Virtuaalisuus esimiesviestinnässä

Pro gradu tutkielman tavoitteena on kuvata virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen käyttöä osana esimiesviestintää. Erityisesti työssä käsitellään esimiesviestintää tehostavia keinoja sekä kriteereitä, joiden mukaan virtuaalinen viestintätyökalu voidaan valita eri viestintätilannetta kohden. Tarkoituksena oli myös empiirisen tutkimuksen avulla kartoittaa suomalaisten esimiesten virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen käyttöä osana heidän esimiestyötään. Tutkielman empiiristä osiota varten haastateltiin kymmentä esimiestä eri yrityksistä ja toimi-aloilta. Tutkimuksen analyysi tehtiin käyttäen kvalitatiivisia tutkimusmenetelmiä. Virtuaaliset viestintätyökalut nähtiin erittäin tärkeäksi osaksi esimiesten arkipäiväisiä toimia. Niiden valinnassa käytettiin erilaisia kriteereitä, joista tärkeimmät perustuivat rationaaliseen valintaan. Erilaisia esimiesviestinnällisiä keinoja viestinnän tehostamiseksi käytettiin vähän. Tutkimuksen perusteella voitiin myös tehdä johtopäätös, että virtuaalisten viestintätyökalujen luokittelussa oli ristiriitoja haastateltavien kokemuksiin peilattuna.

IT-palvelunhallinnan parhaiden käytäntöjen implementointi

Tässä tutkimuksessa vastataan kysymykseen ”Kuinka IT-palvelunhallinnan parhaita käytäntöjä voidaan implementoida osaksi kohdeorganisaation toimintaa?”. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys muodostetaan parhaiden käytäntöjen siirron, tietojohtamisen ja tiedon siirron tieteellisistä keskusteluista. Tutkimuksen empiirinen osuus suoritetaan kvalitatiivisena tapaustutkimuksena. Tutkimuksen teoreettisessa osuudessa muodostetaan integroiva malli aiemmista tieteellisistä keskusteluista, joista tutkimuksen viitekehys rakentuu. Tutkimuksen empiirisessä osuudessa tutkitaan kohdeorganisaation edellytyksiä parhaiden käytäntöjen käyttöönottoon sekä toimintatapoja ja tukijärjestelmiä, joilla käyttöönottoa voidaan tukea. Keskeisimpinä kohdeorganisaatiolle suositeltavina toimenpiteinä esitetään yksikön sisäisen viestinnän tehostamista, tiedonhallintakäytäntöjen määrittelyä ja formalisointia, kannustavuuden lisäystä ja toiminnan mitoittamista resursseihin sopivaksi.

Simulação de desdobramentos complexos de espectros de RMN de ¹H

Complex ¹H NMR spectra multiplets that cannot be easily understood by simple inspection are rather frequent in the daily work of the organic chemistry analyst. The multiple and excellent new techniques available from modern instruments usually provide satisfactory solutions, but there are still many cases where a simulation is necessary, at least to obtain a final confirmation. It is extremely convincing to see that a graph, obtained by calculations with chemical-shift and coupling-constant values only, can be virtually identical to the experimental spectrum. This paper describes a computer program to make such calculations. The program is free and can be downloaded from http://artemis.ffclrp.usp.br/NMR.htm (click on SimEsp_NMR_Compil.zip). All routines are also available and may be used without any restrictions. The paper includes a fairly detailed discussion about how the calculations are made.

