A European Culture War in the Twentieth Century? Antic-Catholicism and Anti-Bolshevism between Moscow, Berlin, and the Vatican 1922 to 1933

The term “culture war” has become a generic expression for secular-catholic conflicts across nineteenth-century Europe. Yet, if measured by acts of violence, anticlericalism peaked in the years between 1927 and 1939, when thousands of Catholic priests and believers were imprisoned or executed and hundreds of churches razed in Mexico, Spain and Russia. This essay argues that not only in these three countries, but indeed across Europe a culture war raged in the interwar period. It takes, as a case study, the interaction of communist and Catholic actors located in the Vatican, the Soviet Union, and Germany in the period between the beginning of the Pontificate of Pius XI in 1922 and Hitler’s appointment as chancellor of Germany in 1933. Using correspondence and reports from the Vatican archives, this essay shows how Papal officials and communist leaders each sought to mobilize the German populace to achieve their own diplomatic ends. German Catholics and communists gladly responded to the call to arms that sounded from Rome and Moscow in 1930, but they did so also to further their own domestic goals. The case study shows how national contexts inflected the transnational dynamics of radical anti-Catholicism in interwar Europe. In the end, agitation against “godlessness” did not lead to the return of a “Christian State” desired by many conservative Christians. Instead, the culture war further destabilized the republic and added a religious dimension to a landscape well suited to National Socialist efforts to reach a Christian population otherwise mistrustful of its völkisch and anticlerical elements.

Protecção e avaliação de marcadores do stress foto-oxidativo em Ceratonia siliqua L. e Tuberaria major (Willk) P. Silva & Rozeira sob altas temperaturas e défice hídrico

Dissertação mest., Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Algarve, 2009

A sabedoria oriental na obra poética de Antero de Quental e ensaística de Manuel da Silva Mendes

O presente trabalho de investigação em literatura abrange um conjunto sistémico de ideias e de conceitos oriundos das correntes sapienciais do pensamento oriental, que foram tomados por Antero de Quental nos seus sonetos, e por Manuel da Silva Mendes nos seus ensaios, e tomaram um lugar central na sua mundivisão, através de um processo elaborado de tradução cultural, enformando a sua interpretação da realidade e estruturando o seu pensamento. No seio de debate sobre o Orientalismo, foi nossa intenção sublinhar o papel activo que estes autores de língua portuguesa desempenharam no diálogo cultural entre a Europa e o Oriente. Tendo como objectivo central a compreensão de como é que estes dois autores activaram um conjunto de estratégias e de instrumentos para efectivarem uma real tradução cultural, a fim de poderem inserir elementos da sabedoria e da filosofia orientais (budista e taoista) nos seus sistemas de interpretação do Mundo e do Homem, efectuámos uma análise detalhada das suas obras, de acordo com um enquadramento teórico bem definido. Se é verdade que, por um lado, Antero de Quental teve um contacto indirecto com o Oriente cultural, sobretudo através de traduções, já Silva Mendes, que viveu em Macau durante cerca de três décadas, teve um diálogo directo e contínuo com os orientais. Todavia, o que é relevante é que os dois pertencem a uma geração de grande empenhamento político e social, para além de fecunda do ponto de vista literário. Para além disso, ambos desenvolveram uma reflexão profunda que se estendeu pelos campos da metafísica e da ética, facto que trouxe às suas obras uma densidade e um alcance único, especialmente no contexto português. Se Antero de Quental tem já uma posição bem estabelecida no contexto do sistema literário de língua portuguesa, Manuel da Silva Mendes é bem menos conhecido, muito possivelmente porque passou a sua vida em Macau, apartado dos centros de cultura e de decisão, onde construiu uma carreira docente e de causídico. Sendo autores dos finais do séc. XIX e do início do séc. XX, ambos tiveram, ao longo de várias décadas, uma actividade poética e filosófica bastante importante. A sua obra, aliás, influenciou de forma marcante o diálogo intercultural da literatura portuguesa e europeia com o oriente sapiencial. Pensamos que estudos como este que apresentamos, são essenciais no mundo do dealbar do séc. XXI, pois que se colocam como um desafio académico a uma reflexão intercultural, com vista a poder desencadear um diálogo mais racional e uma compreensão mútua mais aprofundada com a Alteridade, que nos possam conduzir a uma tão desejada paz global.

