Methods and resources for climate impacts research: achieving synergy

The prediction of climate variability and change requires the use of a range of simulation models. Multiple climate model simulations are needed to sample the inherent uncertainties in seasonal to centennial prediction. Because climate models are computationally expensive, there is a tradeoff between complexity, spatial resolution, simulation length, and ensemble size. The methods used to assess climate impacts are examined in the context of this trade-off. An emphasis on complexity allows simulation of coupled mechanisms, such as the carbon cycle and feedbacks between agricultural land management and climate. In addition to improving skill, greater spatial resolution increases relevance to regional planning. Greater ensemble size improves the sampling of probabilities. Research from major international projects is used to show the importance of synergistic research efforts. The primary climate impact examined is crop yield, although many of the issues discussed are relevant to hydrology and health modeling. Methods used to bridge the scale gap between climate and crop models are reviewed. Recent advances include large-area crop modeling, quantification of uncertainty in crop yield, and fully integrated crop–climate modeling. The implications of trends in computer power, including supercomputers, are also discussed.

Beyond words: Aesthetic knowledge and knowing in design

Aesthetic knowledge comes from practitioners understanding the look, feel, smell, taste and sound of things. It is vital to work in many organizational contexts. In this paper, we explore aesthetic knowledge and knowing in organizations through detailed observation of design work in the architectural practice Edward Cullinan Architects. Through our research, we explore aesthetic knowledge in the context of architectural work, we unpack what it is, how it is generated, and how it is applied in design projects, shared between practitioners and developed at the level of the organization. Our analysis suggests that aesthetic knowledge plays an important part in organizational practice, not only as the symbolic context for work, but as an integral part of the work that people do. It suggests that aesthetic reflexivity, which involves an opening up and questioning of what is known, is experienced as part of practice as well as a `time out' from practice.

Are the NICE guidelines for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder being used in primary care?

This study aims to: 1) assess the proportion of General Practioners (GPs) who are aware of or who have read the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE; 2005a) guidelines for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), 2) compare this with the proportion of other mental health disorders found by previous research and 3) establish the prevalence of OCD in primary care. Questionnaires were sent to all GPs (n = 795) and practice managers (n = 157) in Berkshire and Buckinghamshire, South East England. These contained 19 questions and took 5 min to complete. After the first set of responses, larger practices were visited and telephoned to encourage further responses. The response rates were 10.1% from GPs and 19.1% from practice managers. In all, 48.7% of the GPs were aware of the NICE guidelines for OCD and 30.3% reported that they had read them – higher than for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, but lower than for depression. Of registered patients, 0.2% were diagnosed with OCD, lower than the 1.1% found in epidemiological studies.

A socio-technical network approach to the adoption of low and zero carbon technologies in new housing

Housing in the UK accounts for 30.5% of all energy consumed and is responsible for 25% of all carbon emissions. The UK Government’s Code for Sustainable Homes requires all new homes to be zero carbon by 2016. The development and widespread diffusion of low and zero carbon (LZC) technologies is recognised as being a key solution for housing developers to deliver against this zero-carbon agenda. The innovation challenge to design and incorporate these technologies into housing developers’ standard design and production templates will usher in significant technical and commercial risks. In this paper we report early results from an ongoing Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council project looking at the innovation logic and trajectory of LZC technologies in new housing. The principal theoretical lens for the research is the socio-technical network approach which considers actors’ interests and interpretative flexibilities of technologies and how they negotiate and reproduce ‘acting spaces’ to shape, in this case, the selection and adoption of LZC technologies. The initial findings are revealing the form and operation of the technology networks around new housing developments as being very complex, involving a range of actors and viewpoints that vary for each housing development.

The design of a semantics-oriented organisational performance measurement system

Current methods and techniques used in designing organisational performance measurement systems do not consider the multiple aspects of business processes or the semantics of data generated during the lifecycle of a product. In this paper, we propose an organisational performance measurement systems design model that is based on the semantics of an organisation, business process and products lifecycle. Organisational performance measurement is examined from academic and practice disciplines. The multi-discipline approach is used as a research tool to explore the weaknesses of current models that are used to design organisational performance measurement systems. This helped in identifying the gaps in research and practice concerning the issues and challenges in designing information systems for measuring the performance of an organisation. The knowledge sources investigated include on-going and completed research project reports; scientific and management literature; and practitioners’ magazines.