Programa d'anàlisi d'imatges de provetes metal·logràfiques

L’objectiu del present TFM és explorar les possibilitats del programa matemàtic MATLAB i la seva eina Entorn de Disseny d’Interfícies Gràfiques d’Usuari (GUIDE), desenvolupant un programa d’anàlisi d’imatges de provetes metal·logràfiques que es pugui utilitzar per a realitzar pràctiques de laboratori de l’assignatura Tecnologia de Materials de la titulació de Grau en Enginyeria Mecatrònica que s’imparteix a la Universitat de Vic. Les àrees d’interès del treball són la Instrumentació Virtual, la programació MATLAB i les tècniques d’anàlisi d’imatges metal·logràfiques. En la memòria es posa un èmfasi especial en el disseny de la interfície i dels procediments per a efectuar les mesures. El resultat final és un programa que satisfà tots els requeriments que s’havien imposat en la proposta inicial. La interfície del programa és clara i neta, destinant molt espai a la imatge que s’analitza. L’estructura i disposició dels menús i dels comandaments ajuda a que la utilització del programa sigui fàcil i intuïtiva. El programa s’ha estructurat de manera que sigui fàcilment ampliable amb altres rutines de mesura, o amb l’automatització de les rutines existents. Al tractar-se d’un programa que funciona com un instrument de mesura, es dedica un capítol sencer de la memòria a mostrar el procediment de càlcul dels errors que s’ocasionen durant la seva utilització, amb la finalitat de conèixer el seu ordre de magnitud, i de saber-los calcular de nou en cas que variïn les condicions d’utilització. Pel que fa referència a la programació, malgrat que MATLAB no sigui un entorn de programació clàssic, sí que incorpora eines que permeten fer aplicacions no massa complexes, i orientades bàsicament a gràfics o a imatges. L’eina GUIDE simplifica la realització de la interfície d’usuari, malgrat que presenta problemes per tractar dissenys una mica complexos. Per altra banda, el codi generat per GUIDE no és accessible, cosa que no permet modificar manualment la interfície en aquells casos en els que GUIDE té problemes. Malgrat aquests petits problemes, la potència de càlcul de MATLAB compensa sobradament aquestes deficiències.

Caracterização físico-química de queijo prato por espectroscopia no infravermelho e regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais

In this work an analytical methodology for the determination of relevant physicochemical parameters of prato cheese is reported, using infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) and partial least squares regression (PLS). Several multivariate models were developed, using different spectral regions and preprocessing routines. In general, good precision and accuracy was observed for all studied parameters (fat, protein, moisture, total solids, ashes and pH) with standard deviations comparable with those provided by the conventional methodologies. The implantation of this multivariate routine involves significant analytical advantages, including reduction of cost and time of analysis, minimization of human errors, and elimination of chemical residues.

CHEMOSTAT, UM SOFTWARE GRATUITO PARA ANÁLISE EXPLORATÓRIA DE DADOS MULTIVARIADOS

The objective of this work was to develop a free access exploratory data analysis software application for academic use that is easy to install and can be handled without user-level programming due to extensive use of chemometrics and its association with applications that require purchased licenses or routines. The developed software, called Chemostat, employs Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), intervals Principal Component Analysis (iPCA), as well as correction methods, data transformation and outlier detection. The data can be imported from the clipboard, text files, ASCII or FT-IR Perkin-Elmer “.sp” files. It generates a variety of charts and tables that allow the analysis of results that can be exported in several formats. The main features of the software were tested using midinfrared and near-infrared spectra in vegetable oils and digital images obtained from different types of commercial diesel. In order to validate the software results, the same sets of data were analyzed using Matlab© and the results in both applications matched in various combinations. In addition to the desktop version, the reuse of algorithms allowed an online version to be provided that offers a unique experience on the web. Both applications are available in English.

Diagnostiikkayksikön kehittäminen rautatiesovellukseen

Suomessa rautatiellä käytetään muutamia tuhansia sähköisesti ohjattavia vaihteita, joiden toiminta varmistetaan määräajoin tehtävillä huolloilla. Työssä on tutkittu, onko kehitteillä olevalla vaihteenohjaimella mahdollista mitata ja analysoida vaihteen kunnonvalvontaan liittyviä suureita. Tutkimuksessa on tutustuttu rautatietekniikkaan sekä vaihdetta ohjaavaan vaihteenkääntölaitteeseen. Tutkimuksen perusteella on kehitetty sulautettuun järjestelmään perustuva mittaus- ja analysointijärjestelmäsovellus, joka tekee mittauksia, havaintoja ja johtopäätöksiä vaihteen toiminnasta. Mittaukset on suoritettu moottoria ohjaavista johtimista ja mittaustulokset on tallennettu analysointia ja jatkokäsittelyä varten. Ohjelmiston toimintaa on varmistettu mittauksilla sekä laboratorio-olosuhteissa että oikealla vaihteella testausympäristössä. Saatujen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että kehitetyllä laitteistolla on mahdollista toteuttaa vaihdetta diagnosoivia mittauksia riittävän laadukkaasti ja tarkasti. Työssä kehitetty järjestelmäalusta soveltuu käytettäväksi vaihteen diagnostiikan jatkokehittämiselle.