A identidade social : trajectória de um discurso ideológico em José Saramago e Miguel Otero Silva

Tese de doutoramento, Estudos de Literatura e de Cultura (Estudos Comparatistas), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2014

Agostinho da Silva : filosofia e espiritualidade, educação e pedagogia

Tese de doutoramento, Filosofia (Filosofia da Educação), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Letras, 2015

Identification of Potential Sources of Airborne Olea Pollen in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula

This study aims to determine the potential origin of Olea pollen recorded in Badajoz in the Southwest of the Iberian Peninsula during 2009–2011. This was achieved using a combination of daily average and diurnal (hourly) airborne Olea pollen counts recorded at Badajoz (south-western Spain) and Évora (south-eastern Portugal), an inventory of olive groves in the studied area and air mass trajectory calculations computed using the HYSPLIT model. Examining olive pollen episodes at Badajoz that had distinctly different diurnal cycles in olive pollen in relation to the mean, allowed us to identify three different scenarios where olive pollen can be transported to the city from either distant or nearby sources during conditions with slow air mass movements. Back trajectory analysis showed that olive pollen can be transported to Badajoz from the West on prevailing winds, either directly or on slow moving air masses, and from high densities of olive groves situated to the Southeast (e.g. Andalucía). Regional scale transport of olive pollen can result in increased nighttime concentrations of this important aeroallergen. This could be particularly important in Mediterranean countries where people can be outdoors during this time due to climate and lifestyle. Such studies that examine sources and the atmospheric transport of pollen are valuable for allergy sufferers and health care professionals because the information can be incorporated into forecasts, the outputs of which are used for avoiding exposure to aeroallergens and planning medication. The results of studies of this nature can also be used for examining gene flow in this important agricultural crop.

Comparison of Poaceae Pollen Counts Recorded at Sites in Portugal, Spain and the UK

The main aim of this study was to analyse the temporal and spatial variations in grass (Poaceae) pollen counts (2005–2011) recorded in Évora (Portugal), Badajoz (Spain) and Worcester (UK). Weekly average data were examined using nonparametric statistics to compare differences between places. On average, Évora recorded the earliest start dates of the Poaceae pollen seasons and Worcester the latest. The intensity of the Poaceae pollen season varied between sites, with Worcester usually recording the least and Évora the most grass pollen in a season. Mean durations of grass pollen seasons were 77 days in Évora, 78 days in Badajoz and 59 days in Worcester. Overall, longer Poaceae pollen seasons coincided with earlier pollen season start dates. Weekly pollen data, from March to September, from the three pollen-monitoring stations studied were compared. The best fit and most statistically significant correlations were obtained by moving Worcester data backward by 4 weeks (Évora, r = 0.810, p < 0.001) and 5 weeks (Badajoz,r = 0.849, p < 0.001). Weekly data from Worcester therefore followed a similar pattern to that of Badajoz and Évora but at a distance of more than 1,500 km and 4–5 weeks later. The sum of pollen recorded in a season was compared with monthly rainfall between January and May. The strongest positive relationship between season intensity and rainfall was between the annual sum of Poaceae pollen recorded in the season at Badajoz and Évora and total rainfall during January and February. Winter rainfall noticeably affects the intensity of Poaceae pollen seasons in Mediterranean areas, but this was not as important in Worcester.