The role of context in forming young learners' attitudes and motivation to learning French

Despite the wealth of valuable information that has been generated by motivation studies to date, there are certain limitations in the common approaches. Quantitative and psychometric approaches to motivation research that have dominated in recent decades provided epiphenomenal descriptions of learner motivation within different contexts. However, these approaches assume homogeneity within a given group and often mask the variation between learners within the same, and different, contexts. Although these studies have provided empirical data to form and validate theoretical constructs, they have failed to recognise learners as individual ‘people’ that interact with their context. Learning context has become increasingly explicit in motivation studies, (see Coleman et al. 2007 and Housen et al. 2011), however it is generally considered as a background variable which is pre-existing and external to the individual. Stemming from the recent ‘social turn’ (Block 2003) in SLA research from a more cognitive-linguistic perspective to a more context-specific view of language learning, there has been an upsurge in demand for a greater focus on the ‘person in context’ in motivation research (Ushioda 2011). This paper reports on the findings of a longitudinal study of young English learners of French as they transition from primary to secondary school. Over 12 months, the study employed a mixed-method approach in order to gain an in-depth understanding of how the learners’ context influenced attitudes to language learning. The questionnaire results show that whilst the learners displayed some consistent and stable motivational traits over the 12 months, there were significant differences for learners within different contexts in terms of their attitudes to the language classroom and their levels of self-confidence. A subsequent examination of the qualitative focus group data provided an insight into how and why these attitudes were formed and emphasised the dynamic and complex interplay between learners and their context.

A Kind of Integrity: explorations in history and drama

All of our knowledge of history is mediated in one way or another. Even the experience of first hand witnesses are, it may be argued, subject to semiotic influences such as physical and emotional position, attitudinal point of view and accuracy of recall. A great deal of historical knowledge is acquired through dramatised versions of historical events. As the characters who actually took part in historical events become the dramatis personae of re-enacted accounts, their stories are edited not only to meet dramatic necessities but the social, psychological and cultural needs of both storytellers and audience. The process of popularising history in this way thus becomes as much about the effects of events on people as the events themselves. This chapter describes and analyses the way in which four historical events have formed the basis of school based drama workshops that explore this process. The Player in Tom Stoppard’s ‘Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead’ posits that actors do on stage what others are supposed to do off, which, he claims, ‘is a kind of integrity.’ The chapter discusses how drama may be used to explore not only stories from history but how those stories may be mediated and so become open to multiple interpretations. The process of dramatising events from history provides opportunities to develop and exercise a critical literacy that is concerned not so much with either fact or empathy as with interrogating both why and how stories are told. Thus, the experience of exploring the symbiotic relationship between drama and history is dependent on an internal logic which may indeed be perceived as a kind of integrity.

What does “retrofit” mean, and how can we scale up action in the UK sector?

Purpose – Progress in retrofitting the UK's commercial properties continues to be slow and fragmented. New research from the UK and USA suggests that radical changes are needed to drive large-scale retrofitting, and that new and innovative models of financing can create new opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to offer insights into the terminology of retrofit and the changes in UK policy and practice that are needed to scale up activity in the sector. Design/methodology/approach – The paper reviews and synthesises key published research into commercial property retrofitting in the UK and USA and also draws on policy and practice from the EU and Australia. Findings – The paper provides a definition of “retrofit”, and compares and contrasts this with “refurbishment” and “renovation” in an international context. The paper summarises key findings from recent research and suggests that there are a number of policy and practice measures which need to be implemented in the UK for commercial retrofitting to succeed at scale. These include improved funding vehicles for retrofit; better transparency in actual energy performance; and consistency in measurement, verification and assessment standards. Practical implications – Policy and practice in the UK needs to change if large-scale commercial property retrofit is to be rolled out successfully. This requires mandatory legislation underpinned by incentives and penalties for non-compliance. Originality/value – This paper synthesises recent research to provide a set of policy and practice recommendations which draw on international experience, and can assist on implementation in the UK.

Friendly amendment: a commentary on Doyle and Ford's proposed re-definition of 'mental model'

Some amendments are proposed to a recent redefinition of the mental model concept in system dynamics. First, externalised, or articulated mental models should not be called cognitive maps; this term has a well established, alternative meaning. Second, there can be mental models of entities not yet existing beyond an individual's mind; the modelling of planned or desired systems is possible and recommended. Third, saying that mental models maintain social systems connects with some exciting research opportunities for system dynamics; however, it is probably an accidental distraction from the intended meaning of the redefinition. These minor criticisms apart, the new definition of mental model of a dynamic system is welcomed as a useful contribution to both research and practice.

