Processing map for the hot working of near-alpha titanium alloy 685

Using a dynamic materials model, processing and instability maps have been developed for near-alpha titanium alloy 685 in the temperature range 775-1025 degrees C and strain-rate range of 0.001-10 s(-1) to optimise its hot workability. The alloy's beta-transus temperature lies at about 1020 degrees C. The material undergoes superplasticity with a peak efficiency of 80% at 975 degrees C and 0.001 s(-1), which are the optimum parameters for alpha-beta working. The occurrence of superplasticity is attributed to two-phase microduplex structure, higher strain-rate sensitivity, low flow stress and sigmoidal variation between log flow stress and log strain rate. The material also exhibits how localisation due to adiabatic shear-band formation up to its beta-transus temperature with strain rates greater than 0.02 s(-1) and thus cracking along these regions. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science S.A.

Unstable flow during hot deformation of Ti-24Al-20Nb alloy

Unstable flow during hot deformation of an alpha(2) titanium aluminide alloy Ti-24Al-20Nb alloy was analysed using two criteria, one of which was developed by Jonas and the other by Kalyankumar. Workability maps were constructed using the alpha parameter as suggested by Semiatin and Lahoti and instability maps were constructed based on the stability parameter xi(epsilon) as suggested by Kalyankumar. Microstructural study was carried out on deformed specimens to validate the two criteria. The results of the two criteria were compared. The particular case of highly negative alpha values has been discussed in detail and it is shown that these correspond to regions of unstable flow.

Heat shock protein 70 as a biomarker of heat stress in a simulated hot cockpit

Background: Fighter pilots are frequently exposed to high temperatures during high-speed low-level flight. Heat strain can result in temporary impairment of cognitive functions and when severe, loss of consciousness and consequent loss of life and equipment. Induction of stress proteins is a highly conserved stress response mechanism from bacteria to humans. induced stress protein levels are known to be cytoprotective and have been correlated with stress tolerance. Although many studies on the heat shock response mechanisms have been performed in cell culture and animal model systems, there is very limited information on stress protein induction in human subjects. Hypothesis: Heat shock proteins (Hsp), especially Hsp70, may be induced in human subjects exposed to high temperatures in a hot cockpit designed to simulate heat stress experienced in low flying sorties. Methods: Six healthy volunteers were subjected to heat stress at 55degreesC in a high temperature cockpit simulator for a period of 1 h at 30% humidity. Physiological parameters such as oral and skin temperatures, heart rate, and sweat rate were monitored regularly during this time. The level of Hsp70 in leukocytes was examined before and after the heat exposure in each subject. Conclusions: Hsp70 was found to be significantly induced in all the six subjects exposed to heat stress. The level of induced Hsp70 appears to correlate with other strain indicators such as accumulative circulatory strain and Craig's modified index. The usefulness of Hsp70 as a molecular marker of heat stress in humans is discussed.

Influence of homogenization on the processing map for hot working of as-cast Mg-2Zn-1Mn alloy

Processing maps have been developed for hot deformation of Mg-2Zn-1Mn alloy in as-cast condition and after homogenization with a view to evaluate the influence of homogenization. Hot compression data in the temperature range 300-500degreesC and strain rate range 0.001-100 s(-1) were used for generating the processing map. In the map for the as-cast alloy the domain of dynamic recrystallization occurring, at 450degreesC and 0.1 s(-1) has merged with another domain occurring at 500degreesC and 0.001 s(-1) representing grain boundary cracking. The latter domain is eliminated by homogenization and the dynamic recrystallization domain expanded with a higher peak efficiency occurring at 500 degreesC and 0.05 s(-1). The flow localization occurring at strain rates higher than 5 s(-1) is unaffected by homogenization.

Validation of processing maps for a 15Cr-15Ni-2.2Mo-0.3Ti austenitic stainless steel using hot forging and rolling tests

The processing maps are being developed for use in optimising hot workability and controlling the microstructure of the product. The present investigation deals with the examination to assess the prediction of the processing maps for a 15Cr-15Ni-2.2Mo-0.3Ti austenitic stainless steel using forging and rolling tests at different temperatures in the range of 600-1200 degreesC. The tensile properties of these deformed products were evaluated at room temperature. The influence of the processing conditions, i.e. strain rate and temperature on the tensile properties of the deformed product were analysed to identify the optimum processing parameters. The results have shown good agreement between the regimes exhibited by the map and the properties of the rolled or forged product. The optimum parameters for processing of this steel were identified as rolling or press forging at temperatures above 1050 degreesC to obtain optimum product properties. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Residual strength of hot pressed zirconium diboride (ZrB2) after exposure to high temperatures

ZrB2 with different amounts of B4C additive (0-5 wt.%) has been hot pressed at 2000 degrees C and 25 MPa for 1 h. By addition of B4C, density as well as micro-hardness increased. For lower B4C content (0.5 and 1 wt.%), hot pressed ZrB2 shows considerable improvement in flexural strength after exposure in air at 1000 C for 5 h, while higher B4C content (3 and 5 wt.%) leads to marginal or no improvement. For any content of B4C, flexural strength after exposure in air at 1500 degrees C for 5 h is lower than as-hot pressed ZrB2. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interrelation of grain boundary microstructure and texture in a hot rolled Ni-rich NiTi alloy

