差热分析和付立叶红外分析等表征手段，研究了插层剂插层机理以及插层剂在蒙脱土层间的排列方式，为进一步研究有机化蒙脱土在聚合物树脂中的分散奠定基础。结果表明，插层剂插层蒙脱土机理和在蒙脱土层间的排列方式随着插层剂用量的变化而不同。2．用不同的亲油性聚合物熔融插层有机化蒙脱土以制备相应的聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料。用广角嘴射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜分析研究了蒙脱土在聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料中分散状态。结果表明，随着插层剂用量的减少，蒙脱土片层在聚合物树脂中的分散逐渐由插层型过渡到剥离型，即减少改性蒙脱土时插层剂用量有利于蒙脱土在纳米尺寸上分散于聚合物树脂中。3．用不同的亲油性聚合物直接熔融插层未改性的蒙脱土，广角X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜表征结果表明，与蒙脱土片层有相互作用的亲油性聚合物能够直接熔融插层未改性的蒙脱土，获得剥离或插层型聚合物／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，这对于蒙脱土在聚合物改性中的应用具有重要的实际意义和理论意义。4．用共同的母料制备聚丙烯／酸配化聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料和尼龙12／酸醉化聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，用广角X射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对比分析蒙脱土在聚合物中分散的差异，从而了解聚丙烯与酸配化聚丙烯之间的增容作用对蒙脱土在聚丙烯树脂中分散的影响；同时，用尼龙11和酸配化聚丙烯共插层蒙脱土制备聚丙烯／蒙脱土纳米复合材料，并探讨其增容机理。

表面活性剂与菲的复合生态效应

利用表面活性剂去除土壤中难降解的多环芳烃，近年来得到了较多的应用.但对其去污机理及两者共存时的复合毒性，国内外研究甚少.该篇论文以六种不同离子类型、分子结构的表面活性剂和以菲为多环芳烃的代表，研究了表面活性剂对菲降解的影响，和与菲共存时的复合毒性，以及表面活性剂对菲在模拟生态系统中的迁移转化规律的影响.

三孢布拉氏霉发酵产β-胡萝卜素的研究

本论文研究了利用三孢布拉氏霉(Blakeslea trispora)发酵产β-胡萝卜素的培养条件。主要包括：发酵培养基的确定，发酵条件的优化。还考察了发酵菌丝体中β-胡萝卜素的提取方法及薄层层析等。 首先研究了培养基成分对三孢布拉氏霉发酵产β-胡萝卜素的影响。确立了玉米淀粉作为碳源，黄豆粉（热榨）作为氮源，棉籽油作为植物油的发酵培养基配方，其成分为：玉米淀粉 3％，黄豆粉（热榨） 2％，棉籽油 3％，KH2PO4 0.2%，MgSO4·7H2O 0.2%，维生素B1 0.002％，pH值6.0。 其次，通过比较不同的发酵影响因子，分别得到最适的条件：如三孢布拉氏霉正负菌接种比例为1.3：0.7，培养基pH值为7.0（灭菌后），发酵促进因子为Triton X-100。并采用正交试验法，确定其最佳发酵条件为正负菌接种比例1.3/0.7，发酵培养基pH为7.0，在培养基中添加表面活性基Triton X-100 0.08％。使该菌株产β-胡萝卜素的量达到0.73g/L，较初始发酵条件提高了3.3倍。 研究中还找到一个简便有效的对β-胡萝卜素的提取方法，选用盐酸-热处理法进行细胞破壁，并选用沸程为60～90℃的石油醚进行萃取。 用三孢布拉霉菌丝体内类胡萝卜索的石油醚提取液点样于硅胶G板，以丙酮：石油醚（5：95）为展开剂能将β-胡萝卜素与其它类胡萝卜索分离。该方法简便快速，并有一定实用价值。 The fermentative conditions of β-carotene by Blakeslea trispora have been investigated. These conditions include fermentation medium, the optimization of some fermentation factor. The extracting methods and the TLC of carotenoids were also researched. Firstly, the effects of composition of fermentation medium on the yield of β-carotene were studied. the results showed that the best fermentation medium was corn starch 3％，soybean power 2％，cottonseed oil 3％，KH2PO4 0.2%，MgSO4·7H2O 0.2%，vitamin B1 0.002％，pH value 6.0. Secondly, through compared some factors, such as different proportion of plus and minus strains, pH value, nonionic surfactants, respective best values have been obtained. The best proportion of plus and minus strains is 1.3:0.7, pH value of fermentation medium (sterilized) is 7.0, fermentation accelerant which acts as surfactants is Triton x-100. Farther on, the fermentative conditions were optimized through orthogonal experiment, the optimization showed that proportion of plus and minus strains is 1.3:0.7，pH value is 7.0, content of Triton x-100 is 0.08％. And the yield of β-carotene reached 0.73g/L, which was up to 3.3 times through the fermentation. In the extracting study, it has showed hydrochloric acid-heat treatment is a simple, convenient and effective extracting methods is which was used to destroy the cell wall, and the extracting organic solvent is petroleum ether whose boiling range is 60~90 ℃. In the TLC experiments, extracting contents in the petroleum ether were spotted in the silicagel plate, and the mixed liquor of acetone and petroleum ether (5：95) is developping agent, which can distinguish β-carotene from other carotenoids. It is a simple and quick technique.