Process analysis of trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for individuals with schizophrenia

Objective. Therapeutic alliance, modality, and ability to engage with the process of therapy have been the main focus of research into what makes psychotherapy successful. Individuals with complex trauma histories or schizophrenia are suggested to be more difficult to engage and may be less likely to benefit from therapy. This study aimed to track the in-session ‘process’ of working alliance and emotional processing of trauma memories for individuals with schizophrenia. Design. The study utilized session recordings from the treatment arm of an open randomized clinical trial investigating trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) for individuals with schizophrenia (N = 26). Method. Observer measures of working alliance, emotional processing, and affect arousal were rated at early and late phases of therapy. Correlation analysis was undertaken for process measures. Temporal analysis of expressed emotions was also reported. Results. Working alliance was established and maintained throughout the therapy; however, agreement on goals reduced at the late phase. The participants appeared to be able to engage in emotional processing, but not to the required level for successful cognitive restructuring. Conclusion. This study undertook novel exploration of process variables not usually explored in CBT. It is also the first study of process for TF-CBT with individuals with schizophrenia. This complex clinical sample showed no difficulty in engagement; however, they may not be able to fully undertake the cognitive–emotional demands of this type of therapy. Clinical and research implications and potential limitations of these methods are considered.

The power of literature : A literature review on the incorporation of children’s literature in the lower-elementary English as a Second- Language classroom.

The use of children’s literature in the English as a Second language (ESL) classroom is a widely used teaching method. This study aims to find research relating to the incorporation of children’s literature in the lower elementary English as a secondlanguage classroom. The main questions are how children’s literature can be used in the classroom and what potential benefits it has. A systematic literature review was carried out and research from six studies was included. The included studies, analyzed in this thesis, involved children aged 6-9, who are learning a second language. The results reveal multiple benefits with the use of children’s literature in the lower elementary ESL classroom, such as vocabulary gains, improved speaking and listening skills, increased motivation and better pronunciation. The results also present a few suggestions on how to incorporate the literature in the classroom, where reading aloud to the students appears to be the most common practice. It also appears common to have post-reading sessions that include discussions about what has been read.

Sistema de informação de custos : o método de custeio ABC (Activity-Based Costing) como ferramenta de gestão de instituições de ensino : estudo de caso

Com a globalização do mercado e o alto nível de competitividade no setor educacional, as organizações, para manterem-se, devem ser ágeis e competentes. Neste contexto, a gestão eficiente dos recursos e a obtenção de informações precisas que apóiem a tomada de decisão dependerão, em grande parte, de um sistema de informações de custos. Este sistema deverá ter como base um método de custeio que forneça informações, a fim de atender as distintas necessidades dos gestores dos diversos níveis hierárquico e das diversas áreas de atuação. O trabalho consiste no estudo de uma metodologia de custeio aplicável a uma Instituição de Ensino Superior – IES privada, a qual atenda as três perspectivas que são fornecer informações para embasar a composição dos preços, para apoiar o processo decisório e para o planejamento e controle de gastos. Para tanto, partiu-se da pesquisa bibliográfica no levantamento do estado da arte relacionada ao tema. Com o estudo de caso buscou-se a identificação das necessidades de informações de custos, demandadas pelos gestores da IES, por meio de pesquisa qualitativa. A partir dessa identificação, as necessidades foram cruzadas com os métodos de custeio existentes, o que permitiu a identificação do método mais adequado a IES. Nesta etapa foi possível o cruzamento entre a teoria e a prática, onde foram comparados o método proposto em relação ao atual método adotado pela IES o que possibilitou a identificação das deficiências do modelo atual e suas causas. A partir disto, propõe-se uma sistemática mais adequada para apoiar a tomada de decisão, com o intuito de melhoria do desempenho da instituição. Os resultados obtidos demonstram o cumprimento do objetivo onde, considerando as necessidades de informações de custos dos gestores, o método de custeio por atividades é o mais adequado para o suporte a gestão da IES.

Gestão em redes para a construção de políticas públicas: um estudo sobre as atividades e prevenção e repressão à lavagem de dinheiro no Brasil