Improving inventory management

Having inventory to cover from all possible problems would increase the inventory level indefinitely in accordance with the standard deviation. If the materials in stock are not used, but kept just to be on the safe side, they are waste. The main objective of this study was to find out, how much inventory is required to cover the requirements, without causing delivery problems towards the end-customers, and how the inventory could be controlled efficiently. Several improvements were made in the controlling principles, and the inventory level was quickly decreased by more than 30 %, and kept on the reached level. The suitability of kanban control was investigated, and it was eventually taken into some use. A great advantage was found in the new procedures in securing the supply. The requests for quotations were diversified, and the faulty basis was corrected. Thus, the inventory surplus would later be avoided, and at the same time, a lot of valuable time was saved from daily routines to further improvement projects.

Characteristics of pyridine adsorption on Au(111) and Au(210) by EIS parameters fitting procedure

Some aspects of the application of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to studies of solid electrode / solution interface, in the absence of faradaic processes, are analysed. In order to perform this analysis, gold electrodes with (111) and (210) crystallographic orientations in an aqueous solution containing 10 mmol dm-3 KF, as supporting electrolyte, and a pyridine concentration varying from 0.01 to 4.6 mmol dm-3, were used. The experimental data was analysed by using EQUIVCRT software, which utilises non-linear least squares routines, attributing to the solid electrode / solution interface behaviour described by an equivalent circuit with a resistance in series with a constant phase element. The results of this fitting procedure were analysed by the dependence on the electrode potential on two parameters: the pre-exponential factor, Y0, and the exponent n f, related with the phase angle shift. By this analysis it was possible to observe that the pyridine adsorption is strongly affected by the crystallographic orientation of the electrode surface and that the extent of deviation from ideal capacitive behaviour is mainly of interfacial origin.

SMB-laitteiston suunnittelu hydrometallurgisiin sovelluksiin

Työn tarkoituksena oli suunnitella, ohjelmoida ja koekäyttää SMB-laitteisto (Simulated Moving Bed) hydrometallurgisiin erotuksiin. Simuloitu liikkuvapeti saadaan aikaan vaihtamalla sisään- ja ulostuloporttien paikkaa nestevirran suuntaan. Tällöin aikaansaadaan kiintoaineen vastavirtaus minkä johdosta erotustehokkuus kasvaa. Komponenttien retentiotaipumuseroista johtuen komponentit liikkuvat eri nopeuksilla kolonnijärjestelmässä. Enemmän pidättäytyvät komponentit liikkuvat nestevirtaa vastaan ja vähemmän pidättäytyvät komponentit nestevirran mukana. Hydrometallurgiassa vastavirtauksen käyttöä ei ole tieteellisissä julkaisuissa käsitelty laajalti ja saatavilla oleva informaatio onkin kaupallisten yritysten tuottamaa. Hydrometallurgiassa vastavirtausta käyttävissä ioninvaihtolaitteistoissa hyödynnetään irrallisia regenerointivyöhykkeitä. Venttiilijärjestelmän osalta päädyttiin ratkaisuun jossa käytetään yhtä kiertoventtiiliä kullekin virralle, minkä lisäksi kolonnien väleillä käytetään solenoidiventtiiliä. Tämä järjestelmä mahdollistaa yleisimpien SMB-menetelmien käytön mukaan lukien irralliset vyöhykkeet. Laitteiston ohjauksesta vastaa LabVIEW 2010:llä ohjelmoitu ohjelmisto, joka sisältää kaikkien tarvittavien laitteiden ohjausrutiinit. Se mahdollistaa venttiilien synkroniset ja epäsynkroniset vaihdot. Laitteiston puhdistusta varten on ohjelmistoon rakennettu oma rutiini venttiilejä varten. Pumppujen osalta ohjelmisto mahdollistaa vakiovirtauksen sekä lineaaristen ja porrasmuotoisten gradienttien käytön. Ongelmatilanteita varten ohjelmisto valvoo pumppujen ja venttiilien toimintaa ja pysäyttää laitteiston tarvittaessa. Koekäytön avulla pystyttiin todentamaan laitteiston toimivuus.