This investigation deals with the evolution of grain boundary microstructure and crystallographic texture during hot rolling of a Ni-rich NiTi alloy. Electron backscattered diffraction studies revealed the occurrence of several coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries. The origin of these boundaries has been identified. The crystallographic texture of the deformed sample consists mainly of (1 1 1)parallel to normal direction fiber. The texture components on the fiber exhibit some correlation with the type of CSL boundary. (C) 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Thermal instability and the feedback regulation of hot haloes in clusters, groups and galaxies

We present global multidimensional numerical simulations of the plasma that pervades the dark matter haloes of clusters, groups and massive galaxies (the intracluster medium; ICM). Observations of clusters and groups imply that such haloes are roughly in global thermal equilibrium, with heating balancing cooling when averaged over sufficiently long time- and length-scales; the ICM is, however, very likely to be locally thermally unstable. Using simple observationally motivated heating prescriptions, we show that local thermal instability (TI) can produce a multiphase medium with similar to 104 K cold filaments condensing out of the hot ICM only when the ratio of the TI time-scale in the hot plasma (tTI) to the free-fall time-scale (tff) satisfies tTI/tff? 10. This criterion quantitatively explains why cold gas and star formation are preferentially observed in low-entropy clusters and groups. In addition, the interplay among heating, cooling and TI reduces the net cooling rate and the mass accretion rate at small radii by factors of similar to 100 relative to cooling-flow models. This dramatic reduction is in line with observations. The feedback efficiency required to prevent a cooling flow is similar to 10-3 for clusters and decreases for lower mass haloes; supernova heating may be energetically sufficient to balance cooling in galactic haloes. We further argue that the ICM self-adjusts so that tTI/tff? 10 at all radii. When this criterion is not satisfied, cold filaments condense out of the hot phase and reduce the density of the ICM. These cold filaments can power the black hole and/or stellar feedback required for global thermal balance, which drives tTI/tff? 10. In comparison to clusters, groups have central cores with lower densities and larger radii. This can account for the deviations from self-similarity in the X-ray luminositytemperature () relation. The high-velocity clouds observed in the Galactic halo can be due to local TI producing multiphase gas close to the virial radius if the density of the hot plasma in the Galactic halo is >rsim 10-5 cm-3 at large radii.

Strength of hot pressed ZrB2-SiC composite after exposure to high temperatures (1000-1700 degrees C)

Residual strength (room temperature strength after exposure in air at high temperatures) of hot pressed ZrB2-SiC composites was evaluated as function of SiC contents (10-30 vol%) as well as exposure temperatures for 5 h (1000-1700 degrees C). Multilayer oxide scale structures were found after exposures. The composition and thickness of these multilayered oxide scale structure was dependent on exposure temperature and SiC contents in composites. After exposure to 1000 degrees C for 5 h, the residual strength of ZrB2-SiC composites improved by nearly 60% compared to the as-hot pressed composites with 20 and 30 vol% SiC. On the other hand, the residual strength of these composites remained unchanged after 1500 degrees C for 5 h. A drastic degradation in residual strength was observed in composites with 20 and 30 vol% SiC after exposure to 1700 degrees C for 5 h in ZrB2-SiC. An attempt was made to correlate the microstructural changes and oxide scales with residual strength with respect to variation in SiC content and temperature of expsoure. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Perfect Static Balance of Linkages by Addition of Springs But Not Auxiliary Bodies

A linkage of rigid bodies under gravity loads can be statically counter-balanced by adding compensating gravity loads. Similarly, gravity loads or spring loads can be counterbalanced by adding springs. In the current literature, among the techniques that add springs, some achieve perfect static balance while others achieve only approximate balance. Further, all of them add auxiliary bodies to the linkage in addition to springs. We present a perfect static balancing technique that adds only springs but not auxiliary bodies, in contrast to the existing techniques. This technique can counter-balance both gravity loads and spring loads. The technique requires that every joint that connects two bodies in the linkage be either a revolute joint or a spherical joint. Apart from this, the linkage can have any number of bodies connected in any manner. In order to achieve perfect balance, this technique requires that all the spring loads have the feature of zero-free-length, as is the case with the existing techniques. This requirement is neither impractical nor restrictive since the feature can be practically incorporated into any normal spring either by modifying the spring or by adding another spring in parallel. DOI: 10.1115/1.4006521]

Hot-pressed TiB2-10 wt.% TiSi2 ceramic with extremely good thermal transport properties at elevated temperatures (up to 1273 K)

This contribution reports and analyses the high thermal transport property of hot-pressed TiB2-10 wt.% TiSi2 ceramics. Depending on the test temperature, the thermal conductivity values of the TiB2 composite (which range from 89 to 122W m(-1) K-1) are determined to be 18-25% higher than that of monolithic TiB2. The thermal transport properties are analyzed in terms of electronic and phonon contributions. The electronic contribution is the major component of the thermal conductivity of TiB2 and comparable contributions from both electronic and phonon components are observed for the TiB2-TiSi2 composite. (C) 2012 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.