Demulsification of emulsions exploited by enhanced oil recovery system

Experimental data are presented to show the influence of the enhanced oil recovery system's components, alkali, surfactant, and polymer, on the demulsification and light transmittance of the water separated from the emulsions. Among which, the effects of surfactants, polyoxyethylene (10) alkylphenol ether (OP-10) and sodium petroleum sulfonate (CY-1) on emulsion stability, are the strongest of any component, the effects of polymer, hydrolytic polyacrylamide (HPAM) 3530S, on emulsion stability are the weakest. This research also suggests a possible emulsion minimization approach, which could be implemented in refineries utilizing microwave radiation. Compared with conventional heating, microwave radiation can effectively enhance the demulsification rate by an order of magnitude and increase the light transmittance of the water separated from the emulsions. The demulsification efficiency may reach 100% in a very short. time under microwave radiation.

Concentrations of alkyphenol polyethoxylates entering UK estuaries

Concentrations of the weakly oestrogenic degradation products of alkylphenol polyethoxylate (APE) surfactants (nonylphenol, octylphenol, nonylphenol monoethoxylate and nonylphenol diethoxylate) were measured in water and sediments from British rivers and estuaries collected during 1994 and 1995. In addition, a series of samples of tissues of wild fish from the River Aire, and from a laboratory dosing experiment were analysed for alkylphenols, to assess the degree of bioaccumulation of these compounds. Measurable concentrations of APE residues were recorded in the River Aire (15–76 μg/l total extractable alkylphenols), the River Mersey (6–11 μg/l) and the Tees estuary (up to 76 μg/l). These levels exceed, or are close to, the no observed effect concentration for the induction of vitellogenesis in caged trout (5–20 μg/l total extractable alkylphenols), and may be sufficient to exert an oestrogenic effect on fish populations in these areas. A sediment sample from Bingley on the River Aire contained 15 μg/g (dry weight) nonylphenol, and concentrations in sediments from the Tees and Mersey estuaries exceeded 1 μg/g. These rivers receive a variety of trade waters via sewage treatment works (STW) effluents containing significant concentrations of APE. Elsewhere, concentrations in water and sediments were near or below limits of detection and biological effects are unlikely, suggesting that any oestrogenic effects observed in sewage outfalls and rivers not directly impacted by APE-containing trade-waters may be caused by other chemicals. Analysis of samples of trout muscle taken from a tank dosed at 65 μg/l nonylphenol indicated a bioaccumulation factor of between 90 and 125 after 3 weeks exposure. Samples of wild fish from the River Aire contained up to 0.8 μg/g nonylphenol in the muscle, a tissue bioaccumulation factor of approximately 50 relative to measured concentrations in water samples. A series of fish samples taken from offshore for food quality assurance purposes contained no detectable levels of APE residues (0.05–0.1 μg/g nonylphenol).

Effects of pH on the Interactions and Conformation of Bovine Serum Albumin: Comparison between Chemical Force Microscopy and Small-Angle Neutron Scattering

The conformation of bovine serum albumin (BSA), as well as its interactions with negatively charged mica surfaces in saline solutions of different pH values, have been studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and chemical force microscopy (CFM), respectively. A new approach to extract the contribution of elementary interactions from the statistically averaged force-extension curves through self-consistent fitting was proposed and used to understand the effects of pH on the interactions and conformation of BSA in saline solutions. When pH increases, the SANS results reveal that the sizes of BSA molecules increase slightly, while the statistical analysis of the CFM results shows that the averaged pull-off force for the elongation monotonously decreases. The decrease of pull-off force with the increase of pH results from the decrease in the strength of hydrogen bonding and the number of interaction pairs, as well as the slight increase of the strength of van der Waals interaction. When pH approaches the isoelectric point (pI) of BSA, results from both SANS and CFM suggest a loss of long-range interactions in BSA molecules. Our results also suggest that the force-extension curve is mainly contributed by the van der Waals interaction. The combination of SANS and CFM provides new insight to understand the interactions and conformation of BSA molecules

Microchip Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography Based on One Functionalized Ionic Liquid and Its Excellent Performance on Proteins Separation

Herein, one water-soluble functionalized ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecanesulfonate (BAS), was designed, investigated and successfully applied to microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) construction. It possessed the properties of both IL and surfactant. A fairly stable pH value similar to 7.4, which was fit to pH values of general biological buffers, was nicely placed at the optimum concentration of 20 mM BAS solution. While applying BAS solution as running buffer in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic systems, significantly enhanced electroosmotic flow (8-fold) and resolutions between analytes were obtained than that using other supporting electrolytes or surfactants.