Supply management capability

The objective of this thesis is to define supply management capability. The thesis study what factors consist of supply management capability, and which of those factors are critical to achieving competitive advantage. One objective is also to study how firms can measure their supply management capability. This study is a qualitative research. The thesis examines the literature regarding to supply management and the context of capability and there are used Delphi panel to examine the current and future insights of supply management professionals concerning of supply management skills and capability. The empirical data of the thesis was collected by interviews. The Delphi panel was used in data collection and analysis and for prioritization of the factors of supply management capability. The thesis includes lists of factors of supply management capability. Main findings of the study were that there is no one clear, generally suitable set of supply management skills which bring competitive advantage for all firms and the most important factors of supply management capability, according to the experts, are total cost analysis, customer focus, general business view, market knowledge and supplier relationships. In this study the supply management capability is defined as organization’s overall capacity and ability to achieve a holistic understanding of purchasing needs, manage its suppliers and collaborative partners, and conduct its internal tasks, routines and responsibilities in a way that achieves desired results. The results of this thesis show also that Finnish firms need more right kind of supply management knowledge.

Organizational learning from customer interaction

In the fierce competition of today‟s business world an organization‟s capacity to learn maybe its only competitive advantage. This research aims at increasing the understanding on how organizational learning from the customer happens in technology companies. In doing so it provides a synthesized definition of organizational learning and investigates processes of organizational learning within technology companies. A qualitative research method and in-depth interviews with different sized high technology companies, as applied here, enables in-depth study of the learning processes. Research contributes to the understanding of what type of knowledge firms acquire, how new knowledge is transferred and used in a learning firm‟s routines and processes. Research findings show that SMEs and large size companies also, depending on their position in the software value chain, consider different knowledge types as most important and that they use different learning methods to acquire knowledge from their customers.

Kysynnän ennakointiprosessin kehittäminen leipomoyrityksessä

Tämän työn tarkoituksena on kehittää lyhyen tähtäimen kysynnän ennakointiprosessia VAASAN Oy:ssä, jossa osa tuotteista valmistetaan kysyntäennakoiden perusteella. Valmistettavien tuotteiden luonteesta johtuva varastointimahdollisuuden puuttuminen, korkea toimitusvarmuustavoite sekä tarvittavien ennakoiden suuri määrä asettavat suuret haasteet kysynnän ennakointiprosessille. Työn teoriaosuudessa käsitellään kysynnän ennustamisen tarvetta, ennusteiden käyttökohteita sekä kysynnän ennustamismenetelmiä. Pelkällä kysynnän ennustamisella ei kuitenkaan päästä toimitusketjun kannalta optimaaliseen lopputulokseen, vaan siihen tarvitaan kokonaisvaltaista kysynnän hallintaa. Se on prosessi, jonka tavoitteena on tasapainottaa toimitusketjun kyvykkyydet ja asiakkaiden vaatimukset keskenään mahdollisimman tehokkaasti. Työssä tutkittiin yrityksessä kolmen kuukauden aikana eksponentiaalisen tasoituksen menetelmällä laadittuja ennakoita sekä ennakoijien tekemiä muutoksia niihin. Tutkimuksen perusteella optimaalinen eksponentiaalisen tasoituksen alfa-kerroin on 0,6. Ennakoijien tilastollisiin ennakoihin tekemät muutokset paransivat ennakoiden tarkkuutta ja ne olivat erityisen tehokkaita toimituspuutteiden minimoimisessa. Lisäksi työn tuloksena ennakoijien käyttöön saatiin monia päivittäisiä rutiineja helpottavia ja automatisoivia työkaluja.

Searching for keys to successful post-merger integration : a longitudinal case-study following a public sector merger