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender de que modo a emergência de estilos de gestão pública baseados em rede pode contribuir para a construção de políticas públicas relacionadas à prevenção e repressão à lavagem de dinheiro. O arcabouço teórico fundamentou-se nas teorias de redes interorganizacionais, mais especificamente, nas redes de políticas públicas. Foram estudadas relações de colaboração e cooperação que, por transcenderem os limites organizacionais, garantem maior flexibilidade e abrangência ao processo de construção de políticas públicas. As reflexões sobre estas teorias foram realizadas a partir de um contexto empírico específico: o da articulação entre instituições brasileiras que atuam na prevenção e repressão à lavagem de dinheiro. Este contexto foi escolhido pela percepção de que a prática de ilícitos financeiros traz enormes prejuízos a nações que precisam superar desigualdades econômicas e sociais. A escolha metodológica foi motivada por questões ontológicas e epistemológicas que apontaram a metodologia reflexiva como a mais adequada para o alcance dos objetivos propostos na pesquisa. A partir da construção dos dados empíricos foi possível criar construtos que sintetizam os benefícios e desafios da constituição de redes de políticas públicas. As conexões interpretativas subsequentes reforçam a ideia de que os espíritos democrático, republicano e de cooperação devem nortear os valores compartilhados na rede. Assim, se a atuação interna da rede se aprimora, torna-se possível superar entraves endógenos (foco apenas na boa reputação externa) e exógenos (pressão das elites corruptas) à rede, o que resulta em uma melhor interação entre os participantes, gerando resultados mais efetivos para a sociedade.

Limites e possibilidades da gestão sob o enfoque holístico

O tema Gestão sob o enfoque holístico surgiu a partir de uma leitura da revista HSM Management de setembro-outubro/2000. O artigo abordava o novo paradigma de gerenciar funcionários, que privilegia a busca do bem-estar, onde muitas empresas estão sendo obrigadas a revisar suas políticas de recursos humanos para enfocar as três dimensões de um indivíduo - corpo, mente e espírito. Segundo a reportagem, pesquisas da PricewaterhouseCoopers, Universum e outras organizações constataram que o equilíbrio trabalho/vida não é apenas uma demanda dos atuais empregados, mas também uma das principais prioridades dos formandos em universidades do mundo todo. A intensa luta para atrair funcionários de alto gabarito colocará a empresa com abordagem mais holística um degrau acima de suas concorrentes. Para as empresas, atender as verdadeiras necessidades individuais de seus funcionários é um novo paradigma na maneira de gerenciar seus negócios. O que mudou é a percepção de que o ser humano é fator primordial de competitividade e deixou de ser insumo. O ser humano passou a ser tendencialmente o centro, o foco das relações. Ainda que este conceito aparente estar longe da realidade organizacional brasileira, em função da distância entre o discurso e a prática de um modelo de gestão que considere o funcionário como um ser integral, já temos exemplos de empresas que estão adotando este princípio. A necessidade do equilíbrio entre os aspectos físico, mental, emocional e espiritual para ser feliz, tem levado as pessoas a superarem o medo do desconhecido e caminhar com detenninação em direção ao autodesenvolvimento. Este estudo analisou a utilização da gestão sob o enfoque holístico em duas diferentes empresas. Os resultados evidenciaram que a abordagem holística não está no âmbito da utopia, antes trata-se de um desafio para os gestores das organizações que, para um sucesso na adoção desta prática, precisam, mais do que implantá-la, adotá-la como filosofia de vida, incorporando-a a seus valores e visão de mundo. A prática cotidiana do modelo de gestão holística a partir do corpo diretivo é que vai possibilitar a verdadeira transformação da cultura organizacional tradicional para uma cultura organizacional holística, cuja conseqüência é o reflexo positivo nos resultados econômico-financeiros. C onstatamos, por outro lado, as limitações na utilização desse modelo de gestão tanto por parte dos funcionários quanto por parte dos altos executivos. Quanto aos funcionários, nem todos estão preparados para assumir novas responsabilidades ou preparados para o seu desenvolvimento pessoal, através do auto conhecimento. As crenças adquiridas no período educacional, tanto no lar quanto na escola, bem como suas recentes experiências profissionais podem inibir a descoberta de novas possibilidades, até que se sintam compelidos a lidar com os novos conhecimentos por necessidade de empregabilidade. Quanto aos executivos, por se tratar de um modelo de gestão relativamente novo, sem comprovação científica aliado à dificuldade de encontrar instrumentos de medição objetivos e ao elevado nível de exigência quanto a resultados crescentes no curto prazo, acabam priorizando a administração por objetivos, por se sentirem mais confortáveis quanto à certeza de obtenção de resultados econômico-financeiros no curto prazo. Esquecem-se, no entanto, dos efeitos desastrosos no clima organizacional, que vão comprometer os resultados de médio e longo prazos, seja pela possibilidade de elevado turnover como pela desmotivação generalizada, onde os funcionários só trabalham sob pressão. Por sua vez, cientes da importância do ser humano no novo cenário de elevada competitividade, não são poucos os empresários que já estão começando a trabalhar seus valores intrinsecos com a ajuda de terapeutas, filósofos, psicólogos, estimulando primeiro o auto conhecimento pessoal, para que possam futuramente empreender essa nova maneira de ver o mundo em suas respectivas empresas.