995 resultados para SAGE
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The project described in this thesis investigates the needs of a group of people working cooperatively in an OSI environment, and recommends tools and services to meet these needs. The project looks specifically at Services for Activities in Group Editing, and is identified as the `SAGE' project. The project uses case studies to identify user requirements and to determine common functionalities for a variety of group editing activities. A prototype is implemented in an X.400 environment to help refine user requirements, as a source of new ideas and to test the proposed functionalities. The conceptual modelling follows current CCITT proposals, but a new classification of group activities is proposed: Informative, Objective and Supportive application groups. It is proposed that each of these application groups have their own Service Agent. Use of this classification allows the possibility of developing three sets of tools which will cover a wide range of group activities, rather than developing tools for individual activities. Group editing is considered to be in the Supportive application group. A set of additional services and tools to support group editing are proposed in the context of the CCITT draft on group communication, X.gc. The proposed services and tools are mapped onto the X.400 series of recommendations, with the Abstract Service Definition of the operational objects defined, along with their associated component files, by extending the X.420 protocol functionality. It is proposed that each of the Informative, Objective and Supportive application groups should be implemented as a modified X.420 inter-personal messaging system.
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Book review
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the various episodes in the Malaysian auditing saga, covering the period of the first 40 years post-independence in 1957 to just before the onset of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Design/methodology/approach – Based on documentary analysis, the paper offers a historical account of the development of the auditing profession with reference to the dynamic changes in its political and socio-economic environment. Findings – The paper concludes that the function of auditing in Malaysian society responded to political-economic pressures over time viz. changing from maintaining the economic policy to serve Western investors to accommodating ethnic relations, and to strengthening the bond between local and global corporate elites and the political leaders. Originality/value – Since, little is known of the professionalisation process in Malaysia, our analysis of the structural conditions during the 40 years from the achievement of independence from the British in 1957 to just before the onset of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 and our assessment of their implications for auditing contributes to knowledge in this area
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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.
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Un día de enero de 1404, Christine de Pizan, rodeada de sus servidores de confianza, acudía al palacio del Louvre para reunirse con Felipe II de Borgoña. Una vez concluido el protocolo de presentación, el duque comunicó a Christine sobre sus intenciones de escribir una obra en memoria de su hermano, el honorable rey Carlos V, a fin de impedir que el inevitable paso del tiempo disolviese su ejemplar comportamiento y sus nobles virtudes. En el siglo en que se iniciaban los grandes mecenazgos renacentistas, los encargos nobiliarios formaban parte de la vida política y cultural de la elite. No obstante, la oferta hecha por el duque a Christine de Pizan, lejos de ser habitual, se situaba por fuera de los cánones de la época. A su condición de mujer, creación viciada de la naturaleza, se le añadía el particular contexto de popularidad de la literatura misógina de Paris del siglo XV. Evidentemente, desde la perspectiva de género, la elección de Felipe de Borgoña, no era inviable; pero incluso por fuera de ella, la decisión seguía siendo polémica. Al momento de la encomienda, Christine no pasaba de ser una escritora de poesías, tratados alegóricos y didácticos, sin ningún peso entre los grandes escritores laicos y clericales. Jamás había escrito por completo una obra en prosa y su trayectoria como escritora política era nula. Sin embargo, Christine de Pizan, mujer viuda e inexperta en la materia, terminó por ser la elegida para honrar la memoria de los Valois. Sin lugar a dudas, una elección controvertida que invita a dilucidar los motivos que se esconden tras ella
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L’objectif de cet essai est d’élaborer des outils afin de connaître, comprendre et suivre les fuites de nitrates d’origine agricole dans le périmètre du SAGE Rance Frémur baie de Beaussais. Les outils sont de deux catégories : des références agronomiques locales et des indicateurs de suivi. Le premier type d’outils doit permettre aux exploitants d’adapter leurs pratiques agricoles en fonction du contexte pédoclimatique, afin de réduire l’impact négatif sur les fuites de nitrates. Le second type d’outils a pour but d’évaluer la situation des fuites de nitrates à l’échelle du bassin versant. Ces indicateurs ont pour objectif de suivre les pratiques agricoles en lien avec les fuites de nitrates et de suivre l’état des milieux aquatiques pour ce paramètre chimique. Avant de proposer des outils adaptés, il est nécessaire de comprendre les enjeux liés aux nitrates sur le territoire étudié. Une bonne connaissance du territoire s’accompagne de connaissances théoriques indispensables sur les mécanismes responsables des fuites de nitrates. Ces mécanismes sont influencés par plusieurs facteurs en interaction : les facteurs environnementaux et les facteurs humains. Pour les facteurs environnementaux, plusieurs projets scientifiques spécifiques sont en œuvre sur le territoire pour mieux les appréhender. Concernant les facteurs humains, plusieurs dispositions politiques et réglementaires les encadrent, encourageant les bonnes pratiques, de gré ou de force. Parmi elles, la Directive Nitrates en vigueur dans l’Union européenne depuis 1991 fait figure de proue. À l’échelle locale, le SAGE révisé de la Rance, du Frémur et de la baie de Beaussais a été approuvé par arrêté préfectoral et est en application depuis décembre 2013. Ce document a pour but d’atteindre le bon état écologique des eaux. Plusieurs dispositions concernent le monde agricole et certaines d’entre elles ciblent spécifiquement la réduction des fuites d’azote. L’essai vise à mettre en œuvre deux d’entre elles, l’orientation de gestion n°17 (Élaboration de référentiels agronomiques locaux) et la disposition n°39 (Connaître et suivre la pression azotée et les pratiques agricoles). La thématique des pollutions liées à l’azote alimente les revues scientifiques et techniques depuis plus de 15 ans, avec une quantité importante d’outils préconisés qui s’ajoutent les uns aux autres. Or pour une mise en œuvre efficace sur le territoire, il est nécessaire de restreindre ce nombre : ce qui implique une sélection méthodique des outils les plus pertinents pour satisfaire l’objectif de l’essai. Au total, une dizaine de références agronomiques locales sont répertoriées et huit indicateurs de suivi sont proposés. Un tableau de bord a été élaboré afin de faciliter l’articulation et l’interprétation des indicateurs.