Unsuccessful mergers are unfortunately the rule rather than the exception. Therefore it is necessary to gain an enhanced understanding of mergers and post-merger integrations (PMI) as well as learning more about how mergers and PMIs of information systems (IS) and people can be facilitated. Studies on PMI of IS are scarce and public sector mergers are even less studied. There is nothing however to indicate that public sector mergers are any more successful than those in the private sector. This thesis covers five studies carried out between 2008 and 2011 in two organizations in higher education that merged in January 2010. The most recent study was carried out two years after the new university was established. The longitudinal case-study focused on the administrators and their opinions of the IS, the work situation and the merger in general. These issues were investigated before, during and after the merger. Both surveys and interviews were used to collect data, to which were added documents that both describe and guide the merger process; in this way we aimed at a triangulation of findings. Administrators were chosen as the focus of the study since public organizations are highly dependent on this staff category, forming the backbone of the organization and whose performance is a key success factor for the organization. Reliable and effective IS are also critical for maintaining a functional and effective organization, and this makes administrators highly dependent on their organizations’ IS for the ability to carry out their duties as intended. The case-study has confirmed the administrators’ dependency on IS that work well. A merger is likely to lead to changes in the IS and the routines associated with the administrators’ work. Hence it was especially interesting to study how the administrators viewed the merger and its consequences for IS and the work situation. The overall research objective is to find key issues for successful mergers and PMIs. The first explorative study in 2008 showed that the administrators were confident of their skills and knowledge of IS and had no fear of having to learn new IS due to the merger. Most administrators had an academic background and were not anxious about whether IS training would be given or not. Before the merger the administrators were positive and enthusiastic towards the merger and also to the changes that they expected. The studies carried out before the merger showed that these administrators were very satisfied with the information provided about the merger. This information was disseminated through various channels and even negative information and postponed decisions were quickly distributed. The study conflicts with the theories that have found that resistance to change is inevitable in a merger. Shortly after the merger the (third) study showed disappointment with the fact that fewer changes than expected had been implemented even if the changes that actually were carried out sometimes led to a more problematic work situation. This was seen to be more prominent for routine changes than IS changes. Still the administrators showed a clear willingness to change and to share their knowledge with new colleagues. This knowledge sharing (also tacit) worked well in the merger and the PMI. The majority reported that the most common way to learn to use new ISs and to apply new routines was by asking help from colleagues. They also needed to take responsibility for their own training and development. Five months after the merger (the fourth study) the administrators had become worried about the changes in communication strategy that had been implemented in the new university. This was perceived as being more anonymous. Furthermore, it was harder to get to know what was happening and to contact the new decision makers. The administrators found that decisions, and the authority to make decisions, had been moved to a higher administrative level than they were accustomed to. A directive management style is recommended in mergers in order to achieve a quick transition without distracting from the core business. A merger process may be tiresome and require considerable effort from the participants. In addition, not everyone can make their voice heard during a merger and consensus is not possible in every question. It is important to find out what is best for the new organization instead of simply claiming that the tried and tested methods of doing things should be implemented. A major problem turned out to be the lack of management continuity during the merger process. Especially problematic was the situation in the IS-department with many substitute managers during the whole merger process (even after the merger was carried out). This meant that no one was in charge of IS-issues and the PMI of IS. Moreover, the top managers were appointed very late in the process; in some cases after the merger was carried out. This led to missed opportunities for building trust and management credibility was heavily affected. The administrators felt neglected and that their competences and knowledge no longer counted. This, together with a reduced and altered information flow, led to rumours and distrust. Before the merger the administrators were convinced that their achievements contributed value to their organizations and that they worked effectively. After the merger they were less sure of their value contribution and effectiveness even if these factors were not totally discounted. The fifth study in November 2011 found that the administrators were still satisfied with their IS as they had been throughout the whole study. Furthermore, they believed that the IS department had done a good job despite challenging circumstances. Both the former organizations lacked IS strategies, which badly affected the IS strategizing during the merger and the PMI. IS strategies deal with issues like system ownership; namely who should pay and who is responsible for maintenance and system development, for organizing system training for new IS, and for effectively run IS even during changing circumstances (e.g. more users). A proactive approach is recommended for IS strategizing to work. This is particularly true during a merger and PMI for handling issues about what ISs should be adopted and implemented in the new organization, issues of integration and reengineering of IS-related processes. In the new university an ITstrategy had still not been decided 26 months after the new university was established. The study shows the importance of the decisive management of IS in a merger requiring that IS issues are addressed in the merger process and that IS decisions are made early. Moreover, the new management needs to be appointed early in order to work actively with the IS-strategizing. It is also necessary to build trust and to plan and make decisions about integration of IS and people.

Configuration management process improvement : a case study of a Pan-Nordic insurance company

Configuration management is often seen as an enabler for the main IT Service Management (ITSM) processes such as Incident and Problem management. A decent level of quality of IT configuration data is required in order to carry out routines of these processes. This case study examines the state of configuration management in a multinational organization and aims at identification of methods for its improvement. The author has stayed five months with this company in order to collect different sources of evidence and to make observations. The main source of data for this study is interviews with some of the key employees of the assigned organization who are involved into the ITSM processes. This study concludes the maturity level of the existing configuration management process to be repeatable but intuitive, and outlines the principal requirements for its improvement. A match between the requirements identified in the organization and the requirements stated in the ISO/IEC 20000 standard indicates the possibility of adopting ITIL guidelines as a method for configuration management process improvement. The outcome of the study presents a set of recommendations for improvement that considers the process, the information model and the information system for configuration management in the case organization.