Potential Sources of Airborne Alternaria spp. spores in South-west Spain

Fungi belonging to the genus of Alternaria are recognised as being significant plant pathogens, and Alternaria allergens are one of themost important causes of respiratory allergic diseases in Europe. This study aims to provide a detailed and original analysis of Alternaria transport dynamics in Badajoz, SW Spain. This was achieved by examining daily mean and hourly observations of airborne Alternaria spores recorded during days with high airborne concentrations of Alternaria spores (N100 s m−3) from 2009 to 2011, as well as four inventory maps of major Alternaria habitats, the overall synoptic weather situation and analysis of air mass transport using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model and geographic information systems. Land use calculated within a radius of 100 km from Badajoz shows that crops and grasslands are potentially the most important local sources of airborne Alternaria spores recorded at the site. The results of back trajectory analysis showthat, during the examined four episodes, the two main directions where Alternaria source areas were located were: (1) SW–W; and (2) NW–NE. Regional scale and long distance transport could therefore supplement the airborne catch recorded at Badajoz with Alternaria conidia originating from sources such as crops and orchards situated in other parts of the Iberian Peninsula.

The Pindaric poetry of Cruz e Silva and the Neoclassical revival among Lusitanian national heroes

António Dinis da Cruz e Silva, member of Arcádia Lusitana, the literary academy he helped to found, introduced the Pindaric ode to the Portuguese literature of the neoclassical period (18th century). This poet imitates the triadic form and the mythological nature of Pindar’s encomiastic poetry, in order to celebrate the deeds of reputed historical figures from the national context, such as sailors, captains, politicians, and even the king himself. As in Pindar’s poetry, the mythological excursus holds an important part in Cruz e Silva’s Pindaric poetry. Winners of athletic games are acclaimed through allusion to the ancient heroes. Likewise, the heroes of the Portuguese history see themselves turned into immortals, since their deeds are reported as comparatively greater than those of Homeric warriors. Among the 44 Cruz e Silva’s Pindaric odes, 18 rewrite the myth of the Trojan War, from its beginnings with Eris (Odes I-II) to its outcome with the imperishable fame of the most conspicuous Homeric fighters (Ode XLII). These 18 compositions (re)tell, in a neoclassical style, the main scenes and themes of the Iliad and Odyssey, alluding directly to their heroes’ deeds. Achilles’ wrath and Hector’s death are topics repeatedly brought up in Cruz e Silva’s Pindaric poetry as models of courage and patriotism for national heroes. This chapter offers a discussion of Cruz e Silva’s neoclassical representation of the Trojan War. To this effect, an interdisciplinary approach is adopted, showing how the Portuguese poet handles the mythological material from Homer and Pindar. In this way, he initiated in 18th-century Portuguese literature a new literary genre, the Pindaric ode. By dealing with Poetry and History, Cruz e Silva perpetuated the life and fame of national heroes long after their deaths.

Decisão política no Estado Novo, 1933-1939

Os processos de decisão política em regimes não democráticos têm sido objecto de um interesse crescente, quer em relação às ditaduras do período entre guerras, quer no âmbito dos chamados «novos autoritarismos ». Os estudos sobre as elites assentam na ideia de que o seu perfil constitui um factor determinante na distribuição do poder (Rees 2005; Almeida, Pinto e Bermeo 2006). Já os estudos centrados nas instituições defendem que as regras de funcionamento das estruturas de poder são uma fonte fundamental para a compreensão do processo decisório (Gandhi 2008). Por fim, a investigação sobre os tipos de liderança tem sustentado a ideia de que o processo de decisão política pode ser entendido com base no aspecto carismático, burocrático-legal e tradicional do líder (Pinto, Eatwell e Larsen 2007; Kershaw 2009). Sendo a centralização do poder uma das variáveis de estudo do processo de decisão política, dificilmente será captada pela análise isolada de cada um desses aspectos. Pelo contrário, as variáveis da centralização e da decisão política devem ser tratadas articulando a investigação do funcionamento das instituições, da natureza das elites e do tipo de liderança do ditador. Procurando pôr em prática esta ideia, estuda-se aqui a centralização do poder político em Portugal durante o período de institucionalização do Estado Novo (1933-1939), explorando simultaneamente as dimensões formais e informais da decisão política. Analisa-se, em particular, o papel do Conselho de Ministros, já que certos estudos publicados ao longo das últimas décadas sugerem que Salazar desvalorizou substancialmente este órgão, contrariamente ao que sucedeu durante os anos que antecederam e sucederam ao salazarismo – ou seja, na ditadura militar (1926-1933) e no marcelismo (1968-1974).