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Salvia species are used worldwide for medicine purposes. In general, these medicinal plants have high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids, that are thought to be closely related to their health properties [1,2]. In this work, the aerial parts of Salvia farinacea, Salvia mexico, Salvia greggii and Salvia officinalis were extracted with hot water [3]. Extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content by an adaptation of the Folin-Ciocalteu method and further analysed by high performance liquid chromatography associated with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn) in the negative ion mode [4], in order to identify their individual phenolic constituents. The aqueous extracts of S. farinacea, S. mexico, S. officinalis and S. greggii contained, respectively, 106±13, 159±38, 175±46 and 136±1 μg GAE/mg of total phenolics. These four species were characterized by a clear prevalence of caffeic acid derivatives, in particular of rosmarinic acid (MW 360), that is generally the most abundant phenolic compound in Salvia species [2,3]. In addition, S. mexico and S. officinalis contained moderate amounts of salvianolic acid B (MW 718). Among these two, S. mexico was richer in O-caffeoylquinic acid (MW 354), while the latter presented high amounts of salvianolic acid K (MW 556) and moderate amounts of its structural isomer. All the extracts were enriched in flavones: S. farinacea and S. officinalis contained high amounts of luteolin-O-glucuronide while S. mexico contained luteolin-C-glucoside with respective characteristic mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern m/z at 461→285 and m/z at 447→357, 327. Similarly, S. greggii extract presented high content of luteolin-7-O-glucoside ([M-H]− at m/z 447→ 285) and luteolin-C-glucoside and moderate quantities of apigenin-C-hexoside ([M-H]− at m/z 431→341, 311). Further studies are being undertaken in order to understand the contribution of these phenolic constituents in the biological activities of Salvia plants.
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Salvia species are used worldwide for medicine purposes. In general, these medicinal plants have high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids, that are thought to be closely related to their health properties [1,2]. In this work, the aerial parts of Salvia farinacea, Salvia mexico, Salvia greggii and Salvia officinalis were extracted with hot water [3]. Extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content by an adaptation of the Folin-Ciocalteu method and further analysed by high performance liquid chromatography associated with electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn) in the negative ion mode [4], in order to identify their individual phenolic constituents. The aqueous extracts of S. farinacea, S. mexico, S. officinalis and S. greggii contained, respectively, 106±13, 159±38, 175±46 and 136±1 μg GAE/mg of total phenolics. These four species were characterized by a clear prevalence of caffeic acid derivatives, in particular of rosmarinic acid (MW 360), that is generally the most abundant phenolic compound in Salvia species [2,3]. In addition, S. mexico and S. officinalis contained moderate amounts of salvianolic acid B (MW 718). Among these two, S. mexico was richer in O-caffeoylquinic acid (MW 354), while the latter presented high amounts of salvianolic acid K (MW 556) and moderate amounts of its structural isomer. All the extracts were enriched in flavones: S. farinacea and S. officinalis contained high amounts of luteolin-O-glucuronide while S. mexico contained luteolin-C-glucoside with respective characteristic mass spectrometry fragmentation pattern m/z at 461→285 and m/z at 447→357, 327. Similarly, S. greggii extract presented high content of luteolin-7-O-glucoside ([M-H]− at m/z 447→ 285) and luteolin-C-glucoside and moderate quantities of apigenin-C-hexoside ([M-H]− at m/z 431→341, 311). Further studies are being undertaken in order to understand the contribution of these phenolic constituents in the biological activities of Salvia plants.